羅伯特·班杜拉(Albert Bandura,1925~)
教育家、社會心理學家
出生(sheng)在加拿(na)大艾伯特省(sheng)的(de)蒙達(da)。
1949年,他在(zai)加拿大(da)不列顛哥倫比亞大(da)學(xue)(xue)獲(huo)學(xue)(xue)士(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)位(wei)(wei),1951年在(zai)美國(guo)衣阿(a)華大(da)學(xue)(xue)獲(huo)心理學(xue)(xue)碩士(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)位(wei)(wei),翌年獲(huo)哲學(xue)(xue)博(bo)士(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)位(wei)(wei)。他在(zai)衣阿(a)華攻(gong)讀期間,盡管接受的是臨床心理學(xue)(xue)方面教育,但(dan)由(you)于受道賀爾的學(xue)(xue)生斯彭斯的影(ying)響,對(dui)實(shi)驗模(mo)式的有(you)效性印象頗深。
1953年(nian)(nian),他到(dao)維基臺(tai)的(de)堪薩斯(si)指(zhi)導(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)心,擔(dan)任(ren)(ren)博士后臨床實習(xi)醫(yi)生(sheng),同年(nian)(nian)應聘在斯(si)坦福大學心理學系執教(jiao)(jiao),1964年(nian)(nian)升(sheng)任(ren)(ren)正教(jiao)(jiao)授。在這(zhe)期間,受赫(he)爾(er)派學習(xi)理論家米(mi)勒(N.Miller)、多(duo)拉德(J.Dollard)和(he)西爾(er)斯(si)(R.R.Sears)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang),把(ba)學習(xi)理論運用于社會(hui)行為的(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)。此后,除(chu)了1969年(nian)(nian)任(ren)(ren)行為科學高級研究(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)心研究(jiu)(jiu)員一(yi)年(nian)(nian)外,一(yi)直在該校(xiao)任(ren)(ren)教(jiao)(jiao)。
其中,1976年(nian)至1977年(nian)間(jian)出(chu)任(ren)心理學(xue)系系主任(ren)。
班杜(du)拉一(yi)生著作頗豐,主要代表作有:《青少年的攻擊(Adolescent Aggression)》(1959)、《社(she)會(hui)學習與個性發展(Social Learning and Personality Development)》(1963)、《社(she)會(hui)學習理論(Aggression : Social learning Theory)》(1977)、《思想與行為的社(she)會(hui)基礎:一(yi)種社(she)會(hui)的認知理論(Social Foundations of Thought and Action : A Social Cognitive Theory)》(1986)。
ALBERT BANDURA(1925~ )
Education
B.A., 1949 University of British Columbia
M.A., 1951 University of Iowa
Ph.D.,1952 University of Iowa
Scientific Honors and Awards
Distinguished Scientist Award, Division 12, American Psychological Association, 1972.
Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award, California Psychological Association, 1973.
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1980.
Distinguished Contribution Award, International Society for Research on Aggression, 1980.
Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, American Psychological Association, 1980.
Distinguished Scientist Award, Society of Behavioral Medicine.
William James Award, American Psychological Society, 1989
Member, Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, 1989.
Distinguished Lifetime Contributions Award, California Psychological Association, 1998.
Thorndike Award for Distinguished Contributions of Psychology to Education, American Psychological Association, 1999.
Lifetime Achievement Award, Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, 2001.
Editorial Boards of Journals and Serial Volumes
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1970-present.
Child Development, 1971-77.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973.
Aggression: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 1974-82.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1977-79; 1982-present.
Journal of Mental Imagery, 1978-present.
Clinical Behavior Therapy Review, 1979-81.
Gestalt Therapy: An International M ultidisciplinary Journal, 1979-present.
Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979-85; 1999 - present
Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 1979-present.
Psychological Review, 1980-82; 1999-present
Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1986-present.
Behaviour Change, 1985-present.
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1986-91.
British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1987-present.
Annual Review of Psychology, 1987-91.
Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 1988-present.
Psychological Inquiry, 1989-present.
Applied and Preventive Psychology: Current Scientific Perspectives, 1991-present.
Medienpsychologie, 1990-2000.
Applied Psychology: An International Review, 1993-present.
Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 1992-present.
Media Psychology, 1998-present.
Book Publications
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Adolescent aggression. New York: Ronald Press, 1959.
Translation: Polish.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1963. Translation: Spanish.
Bandura, A. Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.
Translations: Portuguese, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.). Psychological modeling:Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton Press, 1971. Translations: German, Japanese.
