長(chang)(chang)白(bai)松(song)產于(yu)吉林(lin)(lin)長(chang)(chang)白(bai)山北坡(po)海拔800-1600米(mi)(mi),在二(er)道(dao)白(bai)河以(yi)上的林(lin)(lin)中(zhong)組成小片(pian)純林(lin)(lin);在海拔1600米(mi)(mi)的林(lin)(lin)中(zhong)則(ze)與紅松(song)、長(chang)(chang)白(bai)魚鱗云杉等混生(sheng)。模式標本(ben)采自長(chang)(chang)白(bai)山。長(chang)(chang)白(bai)松(song)天然分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)很(hen)狹(xia)窄,只見于(yu)吉林(lin)(lin)省安(an)圖縣(xian)長(chang)(chang)白(bai)山北坡(po),海拔700-1600米(mi)(mi)的二(er)道(dao)白(bai)河與三道(dao)白(bai)河沿岸的狹(xia)長(chang)(chang)地段,尚(shang)存小片(pian)純林(lin)(lin)及散生(sheng)林(lin)(lin)木。
長(chang)白松是喬木,高20-30米,徑(jing)25-40厘(li)米,稀達1米;樹干通直平滑,基部(bu)稍粗糙,棕褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)帶黃(huang)(huang),龜裂(lie)(lie),下中部(bu)以(yi)上樹皮棕黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)至(zhi)(zhi)金(jin)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se),裂(lie)(lie)成鱗(lin)狀薄片(pian)剝落;冬芽(ya)卵(luan)圓形,芽(ya)鱗(lin)紅褐色(se)(se)(se)(se),有樹脂;一年(nian)生枝(zhi)淡褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)或淡黃(huang)(huang)褐色(se)(se)(se)(se),無白粉,二至(zhi)(zhi)三年(nian)生枝(zhi)淡灰褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)或灰褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)。
針(zhen)葉(xie)2枚一束,長5-8厘米(mi),較粗硬,徑1-1.5毫米(mi);橫(heng)切面扁半圓形(xing),單(dan)層皮下(xia)層細胞,維管束之間的距離較寬,樹脂(zhi)道4-8,邊生,稀角部1-2個(ge)中(zhong)生或(huo)背面1個(ge)中(zhong)生。
一年生小球(qiu)果近(jin)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing),具(ju)短梗,彎曲下垂,種鱗(lin)具(ju)直伸的短刺(ci);成熟(shu)的球(qiu)果卵狀(zhuang)圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing),種鱗(lin)張開后為橢圓狀(zhuang)卵圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)長卵圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),長4-5厘(li)米,徑3-4.5厘(li)米,種鱗(lin)背部深紫(zi)褐色,鱗(lin)盾(dun)斜方形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)不(bu)規則4-5角形(xing)(xing)(xing),灰色或(huo)淡褐灰色,強(qiang)隆起(qi),很少微隆起(qi)或(huo)近(jin)平,球(qiu)果基部種鱗(lin)之鱗(lin)盾(dun)隆起(qi)部分向下彎,橫脊(ji)明顯,縱脊(ji)不(bu)明顯或(huo)微明顯,鱗(lin)臍呈瘤狀(zhuang)突起(qi),具(ju)易脫落(luo)的短刺(ci)。
種子長卵圓(yuan)形或三角狀(zhuang)卵圓(yuan)形,長約(yue)4毫(hao)米,連翅長約(yue)2厘米,種翅淡褐(he)色(se),有(you)少數褐(he)色(se)條紋(wen),寬約(yue)7毫(hao)米。
該變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)針(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)較(jiao)短,較(jiao)粗(cu)硬,葉(xie)(xie)內(nei)兩維管束之(zhi)(zhi)間距離(li)較(jiao)寬,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)盾(dun)(dun)斜方形(xing)或(huo)(huo)不(bu)規則(ze)多(duo)角(jiao)形(xing),隆起,樹皮棕褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)(se)帶黃(huang),這些性狀(zhuang)顯(xian)屬歐洲赤(chi)(chi)松(song)(song)(P. sylvestris Linn.)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群范圍(wei)。它與(yu)樟(zhang)子松(song)(song)(P. sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.)