溫石棉塊體通常(chang)為(wei)不同色(se)調的綠色(se)及黃色(se),也有(you)的為(wei)白(bai)色(se)。劈(pi)分后(hou)的絲狀纖維為(wei)白(bai)色(se),絲絹光(guang)澤;硬(ying)度(du)2~2.5;理論(lun)密度(du)為(wei)2.56g/cm3,化學成分中類質同象(xiang)代替,決定實際密度(du)值的大小,Fe、Ti、Mn、Ni等元素取代Mg時(shi),密度(du)偏(pian)大,Al、Ti取代Si時(shi),密度(du)偏(pian)小,與纖維管心有(you)無充填物(wu)也有(you)關(guan)系,實際密度(du)為(wei)2.426~2.646 g/cm3。
溫石(shi)棉的光學性(xing)質
溫石棉的光(guang)學性(xing)質(zhi),折射率Ng為1.534~1.555,Np為1.522~1.549,Ng值隨(sui)Fe2O3及(ji)FeO含(han)(han)量(liang)增(zeng)多(duo)而增(zeng)大(da),Np值隨(sui)FeO及(ji)H2O+含(han)(han)量(liang)增(zeng)多(duo)而增(zeng)大(da);多(duo)色性(xing),Ng為各種色調的綠色,Np為各種色調的黃色;平行(xing)消光(guang),正(zheng)延(yan)性(xing)為主。
衍射特征
溫石棉的X射(she)線衍射(she)特征,有(you)兩條(tiao)強衍射(she)線,d(002)為0.728~0.740nm和(he)d(004)為0.369~0.366nm;另有(you)四條(tiao)中強衍射(she)線,d(020)為0.437~0.459nm、d(201)為0.256~0.260nm、d(202)為0.243~0.248nm、d(402)為0.130~0.134nm。溫石棉在(zai)自(zi)然界(jie)產出以(yi)2Mc型纖蛇紋(wen)石最多(duo),ZORc型正纖蛇紋(wen)石少見(jian)。
溫石棉的熱效應
溫(wen)石棉(mian)的(de)熱(re)(re)效應(ying),在670~730℃區間出現深(shen)而大的(de)放(fang)熱(re)(re)效應(ying)(吸熱(re)(re)谷或脫羥谷);815~830℃區間出現矮(ai)而窄的(de)放(fang)熱(re)(re)效應(ying)(熱(re)(re)放(fang)峰(feng)),原(yuan)礦物(wu)結構被徹底(di)破壞,形成新(xin)的(de)物(wu)相,即鎂橄(gan)欖石和(he)頑輝(hui)石的(de)混合相。
溫石(shi)棉的(de)紅外光(guang)譜
溫(wen)石棉(mian)的紅外(wai)光譜,不(bu)同結晶程度(du)的溫(wen)石棉(mian),主要表現(xian)在1100~950cm-1三(san)個(ge)方(fang)向的Si—O伸縮振動(dong)帶(dai)及3700~3600cm-1羥基(ji)吸收振動(dong)的差別。
溫石(shi)棉的電子(zi)顯微像多為空心管狀(zhuang),其內徑(jing)一般(ban)為6~8nm,外徑(jing)為20~50nm。
溫石(shi)棉的(de)理論化學成(cheng)分
SiO2 43.36%、MgO43.64%、H2O+13%。一般含有Fe2O3、FeO、TiO2、Al2O3、MnO、CaO、K2O、Na2O、Cr2O3、V2O5、NiO、F-、Cl等(deng)雜(za)(za)質(zhi)(zhi)。表明混有磁鐵礦(kuang)、方解石、白云石、菱鎂礦(kuang)、水滑石、石英(ying)、水鎂石、鉻(ge)尖晶石等(deng)雜(za)(za)質(zhi)(zhi)礦(kuang)物或(huo)元(yuan)素(su)的(de)類質(zhi)(zhi)同象取代。
溫(wen)石(shi)棉(mian)具有(you)多種物(wu)理化學性(xing)質,劈(pi)分性(xing)能優(you)良,能最大限度(du)地劈(pi)分為絲狀體,劈(pi)分直徑最小(xiao)為1~2μm。工(gong)業利用以比表面積為衡量(liang)指標,一般在5~50m2/g。機械強度(du)高,抗張強度(du)值為120~350(單位9.8×106Pa)。
其(qi)中:高(gao)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)350,正常強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)350、大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)250,中等強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)250、大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)150,低(di)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)150。溫(wen)石棉纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)優于(yu)(yu)(yu)角(jiao)閃石類石棉及人造碳(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei),與硼纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)和(he)玻璃纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)接近。耐(nai)熱性能(neng)良(liang)好,工業(ye)利用溫(wen)度(du)可達500℃(熱失重率小于(yu)(yu)(yu)1%)。溫(wen)石棉耐(nai)堿腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)性強(qiang)(qiang),堿蝕(shi)(shi)量為0.46%~0.74%,耐(nai)酸(suan)(suan)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)性差,不如(ru)角(jiao)閃石石棉,酸(suan)(suan)蝕(shi)(shi)量一般(ban)為55%~58%。隔(ge)熱性能(neng)和(he)導(dao)(dao)熱性能(neng)好,導(dao)(dao)熱系(xi)數一般(ban)為0.121~0.227W/(m·K)。電絕緣性良(liang)好,電阻率ρ一般(ban)為0.6×108~4×108Ω·cm。
溫石棉纖維還具(ju)有過濾性(xing)(xing)(xing)[透過系數為(wei)(wei)15%~60%,阻力為(wei)(wei)0.4×9.8~13.9×9.8Pa]、成膜打漿(jiang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、磁性(xing)(xing)(xing)(雙(shuang)磁化系數為(wei)(wei)6×10^-6~10×10^-6cm/g)、電動電位(wei)(一般e>20mV)等。
