中國是世界上出產(chan)鬼仙(xian)辰砂最多的(de)國家之一。主要(yao)產(chan)地(di)是貴州(zhou)東部(bu)和湖南(nan)西部(bu),以(yi)質好量(liang)大而出名(ming)。產(chan)出的(de)礦(kuang)砂多數運到湖南(nan)西部(bu)的(de)辰溪,再(zai)轉(zhuan)銷(xiao)全國各地(di),辰溪成為當時辰砂主要(yao)的(de)集(ji)散地(di),“辰砂”一名(ming)也由此而來(lai)。世界上最大的(de)辰砂晶體是“辰砂王”,1980年在貴州(zhou)東部(bu)萬山汞礦(kuang)區發現。長10.8厘米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)4.4厘米(mi)(mi),高4.2厘米(mi)(mi),凈重237克。現收藏(zang)于中國北京地(di)質博物館。
大自然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)造化(hua)瑰(gui)麗而(er)神(shen)奇。各種造型(xing)奇特、色(se)彩美(mei)麗、產(chan)量稀少的(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物單(dan)晶(jing)體(ti)、連(lian)晶(jing)體(ti)和晶(jing)簇,既是(shi)寶(bao)貴的(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物原(yuan)料(liao),又是(shi)含蓄質樸,美(mei)麗天成的(de)(de)(de)觀賞石(shi),它(ta)們是(shi)大自然(ran)給(gei)人類的(de)(de)(de)慷慨的(de)(de)(de)饋贈。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)又被稱作為“朱砂(sha)(sha)(sha)”,它(ta)是(shi)一種棕紅色(se),色(se)彩鮮艷的(de)(de)(de)彩石(shi)。新(xin)石(shi)器時代的(de)(de)(de)先民就曾經應用辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)做(zuo)顏料(liao)。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)化(hua)學(xue)成分(fen)是(shi)硫(liu)化(hua)汞(gong),在我國的(de)(de)(de)湖(hu)南、貴州、四(si)川等地(di)都有出產(chan)。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)體(ti)呈(cheng)板(ban)狀(zhuang)或菱面(mian)體(ti)狀(zhuang),它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)合體(ti)成粒狀(zhuang)或塊(kuai)狀(zhuang)。純(chun)凈的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)具(ju)有金屬光澤。有時表(biao)面(mian)會因(yin)覆蓋氧(yang)化(hua)薄膜(mo)而(er)呈(cheng)鉛灰色(se)。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)密度(du)比較(jiao)大,和銀相仿,只(zhi)出產(chan)在低溫熱液的(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)床中(zhong),常(chang)與(yu)輝銻礦(kuang)共(gong)生。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)是(shi)提煉汞(gong)的(de)(de)(de)最主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物原(yuan)料(liao)。中(zhong)醫利(li)用辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)作為安神(shen)、定驚的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)物;辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)晶(jing)可以作為激光調制晶(jing)體(ti),是(shi)現(xian)代激光技術的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)材料(liao)之一。
辰砂(sha)(sha)化(hua)學成(cheng)分為(wei)(wei)硫(liu)化(hua)汞,含(han)Hg86.2%,常(chang)含(han)有粘土、氧化(hua)鐵(tie)、地(di)瀝青等(deng)(deng)雜(za)質(zhi)。溶(rong)于(yu)鹽酸(suan),并(bing)產(chan)(chan)生帶(dai)臭雞蛋味的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)氫。 [2] 三方晶系,晶體(ti)(ti)(ti)呈(cheng)(cheng)板狀(zhuang)或(huo)菱面(mian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)狀(zhuang),集(ji)合體(ti)(ti)(ti)呈(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)規則(ze)粒狀(zhuang)、致密塊狀(zhuang)或(huo)土狀(zhuang),晶簇常(chang)呈(cheng)(cheng)菱形(xing)雙晶體(ti)(ti)(ti)、大顆(ke)粒單晶體(ti)(ti)(ti)。半透(tou)明或(huo)不(bu)透(tou)明,鮮紅(hong)(hong)、朱紅(hong)(hong)、淺紅(hong)(hong)、暗(an)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)或(huo)條痕紅(hong)(hong)色(se),有時表面(mian)帶(dai)鉛(qian)灰色(se)的(de)(de)(de)錆色(se)。對光敏感,有很高的(de)(de)(de)折射(she)率(lv),金屬光澤、金剛光澤或(huo)玻(bo)璃光澤,摩氏硬度(du)2~2.5,比重8.2,性(xing)脆(cui);僅(jin)產(chan)(chan)于(yu)火山巖(yan)、熱泉(quan)沉積物(wu)、低溫熱液礦(kuang)(kuang)床、斷層(ceng)角(jiao)礫白(bai)云(yun)巖(yan)晶洞(dong)中(zhong),常(chang)與石(shi)(shi)英、雄黃、雌黃、方解石(shi)(shi)、輝銻礦(kuang)(kuang)、黃鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)、白(bai)璽(xi)石(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)共生。外(wai)生成(cheng)因(yin)的(de)(de)(de)辰砂(sha)(sha)產(chan)(chan)于(yu)氧化(hua)帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)下部(bu),由黑黝銅礦(kuang)(kuang)分解而成(cheng)。