生長與分布

分布范圍

由(you)于原產地地理分布的差(cha)異，在(zai)原產中國的松(song)(song)樹(shu)中，樟子松(song)(song)、新疆五針(zhen)松(song)(song)、偃松(song)(song)最耐寒，對(dui)(dui)熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)要求(qiu)最低。紅松(song)(song)對(dui)(dui)熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)要求(qiu)也較(jiao)低。赤松(song)(song)、油松(song)(song)、白皮松(song)(song)、華(hua)山(shan)松(song)(song)、高山(shan)松(song)(song)、黃山(shan)松(song)(song)、巴山(shan)松(song)(song)為暖溫(wen)帶和亞(ya)熱(re)(re)帶高海拔地區樹(shu)種(zhong)，對(dui)(dui)熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)要求(qiu)中等。馬尾松(song)(song)、云南松(song)(song)、喬松(song)(song)和思茅松(song)(song)分布于更靠(kao)南的地區，要求(qiu)較(jiao)高的熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)。

南(nan)亞松是熱(re)帶松樹，對熱(re)量的(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)最高。對濕潤(run)條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，五(wu)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)松一般高于二針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)松，但也因種而(er)異。例(li)如同為(wei)五(wu)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)松的(de)紅(hong)松和(he)(he)華山(shan)松，前者(zhe)比(bi)后者(zhe)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)更濕潤(run)的(de)條(tiao)件(jian)；同為(wei)二針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)松的(de)赤松和(he)(he)馬(ma)尾(wei)松對濕潤(run)狀況的(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)高于油松和(he)(he)云南(nan)松。這與地理分(fen)布上隨經度(du)而(er)發(fa)生的(de)替代(dai)現(xian)象有關。

生長環境

土壤要求

松(song)樹(shu)本(ben)身適應(ying)力較強，因(yin)而能夠在各種(zhong)(zhong)類型土(tu)壤中(zhong)生(sheng)長，但土(tu)壤仍會對(dui)松(song)樹(shu)生(sheng)長的(de)態勢(shi)產生(sheng)直接的(de)影響，所以應(ying)盡量選擇肥沃土(tu)壤區(qu)域(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)植，才能夠保證松(song)樹(shu)的(de)健康生(sheng)長。如果(guo)是水分相對(dui)充足的(de)區(qu)域(yu)，盡可能選擇酸性土(tu)壤種(zhong)(zhong)植松(song)樹(shu)，但仍存在部分品種(zhong)(zhong)更適宜種(zhong)(zhong)植在堿性土(tu)壤中(zhong)。

耐陰性

絕大多數(shu)松樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)喜歡光照(zhao)，其(qi)(qi)外形(xing)(xing)具體表現在樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)冠分布稀疏，自(zi)然整枝(zhi)能力(li)(li)極強，所以在生理(li)(li)方面，其(qi)(qi)補償點就(jiu)(jiu)不會與其(qi)(qi)他(ta)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種高度相(xiang)(xiang)同。在成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)林過(guo)程當中，通常都會形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)先(xian)鋒樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種。一旦原始(shi)森林受到外力(li)(li)傷害，先(xian)鋒樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種就(jiu)(jiu)會迅速發展，替(ti)代(dai)(dai)原有樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種位(wei)置，但(dan)其(qi)(qi)自(zi)身(shen)(shen)的穩定性并不理(li)(li)想(xiang)。若松樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)能夠形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)特(te)定環境，耐(nai)陰性較強且長壽的樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種就(jiu)(jiu)會替(ti)代(dai)(dai)，最(zui)終使其(qi)(qi)喪(sang)失(shi)自(zi)身(shen)(shen)獨特(te)優勢。對于松樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種而言，大部(bu)分樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種都能夠互相(xiang)(xiang)進行(xing)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)，特(te)別是(shi)耐(nai)陰性理(li)(li)想(xiang)的樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種，優勢顯著。