石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)有致癌性早已為相關行業周知(zhi),但(dan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)細(xi)分為溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)和閃石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)。經中外多(duo)位礦(kuang)物(wu)學(xue)、病(bing)理(li)學(xue)、毒性學(xue)專家學(xue)者在長達2年多(duo)的(de)比較(jiao)試驗證明(ming),在溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)、閃石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)及其他多(duo)種“溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)替代(dai)纖(xian)維(wei)”中,溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)是相對最安(an)全(quan)的(de)無(wu)機纖(xian)維(wei)材料。自從(cong)2004年,瑞士著(zhu)名的(de)吸(xi)入毒物(wu)專家、多(duo)國(guo)政府毒物(wu)學(xue)顧問大衛·伯(bo)恩斯坦(tan)博士公布“溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)可以安(an)全(quan)使用”的(de)實驗結果(guo)之后,2年來,中國(guo)、俄羅斯、加拿(na)大、印(yin)度、巴西、墨(mo)西哥等(deng)國(guo)多(duo)位礦(kuang)物(wu)學(xue)、病(bing)理(li)學(xue)、毒性學(xue)專家,經過(guo)各自的(de)科學(xue)實驗,得出與伯(bo)恩斯坦(tan)博士完全(quan)一(yi)致的(de)結論。
然而,2001年三月WTO做出具(ju)有里程碑意義的(de)裁定(ding),認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)溫石棉既然已(yi)被認(ren)定(ding)是致癌物質(zhi),石棉生(sheng)產商堅持(chi)的(de)安全使(shi)用極限就不存在。使(shi)得WTO的(de)各(ge)(ge)個成員(yuan)國(guo)禁止使(shi)用或進口如石棉等含(han)致癌物質(zhi)的(de)權(quan)(quan)利合法化,也進一步確認(ren)WTO各(ge)(ge)成員(yuan)國(guo)有權(quan)(quan)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)保護生(sheng)命和健(jian)康比履(lv)行貿易(yi)義務(wu)更為(wei)(wei)(wei)重(zhong)要。
石棉的致(zhi)癌性(xing)早已被(bei)學(xue)界所知,但國內行業(ye),特別是建筑行業(ye)并(bing)沒(mei)有禁用(yong),政府(fu)雖然(ran)規定了開(kai)采加工溫石棉必須佩戴(dai)防護用(yong)品(pin),但對于(yu)應(ying)用(yong)并(bing)沒(mei)有給出相應(ying)規范和引導。
石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)分為(wei)蛇紋石(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian))和(he)角閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)類石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(青(qing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、陽起(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、直閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、鐵石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、透閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian))兩類。中國石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)資源絕大部分為(wei)溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)礦,溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian) 占石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)總產量的95%以上。石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)使用的安全性是(shi)(shi)礦物工(gong)業(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)一個具有(you)爭議性的話(hua)題。石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)所(suo)致(zhi)(zhi)職業(ye)(ye)病(bing)中對人(ren)體危(wei)害最(zui)嚴重(zhong)的是(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)肺(fei)、肺(fei)癌(ai)以及間皮瘤(liu)。在(zai)所(suo)有(you)種類石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)中,致(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)能力(li)(li)最(zui)強的是(shi)(shi)青(qing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),對于溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)潛在(zai)致(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)、致(zhi)(zhi)纖維化的能力(li)(li)還(huan)存(cun)在(zai)爭議。
