分布(bu)(bu)于中國(guo)、印度、斯里蘭卡、泰國(guo)、柬埔寨、越南、菲律(lv)賓及大洋(yang)洲(zhou);在中國(guo)分布(bu)(bu)于廣西(東(dong)興(xing))、廣東(dong)(南部及沿海(hai)各島嶼(yu))和臺灣(基隆、高(gao)雄、屏東(dong))。多生(sheng)于海(hai)陸交錯區的(de)高(gao)潮帶或超高(gao)潮帶的(de)鹽堿(jian)地(di)上(shang)(shang),對土(tu)壤(rang)要求不高(gao),在潮濕(shi)貧瘠(ji)的(de)沙礫(li)土(tu)上(shang)(shang)或潮溝邊較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)地(di)方均(jun)可生(sheng)長。喜光、喜熱(re),生(sheng)長速度較(jiao)快。
常綠(lv)喬木,高(gao)2-3米(mi)(mi),稀有(you)更高(gao);枝(zhi)無毛,具多數皮孔。葉(xie)互生,厚(hou),近革(ge)質,葉(xie)片橢圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)(huo)闊(kuo)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),少有(you)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)長圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),長6-8厘米(mi)(mi),寬3-4.2厘米(mi)(mi),頂端短尖,尖頭鈍(dun),基部鈍(dun)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)(huo)闊(kuo)楔(xie)形(xing),邊全緣(yuan)或(huo)(huo)有(you)不(bu)明(ming)顯的疏細(xi)齒,干時略背(bei)卷,兩面(mian)(mian)均無毛,腹面(mian)(mian)光(guang)滑;中脈粗壯,在(zai)腹面(mian)(mian)凹入,背(bei)面(mian)(mian)顯著凸起(qi),側脈約(yue)10對,纖細(xi),斜伸(shen),離緣(yuan)2-5毫米(mi)(mi)彎拱連接(jie),網脈不(bu)明(ming)顯;葉(xie)柄粗壯,長1.5-3厘米(mi)(mi),無毛,頂端有(you)2圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)的腺(xian)體;托葉(xie)卵(luan)形(xing),頂端尖,長1.5-2毫米(mi)(mi)。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)單性,雌雄(xiong)異(yi)株(zhu),聚集(ji)成腋(ye)生、單生或(huo)雙生的總狀花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu),雄(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)長(chang)(chang)3-4.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),雌花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)較短(duan)。雄(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua):苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)(pian)闊卵形,肉(rou)質,長(chang)(chang)和寬(kuan)近相等約(yue)2毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),頂端截平或(huo)略凸,基(ji)部(bu)腹(fu)面兩側各具1腺體,每一苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)(pian)內含1朵花(hua)(hua)(hua);小苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)(pian)2,披針形,長(chang)(chang)約(yue)2毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)約(yue)0.6毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),基(ji)部(bu)兩側各具1腺體;花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng)粗短(duan)或(huo)近無(wu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng);萼片(pian)(pian)(pian)3,線狀漸尖,長(chang)(chang)約(yue)1.2毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi);雄(xiong)蕊3枚,常伸出于(yu)萼片(pian)(pian)(pian)之外;花(hua)(hua)(hua)絲向基(ji)部(bu)漸粗。雌花(hua)(hua)(hua);苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)(pian)和小苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)(pian)與雄(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)的相同(tong),花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng)比雄(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)的略長(chang)(chang);萼片(pian)(pian)(pian)闊卵形或(huo)三角(jiao)形,頂端尖,基(ji)部(bu)稍連合,長(chang)(chang)約(yue)1.4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),基(ji)部(bu)寬(kuan)近1毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi);子(zi)房卵形,花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱3,分離,頂端外卷。蒴(shuo)果(guo)球形,具3溝(gou)槽,長(chang)(chang)7-8毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)約(yue)10毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi);分果(guo)爿尖卵形,頂端具喙;種子(zi)球形,直徑約(yue)4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)果(guo)期1-9月(yue)。
海漆栽(zai)培時要(yao)選擇合適的造林(lin)(lin)(lin)地和種(zhong)植(zhi)時間。苗初植(zhi)要(yao)適當密植(zhi),有利于(yu)(yu)形成良好(hao)生境,提高幼林(lin)(lin)(lin)成活率(lv),采(cai)用(yong)1米(mi)×1米(mi)的株行距為(wei)宜。幼林(lin)(lin)(lin)期應加強管理,林(lin)(lin)(lin)地容易受其他雜草侵襲,影響生長,難(nan)于(yu)(yu)郁閉(bi)成林(lin)(lin)(lin)。
種植初期,要(yao)禁止漁民在幼苗幼樹(shu)區的活動,減少對幼苗幼樹(shu)造(zao)成損害。海漆枝條柔軟,匍(pu)匐生長(chang)地面易受水浸泡,可用竹子扶撐,待長(chang)大后再(zai)獨立生長(chang)。
采(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盡可(ke)能在上半年采(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),以(yi)保證(zheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)質量(liang)(liang)。新鮮種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發芽率較(jiao)高,貯(zhu)藏時間越(yue)長(chang),發芽率越(yue)低(di),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)隨采(cai)(cai)隨播為好。海漆在育(yu)苗(miao)中(zhong)最好采(cai)(cai)用疏松、透氣性(xing)強(qiang)的(de)基質播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)育(yu)苗(miao)。此外,播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后,用紗網蓋住(zhu)苗(miao)床(chuang),以(yi)免潮水(shui)(shui)(shui)或下雨時雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)沖(chong)刷種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),也便于(yu)(yu)澆水(shui)(shui)(shui)。退(tui)潮后及時用淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)澆苗(miao),以(yi)免泥漿黏(nian)附于(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)或苗(miao)床(chuang)表(biao)面(mian),影響種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)和(he)苗(miao)床(chuang)的(de)透氣性(xing)。溫度越(yue)高,海漆幼苗(miao)生(sheng)長(chang)越(yue)快,低(di)溫和(he)高鹽度均能制約苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)生(sheng)長(chang)。在育(yu)苗(miao)過程中(zhong),應(ying)根據實際情況(kuang),加強(qiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)肥(fei)管(guan)理(li),保證(zheng)土(tu)壤含水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)和(he)土(tu)壤水(shui)(shui)(shui)分較(jiao)低(di)的(de)含鹽量(liang)(liang),提高苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)生(sheng)長(chang)量(liang)(liang)。
海漆具有(you)(you)速生(sheng)、抗逆性強等特點,對防風固岸有(you)(you)顯著(zhu)效(xiao)果,是海濱高潮位地(di)帶和河道的護岸樹(shu)。中國(guo)東南沿海大面積營造紅樹(shu)林(lin)的重要樹(shu)種,可用于沿海生(sheng)態景(jing)觀林(lin)種植。