抗旱性

在松樹生(sheng)(sheng)長的整個(ge)過(guo)程中(zhong)，其(qi)抗(kang)旱(han)性能極強，受(shou)其(qi)抗(kang)旱(han)結構的影(ying)響，這種類型的松樹，其(qi)葉子(zi)狹窄而(er)(er)且角質層較(jiao)為發(fa)達，葉片表面積與(yu)體積都(dou)相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)小，而(er)(er)且氣(qi)孔通常都(dou)會(hui)(hui)(hui)出(chu)現下陷情況。但是，在組(zu)織發(fa)育(yu)方面相(xiang)對(dui)理想，站(zhan)在生(sheng)(sheng)理角度分析(xi)，耐寒性與(yu)耐旱(han)性很強，所以并(bing)不會(hui)(hui)(hui)受(shou)到(dao)缺水影(ying)響而(er)(er)受(shou)到(dao)損(sun)傷。而(er)(er)站(zhan)在生(sheng)(sheng)態角度分析(xi)，松樹屬于最常見的一種旱(han)生(sheng)(sheng)植物，，即便氣(qi)候(hou)條(tiao)(tiao)件差異較(jiao)大(da)的區域，同(tong)樣能夠(gou)使(shi)松樹健(jian)康(kang)地生(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)”。絕大(da)多(duo)數松樹都(dou)在干旱(han)條(tiao)(tiao)件且土壤稀薄區域生(sheng)(sheng)長，其(qi)中(zhong)，二針松與(yu)五針松相(xiang)比，其(qi)抗(kang)旱(han)能力更強。由此可見，若土壤當中(zhong)的含水量過(guo)大(da)，會(hui)(hui)(hui)嚴重影(ying)響松樹的正常生(sheng)(sheng)長。

生長氣候

松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)樹的(de)(de)原產地(di)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)具(ju)有顯(xian)著的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)之處(chu)，一(yi)般情(qing)況下，樟子松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)與五(wu)(wu)(wu)針(zhen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)等具(ju)有極強的(de)(de)耐寒性，所以在(zai)(zai)種植方(fang)(fang)面對(dui)于熱(re)(re)量(liang)要(yao)求(qiu)并不(bu)高(gao)(gao)。而油松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)、白(bai)皮松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)與赤(chi)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)等屬于暖溫帶與亞熱(re)(re)帶高(gao)(gao)海拔區(qu)域所特有的(de)(de)樹種，因而對(dui)于熱(re)(re)量(liang)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)要(yao)遠遠高(gao)(gao)于五(wu)(wu)(wu)針(zhen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)。馬尾松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)、喬松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)以及云南松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)等主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)于南方(fang)(fang)區(qu)域，其(qi)對(dui)于熱(re)(re)量(liang)要(yao)求(qiu)會更(geng)高(gao)(gao)-一(yi)些(xie)。而南亞松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)在(zai)(zai)所有的(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)樹樹種當中，其(qi)對(dui)于熱(re)(re)量(liang)要(yao)求(qiu)最高(gao)(gao)。在(zai)(zai)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潤條件方(fang)(fang)面，五(wu)(wu)(wu)針(zhen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)和二針(zhen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)相比(bi)，在(zai)(zai)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)更(geng)高(gao)(gao)，但(dan)同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)與樹種存在(zai)(zai)緊密的(de)(de)聯(lian)系。雖(sui)然(ran)華(hua)山(shan)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)與紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)都(dou)是五(wu)(wu)(wu)針(zhen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)樹種，但(dan)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度要(yao)求(qiu)卻(que)存在(zai)(zai)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)之處(chu)，紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)所需(xu)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度更(geng)高(gao)(gao)。另外(wai)，五(wu)(wu)(wu)尾松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)與赤(chi)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)都(dou)是二針(zhen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)，在(zai)(zai)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潤條件方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)仍(reng)然(ran)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，與植物(wu)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)地(di)理位置也存在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)關聯(lian)。