溫石(shi)棉的致癌和致纖(xian)維化機制
溫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)同其(qi)他種類石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)致(zhi)病機制(zhi)(zhi)大致(zhi)相(xiang)同,其(qi)危害來自加工時產(chan)生的(de)粉塵纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)。這些細(xi)小(xiao)的(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)通過呼(hu)吸(xi)進(jin)入(ru)肺內(nei),大部分經呼(hu)吸(xi)道的(de)廓清體系(黏(nian)液纖(xian)(xian)(xian)毛廓清機制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)有(you)效的(de)咳嗽)排出體外(wai),如果不能排出,可被肺泡巨噬細(xi)胞(bao)所(suo)吞噬或(huo)穿透上皮細(xi)胞(bao)而進(jin)入(ru)肺間(jian)質,從而在體內(nei)持續停留很長時間(jian)。滯留的(de)溫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)引發(fa)炎癥(zheng)反應(ying)(ying)和(he)(he)氧化應(ying)(ying)激(ji)反應(ying)(ying),這是石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)致(zhi)細(xi)胞(bao)損傷的(de)重(zhong)要機制(zhi)(zhi)。目前(qian)溫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)致(zhi)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)化和(he)(he)致(zhi)癌的(de)機制(zhi)(zhi)仍未充分闡明,主要認為包含以下(xia)機制(zhi)(zhi):
1)機械損(sun)傷:溫石棉多數以元(yuan)纖(xian)維(wei)的形態(tai)侵入人(ren)體,這類纖(xian)維(wei)為結晶態(tai),銳利并(bing)有(you)尖刺(ci),可(ke)以刺(ci)破肺(fei)泡(pao)上皮細胞(bao)和(he)胸(xiong)膜間皮細胞(bao),對染色體和(he)DNA造成(cheng)機械干擾和(he)損(sun)傷,導(dao)致肺(fei)癌和(he)間皮瘤(liu)發生。
2)自(zi)由(you)基和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)因(yin)子介導的(de)(de)損(sun)傷(shang):溫石(shi)(shi)棉纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)基于自(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)激活(huo)肺(fei)(fei)泡巨噬細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao),可以(yi)誘導過(guo)(guo)(guo)氧化(hua)(hua)氫(qing)、超氧化(hua)(hua)物陰離子和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)氫(qing)氧根離子等(deng)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氧的(de)(de)產(chan)生,導致(zhi)(zhi)DNA損(sun)傷(shang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)化(hua)(hua)。一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)溫石(shi)(shi)棉纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)存在(zai)的(de)(de)不(bu)飽(bao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)O-Si-O、Si-O-Si和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)Mg-O鍵等(deng),具有很強的(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),含氧自(zi)由(you)基引(yin)起(qi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)膜自(zi)由(you)基的(de)(de)鏈式反應;另一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)溫石(shi)(shi)棉還(huan)可通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)刺激巨噬細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)發生呼吸爆發及崩解死亡,釋放(fang)一(yi)系列(lie)溶酶體(ti)酶、炎性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)因(yin)子及活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氧自(zi)由(you)基。在(zai)兩種機制作(zuo)用下,細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)膜上多聚不(bu)飽(bao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)脂肪酸發生脂質(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)氧化(hua)(hua)反應,引(yin)起(qi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)基質(zhi)損(sun)傷(shang)。