中國是世界上(shang)出產(chan)鬼仙(xian)辰砂(sha)最多的(de)(de)(de)國家之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。主(zhu)要產(chan)地是貴(gui)州東(dong)部(bu)和湖(hu)南西(xi)部(bu),以(yi)質好量大(da)而(er)出名。產(chan)出的(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)砂(sha)多數運到湖(hu)南西(xi)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)辰溪,再轉(zhuan)銷全國各地,辰溪成(cheng)為當時辰砂(sha)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)集散地,“辰砂(sha)”一(yi)(yi)名也由此而(er)來。世界上(shang)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)辰砂(sha)晶(jing)體是“辰砂(sha)王”,1980年在貴(gui)州東(dong)部(bu)萬山汞礦(kuang)區發現。長10.8厘米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)4.4厘米(mi)(mi),高4.2厘米(mi)(mi),凈重237克。現收藏于中國北京地質博物館。
大(da)自然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)造化瑰麗(li)而神奇(qi)。各種造型奇(qi)特(te)、色彩美麗(li)、產(chan)量稀(xi)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)單晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)、連(lian)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)和晶(jing)簇(cu),既是(shi)(shi)寶(bao)貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)原料(liao),又是(shi)(shi)含蓄質樸,美麗(li)天(tian)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀賞石,它(ta)們(men)是(shi)(shi)大(da)自然(ran)給人類的(de)(de)(de)(de)慷慨的(de)(de)(de)(de)饋贈。辰(chen)(chen)砂又被稱作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)“朱砂”,它(ta)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種棕紅色,色彩鮮艷的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩石。新石器時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)先民(min)就曾(ceng)經(jing)應用辰(chen)(chen)砂做顏料(liao)。辰(chen)(chen)砂的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要化學(xue)成(cheng)(cheng)分是(shi)(shi)硫化汞,在(zai)我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南、貴(gui)州(zhou)、四川(chuan)等地(di)都(dou)有出產(chan)。辰(chen)(chen)砂的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)呈板(ban)狀或菱面(mian)體(ti)(ti)狀,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)集合(he)體(ti)(ti)成(cheng)(cheng)粒狀或塊(kuai)狀。純凈的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂具有金(jin)屬(shu)光(guang)澤。有時(shi)表面(mian)會因(yin)覆蓋(gai)氧化薄(bo)膜而呈鉛灰(hui)色。辰(chen)(chen)砂的(de)(de)(de)(de)密(mi)度(du)比(bi)較大(da),和銀相仿(fang),只出產(chan)在(zai)低溫熱液的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)床中,常與(yu)輝銻礦(kuang)共生。辰(chen)(chen)砂是(shi)(shi)提煉汞的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)原料(liao)。中醫利用辰(chen)(chen)砂作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)安神、定驚的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥物(wu)(wu);辰(chen)(chen)砂的(de)(de)(de)(de)單晶(jing)可以作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)激光(guang)調制(zhi)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti),是(shi)(shi)現代激光(guang)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵材料(liao)之一(yi)。
辰(chen)砂化(hua)(hua)(hua)學成分為(wei)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)汞,含Hg86.2%,常(chang)含有(you)粘土、氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鐵、地瀝青等雜質(zhi)。溶(rong)于鹽(yan)酸,并產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)帶(dai)臭雞蛋味的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)氫。 [2] 三方晶系,晶體(ti)呈(cheng)(cheng)板狀(zhuang)或(huo)菱(ling)面(mian)體(ti)狀(zhuang),集(ji)合(he)體(ti)呈(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)規則粒(li)狀(zhuang)、致密(mi)塊(kuai)狀(zhuang)或(huo)土狀(zhuang),晶簇常(chang)呈(cheng)(cheng)菱(ling)形雙晶體(ti)、大顆粒(li)單晶體(ti)。半透明(ming)或(huo)不(bu)透明(ming),鮮紅(hong)、朱紅(hong)、淺紅(hong)、暗紅(hong)色或(huo)條痕紅(hong)色,有(you)時(shi)表(biao)面(mian)帶(dai)鉛灰(hui)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)錆(qing)色。對光敏感,有(you)很高的(de)(de)(de)(de)折射率,金(jin)屬光澤(ze)(ze)、金(jin)剛光澤(ze)(ze)或(huo)玻璃光澤(ze)(ze),摩氏硬度(du)2~2.5,比(bi)重8.2,性脆;僅產(chan)于火(huo)山巖、熱泉沉積物(wu)(wu)、低溫熱液礦(kuang)床、斷層角礫白云巖晶洞中(zhong),常(chang)與石(shi)英、雄黃、雌黃、方解石(shi)、輝銻礦(kuang)、黃鐵礦(kuang)、白璽(xi)石(shi)等共生(sheng)(sheng)。