形態及特征

松樹較幼(you)(you)時的(de)(de)樹冠呈金(jin)字塔形(xing)，樹枝多呈輪狀(zhuang)著生(sheng)(sheng)。幼(you)(you)苗出(chu)土、子葉(xie)(xie)展開以后(hou)，首(shou)先著生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)為(wei)初生(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie)(xie)，單生(sheng)(sheng)，螺旋狀(zhuang)排列，線狀(zhuang)披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)，葉(xie)(xie)緣具齒(chi)。初生(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie)(xie)行使葉(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)功(gong)能1～3年后(hou)，才(cai)出(chu)現針(zhen)(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)，通(tong)常2、3、5枚成(cheng)(cheng)束，著生(sheng)(sheng)于短枝的(de)(de)頂端。每束針(zhen)(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)基(ji)部(bu)有葉(xie)(xie)鞘，早(zao)期(qi)脫(tuo)落或宿存(cun)。葉(xie)(xie)肉組織中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)樹脂道的(de)(de)位置(zhi)在成(cheng)(cheng)年植株(zhu)比(bi)較恒定，可分(fen)為(wei)外生(sheng)(sheng)、中(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)、內生(sheng)(sheng)3種類型。

松樹(shu)針葉橫(heng)切面中可(ke)見1或2個維(wei)管(guan)束(shu)，特(te)殊環(huan)境下可(ke)在雙維(wei)管(guan)束(shu)松樹(shu)中出現維(wei)管(guan)束(shu)合并(bing)的(de)情況。球花單性，雌(ci)雄同(tong)株。球果(guo)多數由種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)組成(cheng)，成(cheng)熟后木(mu)質(zhi)化。種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)的(de)裸露(lu)增厚部分稱鱗(lin)盾(dun)(dun)，鱗(lin)盾(dun)(dun)先端的(de)瘤狀(zhuang)突起稱鱗(lin)臍。有的(de)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)臍具刺，有的(de)無。球果(guo)成(cheng)熟時種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)張開，種(zhong)(zhong)子脫落；但(dan)少(shao)數樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)則長期保持關(guan)閉狀(zhuang)態。每個種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)具種(zhong)(zhong)子2粒，種(zhong)(zhong)子上部具一長翅(chi)，少(shao)數具短翅(chi)或無翅(chi)。

松(song)樹(shu)最明(ming)顯的(de)特征是葉(xie)成針狀，常2針、3針或5針一束。如油(you)松(song)、馬(ma)尾松(song)、黃山松(song)的(de)葉(xie)2針一束，白(bai)皮(pi)松(song)的(de)葉(xie)3針一束，紅松(song)、華(hua)山松(song)、五針松(song)的(de)葉(xie)5針一束。松(song)樹(shu)為雌(ci)雄同株植物(wu)，而且孢子葉(xie)成球(qiu)果狀排列(lie)，形成雌(ci)、雄球(qiu)花(hua)(hua)。雌(ci)球(qiu)花(hua)(hua)單個(ge)或2一4個(ge)著(zhu)生于(yu)新枝頂端，雄球(qiu)花(hua)(hua)多數聚集于(yu)新枝下部。松(song)樹(shu)的(de)球(qiu)花(hua)(hua)一般于(yu)春(chun)夏季(ji)開放，但(dan)花(hua)(hua)粉傳到(dao)雌(ci)球(qiu)花(hua)(hua)上(shang)后，要到(dao)第(di)二(er)年初夏才萌發，使(shi)雌(ci)花(hua)(hua)受精，發育成球(qiu)果（俗稱松(song)塔(ta)或松(song)球(qiu)，不是果實）。球(qiu)果于(yu)秋后成熟，種(zhong)鱗(lin)張開，每個(ge)種(zhong)鱗(lin)具兩粒種(zhong)子。