溫石(shi)(shi)棉纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)對(dui)巨噬細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)的(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)膜的(de)(de)脂質(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)氧化(hua)(hua)作(zuo)用,引(yin)起(qi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)基質(zhi)成(cheng)分(fen)損(sun)傷(shang),促進成(cheng)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)增殖和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he) 膠原(yuan)合成(cheng),導致(zhi)(zhi)整個(ge)肺(fei)(fei)泡結構單(dan)位破壞(huai),形(xing)成(cheng)不(bu)可逆的(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)化(hua)(hua),即石(shi)(shi)棉肺(fei)(fei)等(deng)肺(fei)(fei)部纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)化(hua)(hua)疾病。溫石(shi)(shi)棉纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)所致(zhi)(zhi)遺傳毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)早期(qi)改(gai)(gai)變主(zhu)要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)DNA損(sun)傷(shang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)染(ran)色(se)(se)體(ti)改(gai)(gai)變途(tu)徑(jing)。在(zai)DNA層(ceng)面(mian)(mian),主(zhu)要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)DNA單(dan)鏈、雙(shuang)鏈斷裂(lie)、氧化(hua)(hua)損(sun)傷(shang)等(deng)途(tu)徑(jing)引(yin)起(qi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)致(zhi)(zhi)突(tu)變性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。在(zai)染(ran)色(se)(se)體(ti)層(ceng)面(mian)(mian),主(zhu)要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)使染(ran)色(se)(se)體(ti)或染(ran)色(se)(se)體(ti)單(dan)體(ti)發生斷裂(lie)、缺失、 倒位以(yi)及姐妹染(ran)色(se)(se)體(ti)單(dan)體(ti)互換等(deng),引(yin)起(qi)染(ran)色(se)(se)體(ti)畸變或數(shu)目改(gai)(gai)變,從而產(chan)生致(zhi)(zhi)突(tu)變作(zuo)用。
3)原癌(ai)(ai)基(ji)因激活和(he)抑癌(ai)(ai)基(ji)因失活:溫石棉可以改變(bian)細胞信號傳導系統(tong),激活原癌(ai)(ai)基(ji)因并導致抑癌(ai)(ai)基(ji)因失活,進(jin)而(er)影響細胞的增殖和(he)分(fen)化,引起肺癌(ai)(ai)和(he)間(jian)皮瘤的發生。
溫石棉致病性的影響(xiang)因(yin)素
濃度對溫石棉致病性的(de)影(ying)響
國(guo)內外研究(jiu)認(ren)為(wei)作業環境空(kong)氣中溫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)粉塵(chen)質量(liang)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(以下簡(jian)稱濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du))與(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)肺(fei)發病有(you)明顯的(de)(de)劑量(liang)反應關系,它在空(kong)氣中的(de)(de)含量(liang)必須(xu)達到一(yi)定(ding)程度(du)(du),才會(hui)對人體(ti)健(jian)康造成危害。各研究(jiu)分(fen)別按(an)1%~3%石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)肺(fei)患(huan)病率、30~40年工(gong)作年限計算(suan),預測石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)粉塵(chen)容(rong)許(xu)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)應低(di)于2.71~3.90mg/m3或石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)纖維(wei)容(rong)許(xu)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)應低(di)于1.15 ~2.00f/mL(f為(wei)纖維(wei)根數),說(shuo)明中國(guo)現行工(gong)作場所石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)粉塵(chen)職業接(jie)觸限值0.8mg/m3或0.8f/mL是(shi)合理的(de)(de),溫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)纖維(wei)的(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)可以被控制在安(an)全(quan)范(fan)圍內。同(tong)時(shi)也有(you)學者認(ren)為(wei)在溫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)接(jie)觸水平低(di)的(de)(de)人群中一(yi)直觀察到致癌(ai)風險的(de)(de)增加,因此(ci)溫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)沒有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)閾值。這是(shi)部分(fen)研究(jiu)人員認(ren)為(wei)溫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)沒有(you)安(an)全(quan)閾值的(de)(de)原因。
