分布(bu)于(yu)中國(guo)、印度(du)、斯里蘭卡、泰國(guo)、柬埔寨、越(yue)南、菲律(lv)賓及大洋(yang)洲;在中國(guo)分布(bu)于(yu)廣西(東興)、廣東(南部及沿(yan)海各島嶼)和臺灣(基隆(long)、高(gao)(gao)雄、屏東)。多(duo)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)海陸交錯區的高(gao)(gao)潮(chao)帶或(huo)(huo)超高(gao)(gao)潮(chao)帶的鹽堿地(di)(di)上,對土(tu)壤要求不高(gao)(gao),在潮(chao)濕(shi)貧瘠的沙礫土(tu)上或(huo)(huo)潮(chao)溝邊(bian)較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的地(di)(di)方均可生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。喜(xi)光、喜(xi)熱,生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)速度(du)較(jiao)快。
常綠(lv)喬木(mu),高2-3米,稀有更高;枝(zhi)無(wu)毛,具多數皮孔。葉(xie)互生,厚,近革(ge)質(zhi),葉(xie)片(pian)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)闊橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),少有卵(luan)狀長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),長(chang)(chang)6-8厘(li)米,寬(kuan)3-4.2厘(li)米,頂端短尖,尖頭鈍,基部鈍圓(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)闊楔形(xing),邊全緣(yuan)或(huo)有不(bu)明(ming)顯的(de)疏細(xi)齒,干時略(lve)背卷,兩面均無(wu)毛,腹面光滑;中脈粗壯(zhuang),在腹面凹入,背面顯著凸起,側脈約(yue)10對,纖細(xi),斜伸,離(li)緣(yuan)2-5毫米彎拱連接,網脈不(bu)明(ming)顯;葉(xie)柄(bing)粗壯(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)1.5-3厘(li)米,無(wu)毛,頂端有2圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)的(de)腺體(ti);托葉(xie)卵(luan)形(xing),頂端尖,長(chang)(chang)1.5-2毫米。
花(hua)(hua)單(dan)性,雌雄(xiong)(xiong)異株,聚(ju)集成(cheng)腋生(sheng)(sheng)、單(dan)生(sheng)(sheng)或雙生(sheng)(sheng)的總狀花(hua)(hua)序,雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)序長(chang)3-4.5厘米(mi)(mi),雌花(hua)(hua)序較短(duan)。雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua):苞片(pian)(pian)闊卵(luan)形,肉質(zhi),長(chang)和寬近相等約(yue)2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),頂端(duan)截平或略凸,基(ji)部(bu)腹面兩側各(ge)具1腺體(ti)(ti),每一苞片(pian)(pian)內(nei)含1朵花(hua)(hua);小苞片(pian)(pian)2,披針形,長(chang)約(yue)2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬約(yue)0.6毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),基(ji)部(bu)兩側各(ge)具1腺體(ti)(ti);花(hua)(hua)梗(geng)粗(cu)短(duan)或近無(wu)花(hua)(hua)梗(geng);萼片(pian)(pian)3,線狀漸尖(jian),長(chang)約(yue)1.2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi);雄(xiong)(xiong)蕊3枚,常(chang)伸出于萼片(pian)(pian)之外;花(hua)(hua)絲(si)向基(ji)部(bu)漸粗(cu)。雌花(hua)(hua);苞片(pian)(pian)和小苞片(pian)(pian)與雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)的相同,花(hua)(hua)梗(geng)比(bi)雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)的略長(chang);萼片(pian)(pian)闊卵(luan)形或三角形,頂端(duan)尖(jian),基(ji)部(bu)稍連合,長(chang)約(yue)1.4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),基(ji)部(bu)寬近1毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi);子房(fang)卵(luan)形,花(hua)(hua)柱3,分離,頂端(duan)外卷。蒴果(guo)球形,具3溝槽,長(chang)7-8毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬約(yue)10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi);分果(guo)爿(pan)尖(jian)卵(luan)形,頂端(duan)具喙;種子球形,直徑約(yue)4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)。花(hua)(hua)果(guo)期(qi)1-9月。
海漆(qi)栽培時(shi)要選擇合適(shi)的造林(lin)地和種植(zhi)時(shi)間。苗初植(zhi)要適(shi)當密植(zhi),有(you)利(li)于形成良好生境,提(ti)高幼(you)林(lin)成活率,采用1米(mi)×1米(mi)的株行距為宜(yi)。幼(you)林(lin)期應加強管理(li),林(lin)地容易受其(qi)他雜草侵襲,影(ying)響生長,難于郁閉成林(lin)。
種(zhong)植初期,要禁止漁民在幼(you)苗(miao)幼(you)樹區的活動,減少對幼(you)苗(miao)幼(you)樹造成(cheng)損(sun)害。海(hai)漆枝條柔軟,匍匐生(sheng)長(chang)地面(mian)易(yi)受水浸泡,可用竹子(zi)扶撐,待(dai)長(chang)大后再獨立生(sheng)長(chang)。
采種(zhong)(zhong)盡可能在上半(ban)年(nian)采種(zhong)(zhong),以(yi)(yi)保(bao)證種(zhong)(zhong)子質量(liang)。新鮮種(zhong)(zhong)子發(fa)芽率較高(gao),貯藏時間越(yue)長,發(fa)芽率越(yue)低,種(zhong)(zhong)子隨采隨播為好(hao)。海(hai)漆在育苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)最好(hao)采用(yong)疏松、透(tou)氣性強的(de)(de)基質播種(zhong)(zhong)育苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。此外,播種(zhong)(zhong)后,用(yong)紗網蓋住苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床,以(yi)(yi)免潮水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或下雨(yu)時雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)沖刷種(zhong)(zhong)子,也便于澆水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。退潮后及時用(yong)淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)澆苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),以(yi)(yi)免泥漿黏附于種(zhong)(zhong)子或苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床表面,影響(xiang)種(zhong)(zhong)子和(he)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床的(de)(de)透(tou)氣性。溫(wen)(wen)度(du)越(yue)高(gao),海(hai)漆幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)生長越(yue)快,低溫(wen)(wen)和(he)高(gao)鹽(yan)度(du)均(jun)能制約苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)生長。在育苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),應根據實際情況(kuang),加強水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)肥管(guan)理,保(bao)證土(tu)壤含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)和(he)土(tu)壤水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分較低的(de)(de)含鹽(yan)量(liang),提高(gao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)生長量(liang)。
海漆具有速生、抗逆(ni)性強等特點,對防風固(gu)岸有顯著效果,是海濱(bin)高潮(chao)位地帶和河道的(de)(de)護岸樹(shu)。中國東南沿(yan)海大面積營造(zao)紅樹(shu)林(lin)的(de)(de)重要(yao)樹(shu)種,可用于沿(yan)海生態景觀(guan)林(lin)種植。