產云南(nan)南(nan)部(bu)(西雙(shuang)版納,孟(meng)(meng)連(lian))、西部(bu)(瑞麗(li),隴川,梁河)和(he)西南(nan)部(bu)(耿馬,滄源)、廣東(信宜)、廣西(藤縣(xian),容縣(xian))等地(di),通常零星(xing)栽培;我國只有(you)在云南(nan)耿馬縣(xian)孟(meng)(meng)定,海拔540-600米(mi)的低丘坡地(di),尚保存小面積的逸(yi)生林。熱帶(dai)亞洲南(nan)部(bu)和(he)東南(nan)部(bu),從印度、斯里蘭卡、孟(meng)(meng)加(jia)拉(la)、泰(tai)國經中南(nan)半(ban)島至(zhi)馬來半(ban)島等地(di)均有(you)分布。模式(shi)標(biao)本采自(zi)印度阿(a)薩姆。
常(chang)(chang)綠喬木,具(ju)板狀根,高20~30米(mi)(mi),樹(shu)干端直,樹(shu)冠錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),樹(shu)皮薄,暗灰褐(he)色(se)(se),薄葉(xie)(xie)狀開(kai)裂,創(chuang)傷處滲(shen)出帶香氣的白色(se)(se)樹(shu)脂。葉(xie)(xie)全緣,單葉(xie)(xie)對生(sheng)。葉(xie)(xie)嫩時(shi)黃色(se)(se)帶紅,老時(shi)深綠色(se)(se),革質,通常(chang)(chang)下(xia)垂,披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)狹卵狀披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)狀披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(4-)6~10(-12)厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(1-)2~4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),頂(ding)端漸尖或(huo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)漸尖至(zhi)(zhi)尾尖,基(ji)部楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),上面暗綠色(se)(se),微(wei)具(ju)光(guang)澤(ze),下(xia)面通常(chang)(chang)被(bei)白粉,側脈(mo)極(ji)多數,成斜向平(ping)(ping)行(xing)脈(mo),纖細而不明顯,網脈(mo)在(zai)放(fang)大鏡下(xia)隱(yin)約(yue)可(ke)見;葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.5~0.8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)芳香,兩(liang)性(xing),1-2頂(ding)生(sheng)或(huo)腋生(sheng),直徑5-8.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)(chang)3~5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi);萼(e)片(pian)4枚(mei),外方(fang)2枚(mei)較內(nei)方(fang)2枚(mei)略大,圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),內(nei)凹,邊緣膜質,有(you)時(shi)具(ju)白色(se)(se)睫毛;花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)4枚(mei),白色(se)(se),倒卵狀楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)3~3.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);雄蕊極(ji)多數,分離,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),金黃色(se)(se),長(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)1.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲絲狀,長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5~2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);子(zi)房圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),高約(yue)1.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)1~1.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),柱(zhu)頭盾形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。蒴果(guo)卵球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)扁球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),成熟時(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)2.5~3.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),干后(hou)栗褐(he)色(se)(se),有(you)縱皺紋(wen),頂(ding)端花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)宿存,通常(chang)(chang)2瓣(ban)裂,基(ji)部具(ju)增大成木質的萼(e)片(pian)和多數殘(can)存的花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲,果(guo)柄粗(cu)壯(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.8~1.2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。種子(zi)1~4,背(bei)面凸(tu)起(qi),腹面平(ping)(ping)坦或(huo)兩(liang)面平(ping)(ping)坦;種皮褐(he)色(se)(se),有(you)光(guang)澤(ze),堅而脆。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)3~5月(yue),果(guo)期(qi)8~10月(yue)。
生長具有(you)節律性,一(yi)(yi)年有(you)3次(ci)生長的高(gao)峰(feng)期(qi),10月下旬(xun)(xun)至(zhi)次(ci)年1月為生長的高(gao)峰(feng)期(qi),一(yi)(yi)般種植后10~12年即可開花(hua)結果(guo),開花(hua)期(qi)為6月中旬(xun)(xun)至(zhi)7月中旬(xun)(xun),果(guo)實成熟期(qi)是10月底至(zhi)11月。
鐵力木(mu)(mu)是熱帶季雨林(lin)特有樹種,喜光(guang)。在自然條(tiao)件下,由于(yu)(yu)種群間的(de)(de)強烈競(jing)爭,其形成種群之前,常(chang)處(chu)于(yu)(yu)被抑制狀態,因而生長十分緩慢。自然條(tiao)件下,鐵力木(mu)(mu)在林(lin)窗的(de)(de)更新比林(lin)緣好(hao),說明(ming)幼苗期尚需(xu)適當的(de)(de)蔭蔽(bi)。
適宜生存于(yu)年(nian)(nian)均(jun)氣溫(wen)20~26℃,最冷月均(jun)氣溫(wen)12.6℃,極端(duan)低溫(wen)1℃以(yi)上,≥10℃的活動積溫(wen)≥7400℃,年(nian)(nian)降雨量≥1200mm,年(nian)(nian)均(jun)相對濕度(du)80%以(yi)上等地。