形(xing)態(tai)對溫石棉致病(bing)性的影(ying)響
纖維尺寸(cun)影響生(sheng)物殘存性,進而影響肺(fei)的(de)呼吸(xi)、沉淀和(he)清(qing)除。主(zhu)要(yao)從兩個方面考(kao)慮尺寸(cun)的(de)影響:
1)纖維是(shi)否可吸入;
2)如果它處于(yu)可吸入(ru)的(de)(de)尺(chi)寸,吸入(ru)肺(fei)后仍需考(kao)慮纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)尺(chi)寸的(de)(de)影響。大(da)多(duo)數溫石(shi)棉(mian)(mian)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)粉塵可被氣管(guan)—支氣管(guan)樹的(de)(de)黏液逐步(bu)向上運移并(bing)隨咳嗽(sou)排出,據病理學(xue)標(biao)本電(dian)鏡檢測,肺(fei)部沒有發現(xian)過(guo)長(chang)(chang)度大(da)于(yu)200μm的(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei),多(duo)數短于(yu)50μm。進入(ru)肺(fei)部后,尺(chi)寸很短的(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei),尤(you)其那些短于(yu)5μm的(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)粉塵,能夠(gou)被巨(ju)噬細胞完全(quan)吞(tun)噬,通過(guo)類(lei)似非纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)顆粒物的(de)(de)清除(chu)機制被清除(chu),較長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)能被巨(ju)噬細胞完全(quan)吞(tun)沒,長(chang)(chang)時間(jian)存(cun)在肺(fei)內將導(dao)致疾(ji)病。而更長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de),長(chang)(chang)于(yu)20μm的(de)(de)溫石(shi)棉(mian)(mian)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)可以迅速從肺(fei)部被清除(chu),不(bu)轉移到胸(xiong)膜腔,不(bu)啟動纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)誘發的(de)(de)反(fan)應。特別短的(de)(de)可以吞(tun)食溶解,比較長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)可被清除(chu),致病的(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)集中于(yu)中間(jian)長(chang)(chang)度。對人(ren)體致癌危險性最大(da)的(de)(de)石(shi)棉(mian)(mian)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)是長(chang)(chang)度大(da)于(yu)5~8μm、直徑小于(yu)1.5μm或大(da)于(yu)0.25μm的(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)。
除了(le)長(chang)度(du),纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)也影響其致病性。角閃石石棉(mian)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)鏈狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)結構,而溫(wen)石棉(mian)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)一種(zhong)褶(zhe)皺(zhou)型的(de)或(huo)是(shi)卷成(cheng)空心小(xiao)(xiao)卷的(de)頁硅酸鹽(yan),卷曲(qu)的(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)不易于(yu)吸(xi)入呼吸(xi)道。此外,薄而短的(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)質量更(geng)(geng)小(xiao)(xiao),比(bi)(bi)厚(hou)而長(chang)的(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在空氣(qi)中懸(xuan)浮(fu)的(de)時間更(geng)(geng)長(chang)。而大多數的(de)石棉(mian)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)比(bi)(bi)目(mu)前正(zheng)在開發的(de)新的(de)納米(mi)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)更(geng)(geng)厚(hou),說明其懸(xuan)浮(fu)時間更(geng)(geng)短,吸(xi)入可(ke)能性更(geng)(geng)小(xiao)(xiao)。
可溶性與溫石棉(mian)致(zhi)病(bing)性的影(ying)響