Bandura, A. Aggression: social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973. Translations: German, Russian.
Bandura, A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977. Translations: Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Translations: Chinese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.).Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Translations: Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Korean.
Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman, 1997. Translations: Chinese, Italian, Korean. In progress: French, Portuguese.
由于班(ban)杜拉的奠基(ji)性研究,導致(zhi)了社會(hui)學(xue)(xue)習理(li)論的誕生,從而也(ye)使(shi)他在(zai)(zai)西方心(xin)理(li)學(xue)(xue)界獲得了較高的聲望。他在(zai)(zai)1972年(nian)獲美(mei)國心(xin)理(li)學(xue)(xue)會(hui)授(shou)予的杰出科(ke)學(xue)(xue)貢獻獎(jiang);1973年(nian)獲加利福尼亞心(xin)理(li)學(xue)(xue)會(hui)杰出科(ke)學(xue)(xue)成就獎(jiang);1974年(nian)當選為美(mei)國心(xin)理(li)學(xue)(xue)會(hui)主席。
班杜拉的社會學習理論對心理和教育領域(yu)有重要貢獻。
首先,班杜拉明確區分(fen)(fen)了人類學(xue)習的(de)兩種基本過(guo)程,即直(zhi)接(jie)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗(yan)的(de)學(xue)習和間(jian)接(jie)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗(yan)的(de)學(xue)習。班杜拉提(ti)出的(de)觀察(cha)學(xue)習等都(dou)是屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)間(jian)接(jie)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗(yan)的(de)學(xue)習。這兩種不同性質的(de)學(xue)習過(guo)程的(de)區分(fen)(fen)有(you)著重要的(de)實踐指導(dao)意義。它(ta)能使(shi)廣(guang)大教(jiao)師有(you)選擇地運用學(xue)習規律和教(jiao)學(xue)規律,而不至于(yu)(yu)(yu)把直(zhi)接(jie)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗(yan)學(xue)習研究中(zhong)得出的(de)規律生搬(ban)硬套地用于(yu)(yu)(yu)課堂教(jiao)學(xue)。也不能用直(zhi)接(jie)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗(yan)學(xue)習的(de)理論解(jie)釋(shi)學(xue)生的(de)間(jian)接(jie)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗(yan)的(de)學(xue)習。
其次,班杜拉(la)提出的(de)觀(guan)察學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)是(shi)人類間接(jie)經驗學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)一種重要形式,它普遍地存(cun)在于不(bu)同(tong)年齡(ling)階段和不(bu)同(tong)文化(hua)背景的(de)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)者中。班杜拉(la)的(de)社會學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)理(li)(li)論(lun)最有(you)(you)說服(fu)力地解釋了(le)學(xue)生的(de)行為模式的(de)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。所以,班杜拉(la)的(de)觀(guan)察學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)模式在學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)理(li)(li)論(lun)中具(ju)有(you)(you)不(bu)可替代的(de)獨特作用。
第三,班杜拉的(de)社會學習理論(lun)進(jin)一步發展了(le)傳統的(de)強(qiang)化(hua)理論(lun)。在(zai)傳統的(de)強(qiang)化(hua)理論(lun)中,赫爾(er)和斯(si)金納等人都強(qiang)調強(qiang)化(hua)在(zai)條件作(zuo)用中的(de)即時(shi)效果。班杜拉認真探(tan)討了(le)人類學習中獎和懲的(de)作(zuo)用機制。他認為(wei)強(qiang)化(hua)的(de)作(zuo)用在(zai)于人對其(qi)行為(wei)結果的(de)預期,在(zai)于人對各種強(qiang)化(hua)的(de)認知調節。
第四,托(tuo)爾曼(man)在他(ta)的認知期(qi)(qi)待學習理論中提出了對(dui)行為結果的預(yu)(yu)期(qi)(qi)。班杜拉卻提出了另一種沒有被托(tuo)爾曼(man)所說的預(yu)(yu)期(qi)(qi),這就是人確信自(zi)己能夠(gou)成功(gong)地完成某種任務的預(yu)(yu)期(qi)(qi),他(ta)將(jiang)這種預(yu)(yu)期(qi)(qi)稱作"功(gong)效預(yu)(yu)期(qi)(qi)"。
第(di)五,班(ban)杜拉的(de)社會(hui)學(xue)習理(li)論(lun)有著重(zhong)要的(de)教(jiao)育實踐意(yi)義,被廣泛地應用于行(xing)為(wei)和行(xing)為(wei)規范的(de)教(jiao)學(xue)中。