生(sheng)(sheng)長于海(hai)拔(ba)72-3000米的(de)山(shan)谷森林中。在中國河南,分(fen)布于伏牛山(shan)、大別山(shan)和桐(tong)柏山(shan)區(qu),生(sheng)(sheng)于海(hai)拔(ba)700-2000米之間的(de)山(shan)坡雜木(mu)(mu)林中,以伏牛山(shan)區(qu)分(fen)布最為(wei)集(ji)中。梾木(mu)(mu)在陽坡或半陽坡下部生(sheng)(sheng)長旺盛,位于群落上層。伴(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)喬木(mu)(mu)有(you)山(shan)核桃(tao)、膀胱(guang)果(guo)、黑榆、四(si)照花(hua)、房縣(xian)械、銳齒槲(hu)櫟、金錢槭(qi)、臭椿等;伴(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)灌木(mu)(mu)有(you)接骨木(mu)(mu)、楤木(mu)(mu)、棣棠(tang)、山(shan)梅花(hua)、八(ba)角楓等;伴(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)草本主要有(you)耐蔭的(de)南星(xing)、水金風仙、黃精、貫眾(zhong)、活血丹等;藤本植物有(you)中華獼(mi)猴桃(tao)、南蛇藤、蛇葡萄等。
梾(lai)木為亞(ya)熱帶山(shan)地森(sen)林(lin)(lin)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong),生(sheng)態(tai)適應性極(ji)強。喜(xi)溫(wen)暖濕潤(run)氣候(hou)和(he)深厚(hou)肥沃土(tu)壤(rang)。能耐(nai)寒冷(leng),耐(nai)干(gan)旱(han)和(he)瘠薄土(tu)壤(rang),在分布區也(ye)常散生(sheng)于向陽山(shan)坡的(de)中上部,陡坡、巖石(shi)縫(feng)隙等土(tu)壤(rang)干(gan)瘠之(zhi)處,只是樹(shu)體比較低(di)(di)矮,生(sheng)長速(su)度(du)緩慢(man);能忍耐(nai)-20℃以下低(di)(di)溫(wen)。喜(xi)光性樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong),幼苗(miao)也(ye)不(bu)耐(nai)蔭(yin),在分布區的(de)疏林(lin)(lin)、林(lin)(lin)緣及灌叢草地,均可(ke)見(jian)到(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)更新小苗(miao),生(sheng)長發育(yu)良好(hao)。
分布(bu)于緬甸、巴基斯(si)坦、印度、不(bu)丹、尼泊(bo)爾、阿富(fu)汗和中國;在中國分布(bu)于安徽、福(fu)建、甘肅南(nan)部、廣東(dong)、廣西、貴(gui)州、海南(nan)、湖北、湖南(nan)、江蘇、江西、寧夏(xia)、陜西、山東(dong)南(nan)部、四川、臺灣、西藏和云南(nan)等省(sheng)區(qu)。
喬(qiao)木,高3-15米,稀(xi)達20-25米;樹皮灰(hui)(hui)褐色(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)灰(hui)(hui)黑色(se)(se);幼枝(zhi)粗壯,灰(hui)(hui)綠色(se)(se),有(you)(you)稜角,微被灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)貼(tie)生(sheng)(sheng)短(duan)柔(rou)(rou)毛,不(bu)久變為無(wu)毛,老(lao)(lao)枝(zhi)圓(yuan)柱形,疏生(sheng)(sheng)灰(hui)(hui)白色(se)(se)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形皮孔及半(ban)環形葉痕(hen)。冬芽頂生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)(huo)腋生(sheng)(sheng),狹(xia)長圓(yuan)錐形,長4-10毫(hao)米,密(mi)被黃(huang)褐色(se)(se)的短(duan)柔(rou)(rou)毛。葉對生(sheng)(sheng),紙質(zhi),闊卵形或(huo)(huo)卵狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長圓(yuan)形,稀(xi)近于(yu)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形,長9-16厘米,寬3.5-8.8厘米,先端銳尖(jian)或(huo)(huo)短(duan)漸尖(jian),基部圓(yuan)形,稀(xi)寬楔(xie)形,有(you)(you)時(shi)稍(shao)不(bu)對稱,邊緣(yuan)略有(you)(you)波(bo)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)小(xiao)齒(chi),上(shang)面(mian)深綠色(se)(se),幼時(shi)疏被平貼(tie)小(xiao)柔(rou)(rou)毛,后(hou)即近于(yu)無(wu)毛,下面(mian)灰(hui)(hui)綠色(se)(se),密(mi)被或(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)時(shi)疏被白色(se)(se)平貼(tie)短(duan)柔(rou)(rou)毛,沿(yan)葉脈(mo)有(you)(you)淡褐色(se)(se)平貼(tie)小(xiao)柔(rou)(rou)毛,中脈(mo)在上(shang)面(mian)明(ming)顯,下面(mian)凸出,側脈(mo)5-8對,弓形內彎,在上(shang)面(mian)明(ming)顯,下面(mian)稍(shao)凸起;葉柄長1.5-3厘米,淡黃(huang)綠色(se)(se),老(lao)(lao)后(hou)變為無(wu)毛,上(shang)面(mian)有(you)(you)淺溝,下面(mian)圓(yuan)形,基部稍(shao)寬,略呈鞘狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。