在(zai)肺內沉積時,一些(xie)纖維(wei)(wei)能(neng)夠直接(jie)完全溶(rong)解(jie)(jie),另一些(xie)纖維(wei)(wei)不能(neng)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie),但可(ke)以(yi)斷裂(lie)成(cheng)(cheng)短片后被(bei)(bei)成(cheng)(cheng)功吞噬(shi)(shi)和清(qing)除。可(ke)溶(rong)性(xing)(xing)高的(de)纖維(wei)(wei)表現較低的(de)致(zhi)病性(xing)(xing),而(er)可(ke)溶(rong)性(xing)(xing)不佳的(de)纖維(wei)(wei)致(zhi)病性(xing)(xing)較強。溫(wen)石(shi)棉(mian)(mian)可(ke)以(yi)被(bei)(bei)強酸(suan)(比(bi)如巨(ju)(ju)噬(shi)(shi)細胞吞噬(shi)(shi)時產生的(de)酸(suan))分解(jie)(jie),有(you)更(geng)好的(de)可(ke)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)性(xing)(xing)以(yi)及更(geng)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)生物(wu)殘存性(xing)(xing),這將減(jian)低其對身體的(de)致(zhi)病性(xing)(xing)。而(er)角閃石(shi)類石(shi)棉(mian)(mian)更(geng)頑固,在(zai)多(duo)數情況(kuang)下都不會被(bei)(bei)破壞,因此有(you)較強的(de)致(zhi)癌(ai)性(xing)(xing)。溫(wen)石(shi)棉(mian)(mian)是一種片狀(zhuang)硅(gui)酸(suan)鹽,呈薄層(ceng)而(er)卷曲的(de)形態,約0.8nm厚,是由鎂(mei)和二氧化硅(gui)組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)夾層(ceng)結構。肺 巨(ju)(ju)噬(shi)(shi)細胞提供的(de)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)環境可(ke)以(yi)快速破壞這種片狀(zhuang)結構,將溫(wen)石(shi)棉(mian)(mian)纖維(wei)(wei)分解(jie)(jie)成(cheng)(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)片,隨(sui)后這些(xie)碎片可(ke)以(yi)很(hen)容易地從(cong)肺部清(qing)除。
角閃(shan)石(shi)(shi)類(lei)石(shi)(shi)棉(mian)是(shi)實(shi)心棒狀雙鏈(lian)的(de)四面(mian)體硅酸(suan)鹽纖維,這使得它非常(chang)結實(shi)耐用(yong)。角閃(shan)石(shi)(shi)類(lei)石(shi)(shi)棉(mian)晶體結構的(de)外表面(mian)像石(shi)(shi)英(ying)一樣,并(bing)且具有類(lei)似(si)石(shi)(shi)英(ying)的(de)耐化(hua)學性。角閃(shan)石(shi)(shi)類(lei)石(shi)(shi)棉(mian)纖維在任何pH值下都(dou)不會溶解。
吸(xi)煙對溫(wen)石棉致病性的(de)影響
煙(yan)草和石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)都是(shi)國際抗(kang)癌聯盟(meng)(IARC)宣布的人(ren)類致癌物,吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)會(hui)對溫(wen)(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)者(zhe)(zhe)肺(fei)癌的發(fa)生起(qi)協(xie)同(tong)(tong)作(zuo)用。吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)降(jiang)低機體清除溫(wen)(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)纖維和粉塵(chen)的功(gong)能,使(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)塵(chen)易沉積于(yu)呼吸(xi)(xi)系統(tong)中(zhong),同(tong)(tong)時煙(yan)溶液抑制了巨噬(shi)(shi)細胞(bao)的吞噬(shi)(shi)功(gong)能,使(shi)巨噬(shi)(shi)細胞(bao)不能有效(xiao)地防御(yu)侵(qin)襲(xi),從而(er)(er)使(shi)溫(wen)(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)直接(jie)(jie)作(zuo)用于(yu)靶細胞(bao),加(jia)劇自由基的生成,進(jin)而(er)(er)導致DNA損(sun)傷,產生更為(wei)嚴重的損(sun)害。有調查表明,不接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)溫(wen)(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)的吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)肺(fei)癌相對危險(xian)度(du)(RR)為(wei)26,不吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)的溫(wen)(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)者(zhe)(zhe)肺(fei)癌RR為(wei)12.2,而(er)(er)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)溫(wen)(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)的吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)肺(fei)癌RR高達32.1,吸(xi)(xi)煙(yan)和溫(wen)(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)協(xie)同(tong)(tong)指數為(wei)2.2。
降低溫(wen)石(shi)棉致病(bing)性的研(yan)究