松(song)屬植物中的(de)多數種(zhong)類(lei)是(shi)高(gao)大(da)挺拔的(de)喬(qiao)木(mu)，而且材質好(hao)，不乏(fa)棟(dong)梁之(zhi)材。中國東北的(de)“木(mu)材之(zhi)王”——紅松(song)、北美西部(bu)廣(guang)為分布的(de)高(gao)大(da)樹種(zhong)（高(gao)達75米）—西黃松(song)、原(yuan)產(chan)于(yu)美國加州(zhou)沿海(hai)生(sheng)長速度最(zui)快的(de)松(song)樹——輻(fu)射松(song)、原(yuan)產(chan)于(yu)美國東南部(bu)的(de)濕地松(song)、美洲加勒比海(hai)地區(qu)原(yuan)產(chan)的(de)加勒比松(song)、廣(guang)布于(yu)歐亞大(da)陸西部(bu)和北部(bu)的(de)歐洲赤松(song)等(deng)等(deng)，都(dou)是(shi)著名(ming)的(de)用材樹種(zhong)。

松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀賞價值也是(shi)(shi)有目共睹的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)，從(cong)皇家(jia)古典園林到現代居民家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)都能見到松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)倩影，例如北京(jing)北海、頤和園中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)油松(song)(song)、白(bai)皮松(song)(song)，樹(shu)(shu)樁盆景(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)廣泛(fan)使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)五針松(song)(song)等，一些名山(shan)(shan)(shan)勝(sheng)地，更(geng)是(shi)(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)以(yi)(yi)松(song)(song)壯勢、松(song)(song)以(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)出名。黃山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)迎客松(song)(song)、華山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)華山(shan)(shan)(shan)松(song)(song)、長(chang)(chang)白(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美人(ren)松(song)(song)……無(wu)一不令游(you)人(ren)贊(zan)嘆。另外(wai)(wai)，松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)根(gen)(gen)部位常(chang)常(chang)會(hui)有大型真菌(jun)(jun)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。它們有的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)木腐(fu)菌(jun)(jun)，可以(yi)(yi)對松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)進行分(fen)解，造成(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)木根(gen)(gen)腐(fu)；有的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)生(sheng)(sheng)菌(jun)(jun)根(gen)(gen)菌(jun)(jun)，可以(yi)(yi)與松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)互換營養，防止樹(shu)(shu)木營養缺乏，從(cong)而導致影響生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。成(cheng)熟后高達45米，胸徑(jing)1.5米；樹(shu)(shu)皮紅褐(he)色(se)，下(xia)部灰褐(he)色(se)，裂成(cheng)不規則的(de)(de)(de)(de)鱗狀塊片(pian)；枝平展(zhan)或(huo)(huo)斜(xie)展(zhan)，樹(shu)(shu)冠寬(kuan)塔形(xing)或(huo)(huo)傘(san)形(xing)，枝條(tiao)每年生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)一輪，但在廣東南部則通常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)兩(liang)輪，淡黃褐(he)色(se)，無(wu)白(bai)粉(fen)，稀有白(bai)粉(fen)，無(wu)毛；冬(dong)芽卵狀圓(yuan)柱形(xing)或(huo)(huo)圓(yuan)柱形(xing)，褐(he)色(se)，頂端尖(jian)，芽鱗邊緣(yuan)絲(si)狀，先端尖(jian)或(huo)(huo)成(cheng)漸尖(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)尖(jian)頭(tou)，微反曲。

繁殖方式

松(song)樹的(de)苗木(mu)繁育主要采用種子育苗或者用枝條進行扦(qian)插，此外，另有由我國(guo)研究人員創立的(de)直接用松(song)樹的(de)針葉束進行無性系，苗木(mu)繁育的(de)方法，即：針葉束育苗。

價值及其他

觀賞

松(song)樹(shu)除經濟用(yong)途外，由于其樹(shu)姿雄偉、蒼勁，樹(shu)體高大、長壽，還(huan)具有(you)(you)重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)觀賞(shang)價(jia)值。它是(shi)中國很多風景(jing)區的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要景(jing)觀成分(fen)。如遼寧千(qian)山(shan)(shan)、山(shan)(shan)東泰(tai)山(shan)(shan)、江西廬(lu)山(shan)(shan)都(dou)以松(song)樹(shu)景(jing)色而(er)馳名。尤其是(shi)安徽的(de)黃山(shan)(shan)，松(song)、云、石號稱“三絕”，而(er)以松(song)為首。各地(di)不(bu)少古松(song)與中國悠久的(de)歷史文化有(you)(you)密切聯(lian)系。如北京北海團城有(you)(you)一株800年生(sheng)的(de)古松(song)，傳(chuan)說(shuo)曾被清乾隆封(feng)為“遮陰侯”；泰(tai)山(shan)(shan)“五大夫(fu)松(song)”傳(chuan)說(shuo)是(shi)秦始(shi)皇登山(shan)(shan)在此避雨而(er)被封(feng)以官爵的(de)。中國人民把松(song)樹(shu)作為堅定、貞潔(jie)、長壽的(de)象征。松(song)、竹(zhu)、梅世(shi)稱“歲(sui)寒(han)三友(you)”，喻不(bu)畏逆境、戰勝困(kun)難的(de)堅韌(ren)精神。