傘(san)房狀(zhuang)聚傘(san)花(hua)(hua)序頂生,寬(kuan)8-12厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),疏被(bei)(bei)短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao)(mao);總花(hua)(hua)梗(geng)紅色,長(chang)2.4-4厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)白(bai)色,有香味,直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)8-10毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)萼裂片4,寬(kuan)三角(jiao)形(xing)(xing),稍長(chang)于(yu)花(hua)(hua)盤,外側(ce)疏被(bei)(bei)灰色短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao)(mao),長(chang)0.4-0.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)4,質(zhi)地稍厚,舌狀(zhuang)長(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或卵狀(zhuang)長(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)3-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)0.9-1.8毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先端鈍尖或短(duan)漸尖,上面無毛(mao)(mao)(mao),背面被(bei)(bei)貼(tie)生小柔毛(mao)(mao)(mao);雄蕊4,與花(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)等長(chang)或稍伸出(chu)花(hua)(hua)外,花(hua)(hua)絲略(lve)(lve)粗,線(xian)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)2.5-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)藥倒卵狀(zhuang)長(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),2室(shi),長(chang)1.3-2毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),丁字(zi)形(xing)(xing)著生;花(hua)(hua)盤墊狀(zhuang),無毛(mao)(mao)(mao),邊緣波(bo)狀(zhuang),厚約0.3-0.4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)圓(yuan)(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)2-4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),略(lve)(lve)被(bei)(bei)貼(tie)生小柔毛(mao)(mao)(mao),頂端粗壯而(er)略(lve)(lve)呈棍(gun)棒形(xing)(xing),柱(zhu)頭扁平(ping),略(lve)(lve)有淺裂,子房下位,花(hua)(hua)托倒卵形(xing)(xing)或倒圓(yuan)(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)約1.2毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),密被(bei)(bei)灰白(bai)色的平(ping)貼(tie)短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao)(mao);花(hua)(hua)梗(geng)圓(yuan)(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)0.3-4(-5)毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),疏被(bei)(bei)灰褐色短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao)(mao)。核果近于(yu)球形(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)4.5-6毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),成熟時黑色,近于(yu)無毛(mao)(mao)(mao);核骨質(zhi),扁球形(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)3-4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),兩側(ce)各有1條淺溝及6條脈紋。花(hua)(hua)期(qi)6-7月;果期(qi)8-9月。
梾木(mu)(mu)(mu)播種后(hou)約30天(tian)左(zuo)右開始出(chu)苗(miao),出(chu)苗(miao)期應保護土(tu)壤濕潤,干(gan)燥時應及時通過床溝澆(jiao)灌。苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)出(chu)齊后(hou)的(de)(de)1個月(yue)(yue)(yue)內,地上部分(fen)(fen)生(sheng)長(chang)十分(fen)(fen)緩(huan)慢,高(gao)生(sheng)長(chang)量僅占全(quan)(quan)年(nian)生(sheng)長(chang)量的(de)(de)8%左(zuo)右,而地下根系擴展非(fei)常迅(xun)速。此期間(jian)要加強(qiang)松土(tu)、除草和澆(jiao)水(shui);并注意防治小地老虎、螻蛄類害蟲對幼苗(miao)的(de)(de)危害;可追(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)(shi)尿素1次,每(mei)畝追(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)(shi)3-5千克即可。5月(yue)(yue)(yue)中下旬至9月(yue)(yue)(yue)上中旬,正(zheng)是中國河南各地高(gao)溫多雨、光照(zhao)充足的(de)(de)季(ji)節(jie),也正(zheng)是梾木(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)快速生(sheng)長(chang)期,此時期苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)高(gao)生(sheng)長(chang)和地徑生(sheng)長(chang)量分(fen)(fen)別占全(quan)(quan)年(nian)生(sheng)長(chang)量的(de)(de)78.8%和59.1%。期間(jian)要加強(qiang)水(shui)肥管(guan)理,可施(shi)(shi)追(zhui)(zhui)肥4次,前(qian)2次以氮肥為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),每(mei)畝每(mei)次追(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)(shi)尿素5-10千克,先少后(hou)多;后(hou)2次以磷鉀(jia)肥為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),可追(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)(shi)全(quan)(quan)元素復合(he)肥或葉面噴施(shi)(shi)磷酸二氫鉀(jia)。