有(you)研究發現(xian)經檸檬酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鋁、混合(he)稀土或亞硒酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉3種(zhong)化合(he)物(wu)預處理的(de)(de)溫石(shi)棉纖(xian)維表面元素的(de)(de)構成和含量均發生變化,導致(zhi)相比未預處理的(de)(de)溫石(shi)棉,該(gai)類溫石(shi)棉作用于細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)時,細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)的(de)(de)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)性(xing)磷酸(suan)(suan)(suan)酶活性(xing)降低,人胚肺細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)存活率提高(gao)及超微結構改變,癌基因(yin)轉錄水(shui)平降低,最(zui)終減(jian)輕(qing)了溫石(shi)棉的(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)毒(du)性(xing)。另有(you)研究發現(xian)大蒜提取物(wu)能有(you)效減(jian)少(shao)溫石(shi)棉對外周血淋(lin)巴細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)的(de)(de)基因(yin)毒(du)性(xing)。
溫石棉所致職業性腫(zhong)瘤流行病學研(yan)究
國內大量流(liu)行病學調查研究提示溫石棉粉塵在接(jie)觸濃度超標條件下具有顯(xian)著的致病性。
對重(zhong)慶(qing)石棉(mian)(mian)(mian)廠接觸(chu)(chu)純溫(wen)石棉(mian)(mian)(mian)工人(ren)(ren)的(de)25年(nian)(nian)縱向隊(dui)列研究顯(xian)示,生料間和紡織間的(de)粉(fen)塵(chen)濃(nong)度分別為(wei)7.6f/mL和4.5f/mL,接塵(chen)組的(de)肺(fei)(fei)癌(ai)發病率是不(bu)接塵(chen)組的(de)8.1倍。對中(zhong)國另一(yi)大型石棉(mian)(mian)(mian)廠515名單(dan)純接觸(chu)(chu)溫(wen)石棉(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)工人(ren)(ren)進行27年(nian)(nian)的(de)追蹤研究發現,其20世(shi)紀60年(nian)(nian)代(dai)前溫(wen)石棉(mian)(mian)(mian)粉(fen)塵(chen)平均濃(nong)度為(wei)146.2mg/m3,20世(shi)紀90年(nian)(nian)代(dai)后(hou)降低到10mg/m3,單(dan)純接觸(chu)(chu)溫(wen)石棉(mian)(mian)(mian)工人(ren)(ren)的(de)肺(fei)(fei)癌(ai)發生率顯(xian)著超高(gao)(P<0.05)。
另(ling)有長達41年調查浙江家庭溫石(shi)(shi)棉手(shou)工紡織(zhi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)研究發現,其20世(shi)紀60年代作業(ye)環境的(de)(de)(de)溫石(shi)(shi)棉粉塵(chen)濃度(du)(du)38.00~73.00mg/m3,20世(shi)紀70年代降低(di)到平均為1.25 mg/m3,但仍超標(biao),作業(ye)女工5681人中累計(ji)死(si)(si)亡858例,其中213人死(si)(si)于(yu)癌(ai)癥(zheng),肺(fei)癌(ai)居首(shou)位(87例,占40.85%),肺(fei)癌(ai)標(biao)準化死(si)(si)亡比3.88,明顯高于(yu)當(dang)地女性年齡別標(biao)準化死(si)(si)亡比。對(dui)某大(da)型(xing)溫石(shi)(shi)棉礦研究發現,接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)溫石(shi)(shi)棉可以提高礦工肺(fei)癌(ai)、石(shi)(shi)棉肺(fei)等疾(ji)病的(de)(de)(de)死(si)(si)亡率。而國外研究認(ren)為,低(di)于(yu)限值濃度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)溫石(shi)(shi)棉纖(xian)維粉塵(chen)不(bu)會(hui)造(zao)成健(jian)康風險。毒理學博士David Bernstein的(de)(de)(de)研究表明,溫石(shi)(shi)棉和角閃石(shi)(shi)在動力(li)和病理上都存在差異,其他類似研究也展示出對(dui)溫石(shi)(shi)棉的(de)(de)(de)低(di)程度(du)(du)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不(bu)會(hui)導致可被檢測的(de)(de)(de)安全風險。
有證據(ju)表(biao)明(ming),高濃(nong)度(du)和(he)長(chang)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)溫(wen)石棉(mian)可(ke)以產生肺(fei)癌,低濃(nong)度(du)溫(wen)石棉(mian)不存在可(ke)檢測的健康風險,即使短(duan)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)高濃(nong)度(du)溫(wen)石棉(mian),發(fa)生健康風險的概率也不高。希臘持續39年的關(guan)于接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)純(chun)(chun)溫(wen)石棉(mian)的水泥工人的研究(jiu)表(biao)明(ming),對純(chun)(chun)凈(jing)溫(wen)石棉(mian)在允許范圍內(nei)的職業(ye)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)與肺(fei)癌以及間(jian)皮瘤的顯著(zhu)(zhu)增(zeng)長(chang)無關(guan)。而有巴西的研究(jiu)發(fa)現,減少石棉(mian)接(jie) 觸(chu)(chu)可(ke)以顯著(zhu)(zhu)降低石棉(mian)肺(fei)、實(shi)質(zhi)和(he)/或良性(xing)胸膜疾病的發(fa)病率。
溫石(shi)棉同角閃(shan)石(shi)類石(shi)棉致病性差(cha)異的流行病
溫石棉和角閃石石棉在(zai)吸入(ru)毒性(xing)和致病性(xing)上存在(zai)差異。David Bernstein認為,在(zai)化學(xue)特性(xing)和礦物學(xue)特性(xing)方(fang)面,溫石棉與其(qi)他角閃石石棉差異明顯(xian),可以從肺(fei)中更快速地被清除。