外生(sheng)(sheng)成因的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)砂產(chan)于氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下部(bu),由(you)黑黝銅礦(kuang)分解而成。辰(chen)砂是(shi)分布(bu)最廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)汞礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu),產(chan)于我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南、貴州、云南以及(ji)美國(guo)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)、西(xi)(xi)班牙(ya)、墨西(xi)(xi)哥產(chan)等地。辰(chen)砂晶體(ti)表(biao)面(mian)有(you)時(shi)呈(cheng)(cheng)現鉛灰(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)錆(qing)色,晶面(mian)為(wei)金(jin)剛光澤(ze)(ze),半透明(ming)至(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)透明(ming),性脆,摩斯硬度(du)2至(zhi)(zhi)2.5,相(xiang)對密(mi)度(du)8至(zhi)(zhi)8.2,不(bu)導電。含有(you)辰(chen)砂條帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地開(kai)石(shi),是(shi)中(zhong)外馳名的(de)(de)(de)(de)雞血(xue)石(shi),為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)著名印章石(shi)之一。
辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(Cinnabar)系礦物(wu)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng),以(yi)古辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)州(zhou)產地命名(ming)(ming),且為全(quan)國科學技術(shu)名(ming)(ming)詞審定(ding)委員會公布的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)名(ming)(ming)。在(zai)中(zhong)國歷史(shi)中(zhong)還(huan)(huan)出現了(le)不少以(yi)地方(fang)(fang)命名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種礦物(wu),如錦砂(sha)(sha)(sha),是錦郡(jun)出產的(de)(de)(de),這(zhe)是中(zhong)國歷史(shi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個物(wu)品(pin)稱(cheng)謂的(de)(de)(de)習慣(guan)。只有辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)這(zhe)一(yi)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)被礦界接受,并(bing)被正式(shi)(shi)命名(ming)(ming),全(quan)國通用。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)又稱(cheng)朱砂(sha)(sha)(sha)、丹砂(sha)(sha)(sha),是人們根據其顏色特征而叫起來的(de)(de)(de),尤其是國畫界,朱砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)流傳(chuan)至今。中(zhong)國和日本有世界上(shang)最大的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)礦床。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)礦是含汞(gong)的(de)(de)(de)主要礦物(wu),大紅(hong)色,金(jin)剛光(guang)澤(ze)至金(jin)屬(shu)光(guang)澤(ze)、呈(cheng)致密的(de)(de)(de)塊狀(zhuang)和半透明的(de)(de)(de)板狀(zhuang)或犬(quan)牙狀(zhuang)。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)是硫化(hua)汞(gong)(分(fen)子(zi)(zi)式(shi)(shi)α—HgS或HgS)。畫界把(ba)合成的(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)汞(gong)稱(cheng)為銀朱(Vermilion,分(fen)子(zi)(zi)式(shi)(shi)α—HgS),有關(guan)煉丹術(shu)古籍中(zhong)也稱(cheng)其為靈砂(sha)(sha)(sha)。辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)屬(shu)六方(fang)(fang)晶(jing)系,色澤(ze)鮮(xian)艷。自然(ran)界中(zhong)還(huan)(huan)有另一(yi)種黑(hei)色硫化(hua)汞(gong)礦物(wu),稱(cheng)之為黑(hei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(Metacinnabar,分(fen)子(zi)(zi)式(shi)(shi)β—HgS),與辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)互(hu)為同質異象,因時(shi)常(chang)混生(sheng),影響辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)品(pin)位。用升(sheng)華(hua)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)提純混生(sheng)礦物(wu),升(sheng)華(hua)后黑(hei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)重結晶(jing)時(shi)變為辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha),這(zhe)樣黑(hei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)就不存在(zai)了(le),升(sheng)華(hua)所得辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)色澤(ze)純正、鮮(xian)艷。
辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)最早出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)新(xin)(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如(ru)距(ju)(ju)今7000年(nian)左(zuo)右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甘(gan)肅秦(qin)(qin)(qin)安(an)大(da)地(di)灣(wan)就(jiu)有(you)(you)多處(chu)發(fa)現(xian)。馬清(qing)(qing)林等人分(fen)析研究之(zhi)后指出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu),該(gai)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)四(si)期二段紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)灰陶(tao)(tao)甕口(kou)(kou)(kou)部紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(樣號(hao):Q.D.F902④:20)和紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)陶(tao)(tao)盆口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿部殘片(pian)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(Q.D.T810③:37)均為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。大(da)地(di)灣(wan)九掘(jue)區發(fa)現(xian)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)、黑(hei)兩(liang)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)殘片(pian),經(jing)分(fen)析,紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),黑(hei)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)為(wei)碳黑(hei),膠質(zhi)為(wei)蠟質(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)距(ju)(ju)今6600±300年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)河(he)姆(mu)渡村(cun)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)第三文化(hua)層中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)漆碗,器(qi)壁外均有(you)(you)薄(bo)薄(bo)一(yi)層紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)涂料(liao)(liao),色(se)澤鮮(xian)艷,微有(you)(you)光澤。專家推斷(duan)用(yong)了(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),后經(jing)陳(chen)元(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)先生(sheng)鑒定確實是(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。這些都(dou)是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)至今發(fa)現(xian)最早用(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)例證。上述秦(qin)(qin)(qin)安(an)大(da)地(di)灣(wan)和河(he)姆(mu)渡南(nan)(nan)北(bei)兩(liang)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)使用(yong)事例,已充分(fen)證明(ming)我國(guo)先民在(zai)(zai)距(ju)(ju)今7000年(nian)左(zuo)右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代,已在(zai)(zai)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)陶(tao)(tao)、木(mu)器(qi)使用(yong)了(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。河(he)南(nan)(nan)靈(ling)寶西(xi)坡遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)M27墓(mu)屬仰韶(shao)文化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期晚(wan)(wan)段。墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)兩(liang)件大(da)口(kou)(kou)(kou)缸(gang)(gang)上腹部均有(you)(you)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)帶,帶上有(you)(you)加黑(hei)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖案。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)缸(gang)(gang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)唇部有(you)(you)朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)痕(hen)跡。缸(gang)(gang)內填(tian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)涂抹朱(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)麻布碎塊。考(kao)古(gu)者(zhe)推斷(duan)“缸(gang)(gang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)原(yuan)來用(yong)涂朱(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)麻布覆蓋(gai)” 。湖北(bei)枝(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)市城(cheng)(cheng)背溪遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(系(xi)公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前4400~3300年(nian))出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)一(yi)件盤形陶(tao)(tao)器(qi),系(xi)涂了(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)陶(tao)(tao);李(li)士、秦(qin)(qin)(qin)廣(guang)雍在(zai)(zai)《現(xian)代實驗(yan)技術在(zai)(zai)考(kao)古(gu)學中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)》例舉了(le)X-射(she)(she)線衍射(she)(she)分(fen)析,并指出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)該(gai)古(gu)陶(tao)(tao)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),粉紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)是(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)和方(fang)解(jie)石(shi)混(hun)合物(wu)。