9月(yue)(yue)(yue)中旬至11月(yue)(yue)(yue)底為(wei)(wei)苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)生(sheng)長(chang)后(hou)期,應嚴格控水(shui)控肥,促使(shi)苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)質化,提高(gao)苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)質量。梾木(mu)(mu)(mu)抗病(bing)性(xing)較(jiao)強(qiang),圃地未發(fa)現有病(bing)害發(fa)生(sheng)。
山地造林可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)1年(nian)生苗(miao),而城市(shi)園林綠(lv)化必須用(yong)大(da)苗(miao)栽植(zhi)。大(da)苗(miao)培育可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)用(yong)1年(nian)生苗(miao)定植(zhi)。初植(zhi)密(mi)度易稀不宜密(mi),一般以(yi)1.5米×1.5米為好,以(yi)便形成圓滿(man)樹(shu)冠。大(da)水大(da)肥管理,定植(zhi)2年(nian)后苗(miao)高(gao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)達(da)4米,胸(xiong)(xiong)徑(jing)可(ke)(ke)(ke)達(da)3厘(li)米,即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)隔行(xing)或隔株移(yi)除利用(yong)。留圃苗(miao)再培育2年(nian),苗(miao)高(gao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)達(da)6米,平均胸(xiong)(xiong)徑(jing)達(da)6厘(li)米,即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)滿(man)足綠(lv)化市(shi)場的(de)要(yao)求。梾木自然整(zheng)枝良好,培育期間不宜整(zheng)形修剪(jian),不能破壞頂梢。
梾(lai)木對立地(di)(di)要求不嚴,山區造林(lin)可選擇(ze)向陽山坡(po)的中下(xia)部(bu),山溝谷地(di)(di),淺山丘陵地(di)(di)等(deng)均可;在平原地(di)(di)區選擇(ze)向陽的房前(qian)屋(wu)后、渠旁路(lu)邊(bian)、河(he)溪沿岸(an)、河(he)灘(tan)荒(huang)地(di)(di)等(deng)質地(di)(di)疏松、土層深厚、排水(shui)良(liang)好的土地(di)(di)即可。大穴整地(di)(di),規格為(wei)70厘(li)米(mi)×70厘(li)米(mi)×60厘(li)米(mi);每(mei)穴施入腐熟(shu)農家肥(fei)30-50千(qian)克作(zuo)底(di)肥(fei),與底(di)土充分(fen)拌(ban)勻后踩實,澆水(shui)待(dai)其(qi)沉實后再行栽植。
春季2~3月苗(miao)(miao)木萌芽前起苗(miao)(miao)種植(zhi),要(yao)(yao)求隨(sui)起隨(sui)栽。山區造林用(yong)1-2年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)苗(miao)(miao),平(ping)原植(zhi)樹用(yong)2年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)苗(miao)(miao),城市綠化(hua)用(yong)胸徑5-6厘米(mi)(mi)大苗(miao)(miao),1-2年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)苗(miao)(miao)移植(zhi)可裸根進(jin)行(xing),對過長、過多側枝應(ying)適(shi)當短截修(xiu)剪;大苗(miao)(miao)移植(zhi)應(ying)帶土球(qiu),應(ying)保留全(quan)冠或(huo)保留1-2級枝,以(yi)維(wei)持較好樹形。栽植(zhi)密(mi)度因造林目的而異,用(yong)材林或(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)林初植(zhi)密(mi)度以(yi)2米(mi)(mi)×4米(mi)(mi)為宜(yi),林分郁閉后間伐,調整到(dao)4米(mi)(mi)×4米(mi)(mi);油料林密(mi)度以(yi)3米(mi)(mi)×3米(mi)(mi)為宜(yi);城市綠化(hua)及景觀林按設(she)計要(yao)(yao)求進(jin)行(xing)。
選擇樹(shu)干(gan)通直高大(da),樹(shu)冠圓滿,光(guang)照(zhao)充足的(de)15-50年生(sheng)壯齡樹(shu)作(zuo)采種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)母樹(shu)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)易被鳥獸啄食,當果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)由青綠逐漸變為(wei)藍黑色時(shi)應及時(shi)采種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。采集的(de)核(he)(he)(he)果(guo)(guo)(guo)在室內(nei)薄(bo)攤堆(dui)(dui)放(fang)(fang)(fang)3-5天(tian),厚度(du)10-20厘米,使(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)后熟,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)腐爛變軟,預防堆(dui)(dui)放(fang)(fang)(fang)過厚而致果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)發(fa)熱燒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。