的(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)別在于后者(zhe)樹皮為黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)至褐(he)(he)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)、內(nei)側金黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se),針(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)更為粗(cu)硬,徑(jing)1.5-2毫米,樹脂(zhi)道多(duo)達6-11個(ge),球(qiu)果(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)盾(dun)(dun)淡綠褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)(se);而(er)該變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)除(chu)樹皮顏色(se)(se)(se)與(yu)樟(zhang)子松(song)(song)不(bu)同外,針(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)比樟(zhang)子松(song)(song)略(lve)細,徑(jing)1-1.5毫米,球(qiu)果(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)盾(dun)(dun)淡褐(he)(he)灰色(se)(se)(se)。該變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)赤(chi)(chi)松(song)(song)(P. densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.)顯(xian)然不(bu)同,除(chu)針(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)較(jiao)粗(cu)外,該變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)針(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)內(nei)2維管束之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)距離(li)較(jiao)大(da),一(yi)年生(sheng)小(xiao)球(qiu)果(guo)下(xia)垂(chui),具直伸的(de)(de)短刺(ci),成熟球(qiu)果(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)盾(dun)(dun)強隆起;而(er)赤(chi)(chi)松(song)(song)雖然變(bian)異很大(da),但(dan)針(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)內(nei)2維管束之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)距離(li)較(jiao)小(xiao),一(yi)年生(sheng)小(xiao)球(qiu)果(guo)不(bu)下(xia)垂(chui),鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)臍具斜上伸展(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)刺(ci),成熟球(qiu)果(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)盾(dun)(dun)僅(jin)微肥(fei)厚或(huo)(huo)部(bu)分種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)上部(bu)呈角(jiao)脊狀(zhuang)隆起,這些穩定性狀(zhuang)易與(yu)長白松(song)(song)區(qu)(qu)別。
長白(bai)(bai)松(song)為喜光性(xing)(xing)強、深根(gen)(gen)性(xing)(xing)樹種(zhong),能(neng)適(shi)應土(tu)壤水分(fen)較少(shao)的(de)(de)山(shan)脊及(ji)向陽(yang)山(shan)坡,以及(ji)較干旱的(de)(de)砂(sha)地(di)(di)及(ji)石礫砂(sha)土(tu)地(di)(di)區(qu)。分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)的(de)(de)氣候溫(wen)涼,濕度大(da),積(ji)雪時間長。年平均(jun)(jun)溫(wen)4.4℃,1月份平均(jun)(jun)溫(wen)-15℃-18℃,7月份平均(jun)(jun)溫(wen)20-22℃以上,極端最(zui)高溫(wen)37.5℃,極端最(zui)低(di)溫(wen)-40℃左右;年降水量600-1340毫米,相對濕度70%以上,無(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)90-100天。土(tu)壤為發育在火山(shan)灰土(tu)上的(de)(de)山(shan)地(di)(di)暗(an)棕色森林土(tu)及(ji)山(shan)地(di)(di)棕色針(zhen)葉(xie)森林土(tu),二氧化硅(Sio2)粉(fen)沫(mo)含量大(da),腐殖(zhi)質含量少(shao),保水性(xing)(xing)能(neng)低(di)而透水性(xing)(xing)能(neng)強,pH值4.7-6.2。長白(bai)(bai)松(song)為陽(yang)性(xing)(xing)樹種(zhong),根(gen)(gen)系深長,可耐一定干旱,在海拔較低(di)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)帶(dai)常(chang)組成小塊(kuai)純林,在海拔1300米以上常(chang)與(yu)紅松(song)、紅皮云(yun)杉(shan)、長白(bai)(bai)魚鱗(lin)云(yun)杉(shan)、臭冷杉(shan)、黃花落葉(xie)松(song)等樹種(zhong)組成混交林。
種(zhong)子(zi)繁殖,長(chang)白松種(zhong)子(zi)既(ji)可秋采春播(bo),也可在(zai)(zai)低溫(wen)干(gan)燥條(tiao)件下長(chang)期保存。播(bo)種(zhong)前要消(xiao)毒、催芽,條(tiao)播(bo)或散播(bo),播(bo)種(zhong)后7天出土,出苗后要預(yu)防立(li)枯病。在(zai)(zai)高生長(chang)速(su)生期結束前,要注意灌溉,2年即可出圃(pu)造(zao)林,避免(mian)營造(zao)純林。
長白松可供建筑(zhu)、枕木(mu)、電桿(gan)、船舶、器(qi)具、家具及(ji)木(mu)纖(xian)維工業(ye)原料等用(yong)材。可作庭園(yuan)觀賞及(ji)綠化(hua)樹種。花(hua)粉可入藥,莖干木(mu)質部提取(qu)物也可入藥。