從西雙(shuang)版納熱帶(dai)植物(wu)園引種栽(zai)培的植株(zhu)上采得種子(zi),隨采隨播(bo)(bo)。播(bo)(bo)種前用40℃溫水(shui)浸種12h,可提(ti)高發芽率。以沙(sha)作基(ji)質(zhi),采用條(tiao)狀點播(bo)(bo),條(tiao)距(ju)12cm,株(zhu)距(ju)10cm,覆沙(sha)2cm厚,并蓋草保持(chi)基(ji)質(zhi)濕潤,播(bo)(bo)種15~25d后(hou)種子(zi)陸續發芽,然后(hou)搭棚遮蔭(yin)。當(dang)出第二(er)片葉時即(ji)可移入12cm×20cm營養袋中(zhong)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)期生長(chang)慢,當(dang)年(nian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)高僅10~25cm。培育1.5~2a后(hou),當(dang)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)高50~70cm,便可出圃定植。培育園林(lin)景觀大(da)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)一般需4~5a,幼樹高2m以上時才能(neng)形成(cheng)景觀效果。
鐵(tie)力木種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)含(han)油量高,因(yin)此(ci)播種(zhong)(zhong)后不宜澆(jiao)水太多,否則會導致種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)腐爛。此(ci)外,播種(zhong)(zhong)前應將基質(zhi)拌少許呋喃丹,以(yi)防白(bai)蟻危害(hai)。
播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前用(yong)(yong)600~1000倍(bei)液多菌(jun)靈或百菌(jun)清對播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)基質(zhi)進(jin)行全面(mian)消(xiao)毒。采用(yong)(yong)干凈河沙做(zuo)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)基質(zhi),條狀點播(bo)(bo),條距15cm,株距10cm,覆沙2cm厚(hou),保持(chi)基質(zhi)濕潤(run),播(bo)(bo)后(hou)(hou)15~20天種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)開始發芽。鐵力木種(zhong)(zhong)含(han)油量高,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)不宜澆水(shui)太多,否則會導致(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)腐爛。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)播(bo)(bo)后(hou)(hou)易受白蟻(yi)害(hai)(hai)危害(hai)(hai),造(zao)成種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)不能正(zheng)常萌發或萌發后(hou)(hou)未出土就被白蟻(yi)蛀食,在播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前應將基質(zhi)按500:1拌(ban)呋(fu)喃(nan)丹,以防白蟻(yi)危害(hai)(hai)。若造(zao)林大量用(yong)(yong)苗(miao),每667m2(公(gong)頃)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)30~40kg,可產苗(miao)112~115萬(wan)株。
一年(nian)生鐵力(li)木(mu)幼苗(miao)需一定程度的(de)遮蔭(yin),蔭(yin)蔽度50%~70%。在充(chong)足(zu)的(de)水肥(fei)條件(jian)下,苗(miao)期生長會加快(kuai)。幼苗(miao)定植(zhi)后需要(yao)充(chong)足(zu)的(de)光照和水肥(fei)供應(ying),可每年(nian)追施一次有機肥(fei),苗(miao)圃地宜(yi)選在向南或東南的(de)緩坡地,土壤以腐殖質較多的(de)中(zhong)性(xing)至微酸性(xing)砂質壤土或輕(qing)壤土較好(hao)。
鐵力木幼時主干不明(ming)顯,分枝(zhi)多,可根據培育的(de)需要適當修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)。如作園林(lin)景觀樹(shu)種(zhong),在幼樹(shu)期應有選擇地留側(ce)(ce)枝(zhi),修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)成型;作行道樹(shu)和用材樹(shu)時,在幼苗期需除去側(ce)(ce)芽或修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)側(ce)(ce)枝(zhi),促進主干生長。
經濟價值
本(ben)種(zhong)結實豐(feng)富,種(zhong)子(zi)含油(you)量高達78.99%,是(shi)很好(hao)的(de)工(gong)業油(you)料(liao);木(mu)(mu)材(cai)結構較細(xi),紋理稍斜,心材(cai)和邊材(cai)明(ming)顯(xian),材(cai)質極重,堅硬強(qiang)韌,難于加工(gong),唯(wei)耐磨、抗腐性強(qiang),抗白蟻及其(qi)他蟲害,不易(yi)變形;是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)有(you)價值的(de)特種(zhong)工(gong)業用(yong)材(cai);鐵力(li)(li)木(mu)(mu)是(shi)熱帶(dai)地區優良的(de)木(mu)(mu)本(ben)油(you)料(liao)樹(shu)種(zhong)之一(yi)。其(qi)花(hua)大具香(xiang)(xiang)氣(qi)(qi),是(shi)很好(hao)的(de)蜜源(yuan)植(zhi)物,鮮花(hua)經水蒸(zheng)餾可(ke)(ke)得鐵力(li)(li)木(mu)(mu)花(hua)精油(you),呈無色透明(ming)液體(ti),出(chu)(chu)油(you)率達0.11%,內含30多種(zhong)化(hua)學(xue)成份(fen),主(zhu)要成份(fen)為(wei)B-馬欖(lan)烯,占總量的(de)36.39%。其(qi)次為(wei)B-芹子(zi)烯,占總量的(de)31.14%。鐵力(li)(li)木(mu)(mu)花(hua)油(you)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)天然的(de)調香(xiang)(xiang)原料(liao),可(ke)(ke)作為(wei)化(hua)妝(zhuang)品或日用(yong)化(hua)工(gong)的(de)調香(xiang)(xiang)原料(liao)。鐵力(li)(li)木(mu)(mu)樹(shu)干創傷處可(ke)(ke)滲(shen)出(chu)(chu)帶(dai)香(xiang)(xiang)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)樹(shu)脂(zhi),也是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)天然的(de)調香(xiang)(xiang)原料(liao)。
鐵力木(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)仁(ren)富含(han)油(you)(you)脂,出油(you)(you)率高達(da)79%,油(you)(you)的比重(zhong)(25°C)為0.9356g/cm3,為工(gong)(gong)業用(yong)油(you)(you),可用(yong)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)業上制肥(fei)皂等(deng),其(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)油(you)(you)是(shi)西雙版納傣族佛里(li)琰佛點的佛燈所必備的植物油(you)(you)。成(cheng)年(nian)樹結實(shi)多,一(yi)般單(dan)株可收50~100kg種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)。
園藝價值
樹形美觀,花有(you)香氣,也適宜于(yu)庭(ting)園綠化觀賞。