6個(ge)中(zhong)歐、東歐國家和(he)英國的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)中(zhong)心對照研究發(fa)現(xian),職業接(jie)觸石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)似乎并(bing)(bing)不促(cu)進(jin)男性肺(fei)(fei)癌(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)病,溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)誘發(fa)肺(fei)(fei)癌(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)概率小于溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)合并(bing)(bing)角(jiao)閃(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)。另有(you)研究計(ji)數133名間皮(pi)瘤(liu)患者和(he)262名肺(fei)(fei)癌(ai)患者的(de)(de)(de)(de)肺(fei)(fei)組織(zhi)標本(ben)中(zhong)長度超過5μm的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)纖維數目,發(fa)現(xian)溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)纖維僅占2%。英國健康安全理事(shi)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究表明溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)和(he)其他兩類角(jiao)閃(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)在間皮(pi)瘤(liu)風險上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異為1∶100∶500。總結71個(ge)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)群體的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)流行病學研究表明,沒有(you)任何(he)證據支(zhi)持未被角(jiao)閃(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)會導致間皮(pi)瘤(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這種(zhong)假(jia)設(she)。
溫石棉(mian)致病機制的研究(jiu)方向及展望
溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)和(he)(he)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)纖維(wei)(wei)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)機制十分(fen)復雜,至今仍存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)很(hen)多尚未研究清楚之處。比如溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)在(zai)(zai)細(xi)胞(bao)信號傳(chuan)導層面的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)機制如何(he);不(bu)同(tong)產地的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)成(cheng)分(fen)有(you)所不(bu)同(tong),對(dui)溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)性(xing)(xing)影響如何(he);溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)同(tong)時具有(you)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)纖維(wei)(wei)化(hua)性(xing)(xing),溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)有(you)哪些較其(qi)他(ta)(ta)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)物或致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)纖維(wei)(wei)化(hua)物質(zhi)不(bu)同(tong)之處;在(zai)(zai)細(xi)胞(bao)層面,溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)(he)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)種(zhong)類石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)機制存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)哪些區別;是否存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)有(you)效降低溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)方法及其(qi)應用(yong)等。對(dui)溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)機制、影響因素及降低毒性(xing)(xing)方法的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整研究,可以幫助人們更全面地認識溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害,并在(zai)(zai)此(ci)基礎上研發(fa)適宜的(de)(de)(de)防護措(cuo)施和(he)(he)防護手段,以更安全、健康地應用(yong)溫(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)。