工業

按照結(jie)構特(te)征和(he)(he)材(cai)性，一般將松(song)樹分為(wei)軟(ruan)木(mu)松(song)和(he)(he)硬木(mu)松(song)。軟(ruan)木(mu)松(song)（即(ji)(ji)單維(wei)(wei)管束(shu)亞(ya)屬(shu)）比較輕軟(ruan)，紋理(li)均(jun)勻，強(qiang)度(du)(du)小，加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)容易(yi)，早(zao)材(cai)至(zhi)晚材(cai)漸變，少(shao)翅裂(lie)。硬木(mu)松(song)（即(ji)(ji)雙維(wei)(wei)管束(shu)亞(ya)屬(shu)）比較重硬，紋理(li)不均(jun)勻，強(qiang)度(du)(du)較大(da)，加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)較難，早(zao)材(cai)至(zhi)晚材(cai)急變，松(song)脂(zhi)含(han)量高。但屬(shu)于(yu)軟(ruan)木(mu)松(song)中的海(hai)南五針松(song)和(he)(he)華南五針松(song)在(zai)強(qiang)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)容重上接近于(yu)硬木(mu)松(song)。松(song)樹木(mu)材(cai)可供建筑、電(dian)桿、枕木(mu)、礦柱、橋(qiao)梁、農具、器具、家(jia)具等多(duo)種用(yong)途。各種松(song)木(mu)的纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)素(su)含(han)量約為(wei)50～60%，木(mu)質素(su)為(wei)25～30%，為(wei)制漿造紙(zhi)工(gong)(gong)業重要的原料之一。松(song)樹也可用(yong)作薪炭(tan)材(cai)。

從松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)樹(shu)(shu)干割取(qu)(qu)(qu)松(song)(song)脂可(ke)(ke)以(yi)提(ti)取(qu)(qu)(qu)松(song)(song)香(xiang)和(he)(he)(he)松(song)(song)節(jie)油(you)。松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子富含蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)油(you)脂，含油(you)量都(dou)在(zai)30%以(yi)上(shang)，其中(zhong)具食(shi)用(yong)(yong)價值的有(you)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，如(ru)產(chan)于(yu)中(zhong)國的有(you)紅松(song)(song)、偃松(song)(song)、華(hua)山松(song)(song)等。紅松(song)(song)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子還(huan)可(ke)(ke)入藥(yao)，藥(yao)名“海松(song)(song)子”，是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)滋養(yang)強壯(zhuang)劑。松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)的樹(shu)(shu)皮、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮富含單寧，可(ke)(ke)浸水提(ti)取(qu)(qu)(qu)栲膠。樹(shu)(shu)皮經粉碎后，與其他原料混合(he)，加(jia)壓可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)成(cheng)硬纖維板。此外還(huan)可(ke)(ke)從松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)針(zhen)(zhen)葉中(zhong)提(ti)取(qu)(qu)(qu)松(song)(song)針(zhen)(zhen)揮發油(you)。針(zhen)(zhen)葉中(zhong)含有(you)較(jiao)豐富的胡蘿卜素、維生素、脂肪、蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)及鈣、磷等多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)礦質(zhi)(zhi)元素，可(ke)(ke)加(jia)工成(cheng)飼料添加(jia)劑，用(yong)(yong)來飼養(yang)家禽、家畜。利用(yong)(yong)松(song)(song)枝(zhi)、松(song)(song)根在(zai)窯內(nei)進行不完(wan)全的燃(ran)燒(shao)，可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)得松(song)(song)煙（見木材(cai)(cai)干餾），用(yong)(yong)于(yu)制(zhi)造墨、油(you)墨和(he)(he)(he)黑(hei)色涂(tu)料。松(song)(song)枝(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)松(song)(song)根還(huan)是(shi)培養(yang)名貴藥(yao)材(cai)(cai)茯苓的原料。