然(ran)后將果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)水中(zhong)搓揉,漂去果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉(rou)和果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮(pi)等雜(za)質,得純(chun)(chun)凈(jing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)。梾(lai)木果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)含油脂(zhi)量大(da),淘洗時(shi)可用草木灰(hui)水或5%的(de)堿水對果(guo)(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)進行(xing)去脂(zhi)。將純(chun)(chun)凈(jing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)通風(feng)干(gan)燥處陰(yin)干(gan),然(ran)后拌濕沙(sha)室外坑藏(zang)。陽(yang)光(guang)曝曬使(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)過度(du)失水,能降(jiang)低種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)活力,而且(qie)還(huan)可使(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)延遲(chi)萌發(fa)1年。據對采自中(zhong)國河南伏牛山的(de)梾(lai)木種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)測定,帶(dai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮(pi)粒(li)徑6.2毫米,千(qian)(qian)粒(li)重63.3克(ke),去果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮(pi)后種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)粒(li)徑3.6毫米,千(qian)(qian)粒(li)重36.7克(ke),每(mei)千(qian)(qian)克(ke)有純(chun)(chun)凈(jing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)約2.7萬(wan)粒(li)。
選擇(ze)深厚(hou)肥(fei)沃(wo)的砂壤土地(di)作(zuo)育苗地(di)。深耕細耙(pa),施足底肥(fei)。作(zuo)成高床,床面寬50-60厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),床高15-20厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。梾木種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)有休眠特性,可以(yi)秋(qiu)季隨(sui)采(cai)隨(sui)播(bo),也可以(yi)冬(dong)季沙藏后(hou)(hou)春播(bo)。春播(bo)前1個月應對(dui)沙藏種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)作(zuo)催芽(ya)處理;將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)取出,置于日光溫(wen)室或陽畦中催芽(ya),下鋪稻草或麻袋(dai)等透氣保溫(wen)材(cai)料(liao),上(shang)加蓋(gai)塑料(liao)薄膜(mo),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)厚(hou)約(yue)20厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)溫(wen)度控制在15-25℃之間,過(guo)熱應揭膜(mo)透風,晚上(shang)可加蓋(gai)草苦(ku),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)濕度保持在60%左右(you),干燥(zao)可用40℃左右(you)溫(wen)水淋澆,待種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)有部分露白時即可下地(di)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。條播(bo),行距25-30厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),一床雙行,播(bo)幅寬5-8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),開溝深2-3厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),播(bo)后(hou)(hou)覆土厚(hou)12厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),然后(hou)(hou)覆地(di)膜(mo)保濕增溫(wen)。每畝播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)15-20千克(ke)。
經濟
梾木(mu)是(shi)一種多(duo)用途(tu)樹(shu)種。其(qi)果肉和(he)種仁含油(you)(you)(you)(you)脂,鮮(xian)果含油(you)(you)(you)(you)量(liang)33-36%,出油(you)(you)(you)(you)率20-30%,且油(you)(you)(you)(you)色黃(huang)紅(hong)、透明(ming)、無異味,是(shi)山區(qu)百(bai)姓的(de)傳(chuan)統食(shi)用油(you)(you)(you)(you)資源;另外,梾木(mu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)還是(shi)重要的(de)化工(gong)和(he)輕工(gong)業原料,還是(shi)優良(liang)的(de)生物柴油(you)(you)(you)(you)原料。梾木(mu)是(shi)山區(qu)重要的(de)闊葉硬雜木(mu)樹(shu)種,其(qi)木(mu)材堅硬,紋理(li)致密美觀,有光澤,易干燥,是(shi)制作(zuo)家具、農具、橋梁及建(jian)筑等的(de)優良(liang)用材。樹(shu)葉可作(zuo)青料或(huo)綠肥(fei)。花為良(liang)好的(de)蜜源。
藥用
梾(lai)木(mu)油(you)含不飽和脂肪酸約7.68%,其中油(you)酸約38.3%,亞油(you)酸約38.85%,對治療高血壓癥(zheng)有顯著(zhu)療效。
觀賞
梾木樹(shu)干(gan)筆直,挺拔,樹(shu)冠圓滿,枝(zhi)葉(xie)茂密,聚傘花序(xu)碩(shuo)大花潔白(bai)亮麗,是(shi)優良的園林綠化(hua)樹(shu)種。