辰砂(sha)(sha)是分布(bu)最廣的(de)(de)(de)汞礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu),產(chan)(chan)于(yu)我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)湖南、貴州、云(yun)南以及美國(guo)西部(bu)、西班牙、墨西哥(ge)產(chan)(chan)等(deng)(deng)地(di)。辰砂(sha)(sha)晶體(ti)(ti)(ti)表面(mian)有時呈(cheng)(cheng)現鉛(qian)灰的(de)(de)(de)錆色(se),晶面(mian)為(wei)(wei)金剛光澤,半透(tou)明至不(bu)透(tou)明,性(xing)脆(cui),摩斯(si)硬度(du)2至2.5,相對密度(du)8至8.2,不(bu)導電。含(han)有辰砂(sha)(sha)條帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)開(kai)石(shi)(shi),是中(zhong)外(wai)馳名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)雞血(xue)石(shi)(shi),為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)著名(ming)(ming)印章石(shi)(shi)之一。
辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(Cinnabar)系(xi)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng),以古辰(chen)(chen)(chen)州產(chan)地命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming),且為全國(guo)科學技術(shu)名(ming)(ming)詞審定委員會公(gong)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)定名(ming)(ming)。在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)歷史中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)(huan)出(chu)現了不少以地方(fang)命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物,如(ru)錦砂(sha)(sha),是錦郡出(chu)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de),這(zhe)(zhe)是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)歷史上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)一個物品稱(cheng)謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)習慣。只有辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)這(zhe)(zhe)一名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)被礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)界(jie)接受,并被正式(shi)命(ming)(ming)名(ming)(ming),全國(guo)通用。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)又稱(cheng)朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)、丹(dan)砂(sha)(sha),是人們根據其顏色(se)特征而叫(jiao)起(qi)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de),尤其是國(guo)畫界(jie),朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)流(liu)傳至今(jin)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)和日本有世界(jie)上(shang)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)是含汞(gong)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物,大(da)紅(hong)色(se),金剛光澤至金屬(shu)光澤、呈致密(mi)的(de)(de)(de)塊狀和半透明的(de)(de)(de)板(ban)狀或犬牙狀。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)化學名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)是硫化汞(gong)(分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)式(shi)α—HgS或HgS)。畫界(jie)把合成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)硫化汞(gong)稱(cheng)為銀朱(zhu)(Vermilion,分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)式(shi)α—HgS),有關煉(lian)丹(dan)術(shu)古籍中(zhong)(zhong)也稱(cheng)其為靈砂(sha)(sha)。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)屬(shu)六方(fang)晶(jing)(jing)系(xi),色(se)澤鮮艷。自(zi)然界(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)(huan)有另(ling)一種(zhong)黑(hei)色(se)硫化汞(gong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物,稱(cheng)之為黑(hei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(Metacinnabar,分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)式(shi)β—HgS),與辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)互(hu)為同質異象,因時(shi)常混生,影響辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)品位(wei)。用升華(hua)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法提(ti)純混生礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物,升華(hua)后黑(hei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)重結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)時(shi)變為辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha),這(zhe)(zhe)樣黑(hei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)就不存(cun)在(zai)了,升華(hua)所得(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)色(se)澤純正、鮮艷。
辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)最(zui)早出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如距今(jin)(jin)7000年(nian)(nian)(nian)左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)甘肅秦安大地(di)(di)灣(wan)就有(you)多處發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。馬(ma)清(qing)林等人分析研究之(zhi)后指出(chu)(chu),該遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四期二段紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)灰陶(tao)(tao)甕(weng)口(kou)部(bu)(bu)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(樣號(hao)(hao):Q.D.F902④:20)和(he)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶(tao)(tao)盆口(kou)沿(yan)部(bu)(bu)殘片紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(Q.D.T810③:37)均(jun)為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)。大地(di)(di)灣(wan)九掘區(qu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)紅(hong)(hong)、黑兩色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)殘片,經分析,紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha),黑色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)為(wei)碳(tan)黑,膠質(zhi)為(wei)蠟質(zhi)。在(zai)距今(jin)(jin)6600±300年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)河姆(mu)渡(du)村(cun)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)第三文化層中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)漆(qi)碗,器(qi)(qi)壁外均(jun)有(you)薄(bo)薄(bo)一層紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao),色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)澤(ze)鮮艷(yan),微有(you)光澤(ze)。專(zhuan)家推斷用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha),后經陳(chen)元(yuan)生先生鑒定(ding)確實是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)。這(zhe)些都是(shi)我國(guo)至(zhi)今(jin)(jin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)最(zui)早用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)例(li)證。上述(shu)秦安大地(di)(di)灣(wan)和(he)河姆(mu)渡(du)南北兩地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)事例(li),已充分證明(ming)我國(guo)先民在(zai)距今(jin)(jin)7000年(nian)(nian)(nian)左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai),已在(zai)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶(tao)(tao)、木(mu)器(qi)(qi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)。河南靈(ling)寶(bao)西(xi)(xi)坡遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)M27墓屬仰韶文化中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期晚(wan)段。墓中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)兩件大口(kou)缸(gang)(gang)上腹部(bu)(bu)均(jun)有(you)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)帶,帶上有(you)加黑點的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖案。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一缸(gang)(gang)口(kou)唇(chun)部(bu)(bu)有(you)朱砂(sha)(sha)痕(hen)跡。缸(gang)(gang)內(nei)填土(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)涂(tu)(tu)抹朱砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)細麻布(bu)碎塊。考古(gu)者(zhe)推斷“缸(gang)(gang)口(kou)原來用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)涂(tu)(tu)朱的(de)(de)(de)(de)麻布(bu)覆蓋” 。湖北枝城(cheng)市城(cheng)背溪遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(系(xi)公(gong)元(yuan)前4400~3300年(nian)(nian)(nian))出(chu)(chu)土(tu)一件盤形陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi),系(xi)涂(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶(tao)(tao);李士、秦廣(guang)雍在(zai)《現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)實驗(yan)技術在(zai)考古(gu)學中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)》例(li)舉了(le)(le)(le)X-射(she)(she)(she)線(xian)衍射(she)(she)(she)分析,并指出(chu)(chu)該古(gu)陶(tao)(tao)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha),粉紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)和(he)方解(jie)石(shi)混(hun)合物(wu)。