青(qing)海樂都(dou)柳灣(wan)原(yuan)始社會(新(xin)(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚(wan)(wan)期,約公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前3000—公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前2000年(nian))墓(mu)地(di)發(fa)現(xian)某(mou)尸骨之(zhi)下撒(sa)有(you)(you)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha);廣(guang)西(xi)花(hua)山(shan)巖畫距(ju)(ju)今三千余(yu)年(nian),工作者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)畫面中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)取了(le)四(si)個樣品,均有(you)(you)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha) ;良渚(zhu)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)木(mu)器(qi)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)涂料(liao)(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)是(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha);玉(yu)門火(huo)燒溝出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)商(shang)末夏初紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)(甘(gan)肅省(sheng)博(bo)物(wu)館給出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)樣品編號(hao):紅(hong)(hong)(hong)YH M 84)筆者(zhe)用(yong)X-射(she)(she)線衍射(she)(she)譜分(fen)析,結果是(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(HgS)和石(shi)英(α-SiO2)混(hun)合物(wu)。距(ju)(ju)今4000余(yu)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)河(he)南(nan)(nan)偃師(shi)二里(li)(li)頭(tou)宮殿遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)用(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)繪(hui)制花(hua)紋的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)陶(tao)(tao)片(pian),玉(yu)器(qi)、銅器(qi)都(dou)裹在(zai)(zai)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)里(li)(li),還(huan)發(fa)現(xian)貯(zhu)藏(zang)大(da)量辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)于(yu)三個坑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),同(tong)時(shi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍紋陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)內壁涂了(le)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),其量之(zhi)大(da)證明(ming)公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前2000年(nian)時(shi)那里(li)(li)使用(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)之(zhi)盛(sheng)況。殷墟五號(hao)墓(mu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)研磨辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)工具(ju)及用(yong)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)涂了(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甲骨文刻字。山(shan)東長清(qing)(qing)仙人臺遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)六座周朝邿國(guo)貴旅墓(mu)均在(zai)(zai)棺底鋪撒(sa)約2cm厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。河(he)北(bei)藁城(cheng)(cheng)縣臺西(xi)村(cun)商(shang)代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚(wan)(wan)期遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)朱(zhu)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)地(di)漆器(qi),顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)是(shi)(shi)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。山(shan)東臨(lin)沂鳳(feng)凰嶺東周墓(mu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)陶(tao)(tao)片(pian),彩(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)顏(yan)(yan)料(liao)(liao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)色(se)均為(wei)辰(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。