綜(zong)上所述，松針以(yi)其(qi)鮮為人(ren)知的(de)驚(jing)人(ren)功效和覆蓋全(quan)國的(de)豐富資(zi)源，必將成保健產(chan)(chan)業革命的(de)標志性產(chan)(chan)品。

馬(ma)尾松(song)的(de)葉——松(song)針(zhen)有極大的(de)藥用(yong)價值，最早(zao)由孫思邈發現，主要是清(qing)除人(ren)體自由基，可防(fang)暈(yun)車，可煨水、泡酒，延年益壽。

藥用

松(song)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)是(shi)松(song)樹藥用(yong)的(de)(de)代表部位，味苦、無毒、藥性溫(wen)和，它(ta)的(de)(de)提取物(wu)(wu)(wu)中含有植物(wu)(wu)(wu)酵素(su)(su)、植物(wu)(wu)(wu)纖(xian)維(wei)、生長激松(song) 針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)素(su)(su)、蛋白質、脂肪和 2 4種氨(an)基(ji)(ji)酸，松(song) 針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)具 有降血(xue)(xue)壓的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。松(song)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)中含有豐(feng)富的(de)(de)β-胡(hu)蘿(luo)卜素(su)(su)、維(wei)生素(su)(su)C、維(wei)生素(su)(su)E，這(zhe)三(san)種物(wu)(wu)(wu)質被稱為抗(kang)(kang)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)的(de)(de)“金三(san)角(jiao)”，三(san)者(zhe)共同保護人(ren)體組織(zhi)細胞免受氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)，延長細胞的(de)(de)壽命。松(song)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)提取物(wu)(wu)(wu)前(qian)花青素(su)(su) (PCA)是(shi)一(yi)種能(neng)力(li)超(chao)強的(de)(de)天然抗(kang)(kang)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)劑，前(qian)花青素(su)(su)是(shi)世(shi)界上(shang)迄今為止文獻(xian)記載和實驗室(shi)發現最強的(de)(de)天然抗(kang)(kang)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(抗(kang)(kang)衰老)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質!它(ta)有優異的(de)(de)清除多(duo)(duo)種有害自由基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)功效，與其他(ta)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)抗(kang)(kang)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)劑相比(bi)，前(qian)花青素(su)(su)對超(chao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)陰離(li)子自由基(ji)(ji)和羥自由基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)清除能(neng)力(li)更勝一(yi)籌(chou)；松(song)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)精(jing)油和松(song)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)黃(huang)酮有獨特的(de)(de)水溶性，能(neng)和松(song)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)所含的(de)(de)不飽(bao)和脂肪酸透過血(xue)(xue)管(guan)壁(bi)進(jin)(jin)入血(xue)(xue)液：通(tong)過增加膽汁分泌，減(jian)少膽固醇(chun)的(de)(de)積累，通(tong)過清除膽固醇(chun)，預防動(dong)脈硬化(hua)、擴張末梢血(xue)(xue)管(guan)、改(gai)善紅細胞攜(xie)氧(yang)(yang)能(neng)力(li)，促進(jin)(jin)人(ren)的(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)液循環(huan)。人(ren)類心腦(nao)血(xue)(xue)管(guan)疾病(bing)的(de)(de)幾大癥狀：心絞(jiao)痛、心悸、喘息、浮腫、暈(yun)眩、呼(hu)吸困難，飲(yin)用(yong)松(song)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)茶(cha)后，都(dou)得到(dao)了改(gai)善多(duo)(duo)種實驗證(zheng)明(ming)。