青海樂都柳(liu)灣(wan)原始社會(新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚(wan)期,約公(gong)元(yuan)前3000—公(gong)元(yuan)前2000年(nian)(nian)(nian))墓地(di)(di)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)某尸骨(gu)之(zhi)下撒(sa)有(you)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha);廣(guang)西(xi)(xi)花山(shan)巖(yan)畫距今(jin)(jin)三千余年(nian)(nian)(nian),工作(zuo)者(zhe)在(zai)畫面中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)取了(le)(le)(le)四個樣品,均(jun)有(you)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha) ;良渚(zhu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)木(mu)器(qi)(qi)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha);玉門火(huo)燒溝出(chu)(chu)土(tu)商末夏初紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(甘肅省博物(wu)館給出(chu)(chu)樣品編(bian)號(hao)(hao):紅(hong)(hong)YH M 84)筆者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)X-射(she)(she)(she)線(xian)衍射(she)(she)(she)譜分析,結(jie)果是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(HgS)和(he)石(shi)英(α-SiO2)混(hun)合物(wu)。距今(jin)(jin)4000余年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)河南偃(yan)師二里(li)頭宮殿遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)繪(hui)(hui)制(zhi)花紋的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)陶(tao)(tao)片,玉器(qi)(qi)、銅器(qi)(qi)都裹在(zai)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)里(li),還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貯藏大量辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)于三個坑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),同時(shi)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)紋陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)壁涂(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha),其量之(zhi)大證明(ming)公(gong)元(yuan)前2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)時(shi)那里(li)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)之(zhi)盛(sheng)況。殷(yin)墟五號(hao)(hao)墓出(chu)(chu)土(tu)研磨辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)工具及用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)涂(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)骨(gu)文刻字。山(shan)東長清(qing)仙人臺遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有(you)六(liu)座(zuo)周(zhou)朝(chao)邿國(guo)貴(gui)旅墓均(jun)在(zai)棺底鋪撒(sa)約2cm厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)。河北藁(gao)城(cheng)縣臺西(xi)(xi)村(cun)商代(dai)(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚(wan)期遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)朱紅(hong)(hong)地(di)(di)漆(qi)器(qi)(qi),顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)。山(shan)東臨沂鳳凰嶺東周(zhou)墓出(chu)(chu)土(tu)陶(tao)(tao)片,彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)(hui)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)均(jun)為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)。
我國(guo)汞(gong)礦資源豐(feng)富,累計探明儲量居世(shi)(shi)界第3位。古時(shi)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)因(yin)地(di)名(ming)還叫(jiao)過巴砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、宜砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、階(jie)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)等,宋代(dai)后,主要產(chan)(chan)(chan)銷市(shi)場(chang)在湖(hu)南(nan)辰(chen)(chen)州,又因(yin)顏色(se)(se)而叫(jiao)朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、丹砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)、真朱(zhu)、赤丹、丹粟等。