我(wo)國(guo)汞礦資(zi)源(yuan)豐富,累(lei)計(ji)探明(ming)儲量居世(shi)界第3位(wei)。古(gu)時辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)因(yin)地名還叫(jiao)過巴砂(sha)、宜(yi)砂(sha)、階(jie)砂(sha)等,宋代(dai)后,主要產(chan)銷市(shi)場(chang)在(zai)(zai)湖南辰(chen)(chen)州(zhou),又因(yin)顏色(se)(se)而叫(jiao)朱砂(sha)、丹(dan)砂(sha)、真朱、赤(chi)丹(dan)、丹(dan)粟等。20世(shi)紀80年(nian)代(dai),在(zai)(zai)我(wo)國(guo)貴州(zhou)萬(wan)山汞礦巖屋坪礦區采到1顆(ke)矛頭狀穿(chuan)插雙(shuang)晶(jing)(jing)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha),質純色(se)(se)艷,形態完(wan)整(zheng)(zheng),被命名為“辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)王”,是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國(guo)1982年(nian)發行的(de)(de)(de)第一套礦物郵票(piao)中辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)原型(xing)。我(wo)國(guo)產(chan)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)形體(ti)完(wan)整(zheng)(zheng),色(se)(se)澤鮮艷,在(zai)(zai)國(guo)際市(shi)場(chang)上,5毫(hao)米至10毫(hao)米的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整(zheng)(zheng)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)售(shou)價達200美元,而讓世(shi)界礦物愛好者、收(shou)藏(zang)家動心的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國(guo)貴州(zhou)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)大于(yu)1英寸的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)王族(zu)成(cheng)員(yuan)。20世(shi)紀90年(nian)代(dai)美國(guo)卡(ka)希爾礦出(chu)(chu)產(chan)過1顆(ke)長1英寸的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti),估(gu)計(ji)重30克(ke)左(zuo)右,售(shou)價為1500美元,是(shi)(shi)西方世(shi)界之冠(guan),此售(shou)價為辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)際市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)價格(ge)奠(dian)定了基礎。辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)王族(zu),就是(shi)(shi)以美國(guo)卡(ka)希爾礦產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti),即長25毫(hao)米、重30克(ke)為下(xia)限的(de)(de)(de)標準辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)。決定辰(chen)(chen)砂(sha)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)價格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)條件較多,但一般用(yong)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)大小進行標定,其他用(yong)作(zuo)價格(ge)天平上的(de)(de)(de)砝碼。晶(jing)(jing)形完(wan)整(zheng)(zheng)、棱(leng)角清晰、色(se)(se)澤鮮紅、透明(ming)度好的(de)(de)(de)給予加倍計(ji)算。
天(tian)然鬼(gui)仙朱砂為粒狀或(huo)塊狀集(ji)合(he)體,呈大小(xiao)不一(yi)的(de)塊或(huo)細小(xiao)穎粒。塊較大者(zhe)表(biao)面(mian)暗紅(hong)色(se),細小(xiao)的(de)片狀或(huo)粒狀者(zhe)表(biao)面(mian)鮮紅(hong)色(se),不規則薄(bo)片色(se)紅(hong)鮮艷,光亮如鏡,觸之不染手,具金剛光澤,半透明。質脆,硬(ying)度2-2.5,比重(zhong)8.09-8.20,條痕朱紅(hong)色(se)至褐紅(hong)色(se)。
合成(cheng)朱砂呈紫紅色(se)不規則塊狀(zhuang)或朱紅色(se)粒狀(zhuang)及粉(fen)末。不溶于強(qiang)酸,能溶于硫化(hua)鈉(na)和王水。
正品朱砂的理化(hua)鑒別:①于閉口試管(guan)中加熱,變為黑(hei)色硫(liu)化(hua)泵;加碳酸鈉共熱,則(ze)變為金屬(shu)(shu)汞球。②在開口管(guan)中燒(shao)之產生(sheng)二(er)氧化(hua)硫(liu)氣體及(ji)金屬(shu)(shu)汞球。③細(xi)末用鹽酸浸濕后,里(li)光(guang)潔的銅片(pian)上擦之,銅片(pian)表面顯(xian)銀白色。
偽(wei)品(pin)一(yi):褚石(shi)(shi)為(wei)氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)類礦(kuang)石(shi)(shi)赤鐵礦(kuang)。多(duo)粉(fen)碎(sui)成(cheng)不規則小塊(kuai)或粉(fen)末(mo),呈暗紅(hong)棕(zong)色至(zhi)棕(zong)紅(hong)色,金屬光澤不明顯,質硬,硬度5.5^-6,比重較正品(pin)小,為(wei)5^-5.3,條痕櫻紅(hong)色。摘石(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要含(han)三氧(yang)化(hua)二鐵(Fe2O3),能溶(rong)于強酸(suan),其粉(fen)末(mo)加(jia)(jia)鹽酸(suan)溶(rong)解(jie)后(hou)的溶(rong)液(ye)加(jia)(jia)硫(liu)氰酸(suan)錢試(shi)液(ye)顯血紅(hong)色,再加(jia)(jia)亞鐵氰化(hua)鉀(jia)試(shi)液(ye)生成(cheng)藍色沉淀,再加(jia)(jia)2500氫氧(yang)化(hua)鈉試(shi)液(ye)沉淀變(bian)成(cheng)棕(zong)色(Fe,十(shi)的鑒(jian)別反應)。
偽品二(er):礦(kuang)(kuang)渣、砂(sha)粒經染色(se)(se)而成(cheng)其與正品朱(zhu)砂(sha)的主要區別為呈暗紅色(se)(se),質輕,水(shui)(shui)洗可使水(shui)(shui)染色(se)(se),而礦(kuang)(kuang)渣、砂(sha)粒的紅色(se)(se)變淺或(huo)褪(tun)去,無金屬(shu)光(guang)澤。理(li)化鑒(jian)別呈陰性。
偽品(pin)三:一(yi)種(zhong)暗紅(hong)色(se)礦石(品(pin)種(zhong)待(dai)定(ding))呈不(bu)規則塊狀(zhuang),暗紅(hong)色(se),略有光澤,比(bi)重較正品(pin)小,斷面略呈纖(xian)維狀(zhuang),較正品(pin)易碎,不(bu)溶于水,部分能溶于強酸。理化鑒別(bie)呈陰性。
摻偽(wei)品(pin):朱砂(sha)的(de)摻偽(wei)品(pin)主要(yao)有(you)(you)兩類。一(yi)類是摻有(you)(you)儲石、紅土(tu)或染色(se)礦(kuang)渣,一(yi)般色(se)澤不均(jun)勻(yun),水洗去色(se),顆粒(li)間比重差異大。另一(yi)類中摻有(you)(you)鐵等(deng)金屬異物粉粒(li),可用磁鐵吸附(fu),加稀酸(suan)有(you)(you)氣(qi)體產生(sheng)。