20世(shi)(shi)紀80年代(dai),在我國(guo)貴州萬(wan)山汞(gong)礦巖(yan)屋坪(ping)礦區采(cai)到1顆(ke)矛頭狀穿插(cha)雙晶(jing)(jing)(jing)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),質(zhi)純色(se)(se)艷(yan),形(xing)(xing)態完整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),被命(ming)名(ming)為“辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)王”,是(shi)我國(guo)1982年發行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)套(tao)礦物郵票中辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原型(xing)。我國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)形(xing)(xing)體(ti)(ti)完整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),色(se)(se)澤(ze)鮮(xian)艷(yan),在國(guo)際市(shi)場(chang)上,5毫(hao)米至10毫(hao)米的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)售(shou)價(jia)(jia)達200美元(yuan),而讓世(shi)(shi)界礦物愛好者、收(shou)藏家(jia)動心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)我國(guo)貴州產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)于1英寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)王族成員。20世(shi)(shi)紀90年代(dai)美國(guo)卡希爾礦出(chu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過1顆(ke)長1英寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti),估計重30克左右(you),售(shou)價(jia)(jia)為1500美元(yuan),是(shi)西方世(shi)(shi)界之冠,此(ci)售(shou)價(jia)(jia)為辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)在國(guo)際市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格奠定了基礎。辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)王族,就是(shi)以美國(guo)卡希爾礦產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti),即長25毫(hao)米、重30克為下(xia)限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)。決(jue)定辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)價(jia)(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)較多(duo),但一(yi)般(ban)用(yong)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)大(da)小(xiao)進(jin)行標(biao)定,其他用(yong)作價(jia)(jia)格天平上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)砝(fa)碼。晶(jing)(jing)(jing)形(xing)(xing)完整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、棱角(jiao)清晰(xi)、色(se)(se)澤(ze)鮮(xian)紅、透明度好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)給予加倍計算。
天然鬼(gui)仙朱砂為粒狀或塊狀集合(he)體,呈大(da)小不(bu)一的(de)(de)塊或細(xi)小穎粒。塊較大(da)者表面暗紅色(se)(se),細(xi)小的(de)(de)片狀或粒狀者表面鮮(xian)紅色(se)(se),不(bu)規則薄片色(se)(se)紅鮮(xian)艷,光(guang)亮如鏡(jing),觸之不(bu)染手(shou),具金剛光(guang)澤,半透明。質(zhi)脆(cui),硬(ying)度2-2.5,比重8.09-8.20,條痕朱紅色(se)(se)至褐紅色(se)(se)。
合成朱(zhu)砂呈(cheng)紫紅(hong)(hong)色不規(gui)則塊狀或朱(zhu)紅(hong)(hong)色粒狀及粉末。不溶于(yu)強酸,能溶于(yu)硫化鈉和王(wang)水(shui)。
正品朱砂的(de)理化(hua)鑒別:①于閉(bi)口(kou)試管(guan)中(zhong)加(jia)熱,變(bian)為黑色硫化(hua)泵(beng);加(jia)碳酸(suan)鈉共(gong)熱,則變(bian)為金屬汞球。②在開口(kou)管(guan)中(zhong)燒之產生二氧化(hua)硫氣(qi)體及金屬汞球。③細末用鹽酸(suan)浸濕后,里(li)光潔(jie)的(de)銅片上擦之,銅片表面顯銀白(bai)色。
偽品一:褚石為氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物類(lei)礦石赤鐵礦。多(duo)粉(fen)碎成(cheng)不(bu)規(gui)則小塊或粉(fen)末,呈暗紅(hong)棕色(se)至棕紅(hong)色(se),金屬光澤不(bu)明顯,質(zhi)硬,硬度(du)5.5^-6,比重較正品小,為5^-5.3,條痕(hen)櫻紅(hong)色(se)。摘石主(zhu)要(yao)含三氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)二鐵(Fe2O3),能溶(rong)于強酸,其(qi)粉(fen)末加(jia)鹽酸溶(rong)解后的溶(rong)液加(jia)硫氰酸錢試(shi)液顯血紅(hong)色(se),再加(jia)亞鐵氰化(hua)(hua)鉀試(shi)液生成(cheng)藍色(se)沉淀,再加(jia)2500氫(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉(na)試(shi)液沉淀變成(cheng)棕色(se)(Fe,十的鑒(jian)別(bie)反(fan)應)。
偽(wei)品二:礦渣、砂(sha)粒經(jing)染(ran)色而成其與正品朱砂(sha)的(de)主要區別(bie)為(wei)呈暗紅(hong)(hong)色,質輕(qing),水洗可使(shi)水染(ran)色,而礦渣、砂(sha)粒的(de)紅(hong)(hong)色變(bian)淺或褪(tun)去(qu),無(wu)金屬光澤。理化鑒別(bie)呈陰性。
偽(wei)品(pin)三:一種暗紅色(se)礦(kuang)石(品(pin)種待定)呈(cheng)不規則塊狀,暗紅色(se),略(lve)有光澤,比(bi)重較正品(pin)小,斷面略(lve)呈(cheng)纖維狀,較正品(pin)易(yi)碎,不溶(rong)于水,部分能溶(rong)于強酸。理化鑒別呈(cheng)陰性。
摻偽品:朱砂的(de)摻偽品主要有(you)(you)兩類。一(yi)類是摻有(you)(you)儲石、紅(hong)土或染色礦(kuang)渣,一(yi)般色澤不均勻,水洗去(qu)色,顆粒(li)間(jian)比(bi)重(zhong)差異大。另一(yi)類中摻有(you)(you)鐵(tie)等金(jin)屬異物粉(fen)粒(li),可用磁鐵(tie)吸附,加稀(xi)酸有(you)(you)氣體產生(sheng)。