產于中國(guo)東北長白山(shan)(shan)區(qu)、吉(ji)林(lin)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)及小(xiao)興(xing)安(an)嶺愛(ai)輝(hui)以南海拔150-1800米、氣候溫(wen)寒、濕潤、棕色森林(lin)土(tu)地帶。分布于中國(guo)(黑龍江、吉(ji)林(lin))、日本(本州)、朝鮮民(min)主(zhu)主(zhu)義人民(min)共和國(guo)、大(da)韓民(min)國(guo)、俄羅(luo)斯聯邦(阿穆爾、哈巴羅(luo)夫斯克、Primoryi)。
紅(hong)松(song)是松(song)科松(song)屬的常綠喬木,樹(shu)(shu)(shu)高可(ke)達30米,胸(xiong)徑1米;幼樹(shu)(shu)(shu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)皮(pi)(pi)灰(hui)褐(he)色,近平滑(hua),大(da)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)皮(pi)(pi)灰(hui)褐(he)色或(huo)灰(hui)色,縱裂成不(bu)規則的長方鱗狀塊(kuai)片(pian),裂片(pian)脫落后露出(chu)紅(hong)褐(he)色的內皮(pi)(pi);樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干上部常分叉,枝(zhi)近平展,樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠圓(yuan)錐形;一年(nian)生枝(zhi)密被(bei)黃褐(he)色或(huo)紅(hong)褐(he)色柔毛;冬芽(ya)淡紅(hong)褐(he)色,矩圓(yuan)狀卵圓(yuan)形,先端(duan)尖,微被(bei)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂,芽(ya)鱗排(pai)列較疏松(song)。
針(zhen)葉5針(zhen)一(yi)束,長(chang)6-12厘米(mi),粗硬,直,深綠色(se),邊緣具細(xi)鋸齒,背(bei)面(mian)通常無(wu)氣孔線(xian),腹(fu)面(mian)每側(ce)具6-8條淡藍灰(hui)色(se)的氣孔線(xian);橫切(qie)面(mian)近三(san)角(jiao)形,皮下層細(xi)胞單層,但在背(bei)面(mian)兩樹脂(zhi)道之間常出現斷續的分布著1-3或多至15個細(xi)胞寬的第二層皮下層,樹脂(zhi)道3個,中生(sheng),位于三(san)個角(jiao)部(bu);葉鞘早落。
雄球花橢圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)圓(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing),紅(hong)黃色,長7-10毫米,多數密集(ji)于新(xin)枝下部成穗狀(zhuang)(zhuang);雌球花綠(lv)褐色,圓(yuan)柱狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),直立,單生或(huo)數個集(ji)生于新(xin)枝近(jin)頂端,具粗長的梗。球果圓(yuan)錐(zhui)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)錐(zhui)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)矩圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長9-14厘(li)米,稀更長,徑(jing)6-8厘(li)米,梗長1-1.5厘(li)米,成熟(shu)后種鱗不(bu)張開,或(huo)稍微(wei)張開而露出種子(zi),但(dan)種子(zi)不(bu)脫落。
種鱗(lin)菱形,上(shang)(shang)部(bu)(bu)漸窄而開展,先端鈍,向外反曲,鱗(lin)盾黃(huang)褐色或微帶灰綠色,三(san)角形或斜方狀(zhuang)(zhuang)三(san)角形,下(xia)部(bu)(bu)底邊(bian)(bian)截形或微成寬楔形,表面有皺紋,鱗(lin)臍(qi)不(bu)顯著;種子大,著生(sheng)于種鱗(lin)腹(上(shang)(shang))面下(xia)部(bu)(bu)的凹槽中,無翅或頂端及(ji)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)(bu)兩側(ce)微具(ju)棱脊,暗紫(zi)褐色或褐色,倒卵狀(zhuang)(zhuang)三(san)角形,微扁,長1.2-1.6厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),徑7-10毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);子葉13-16枚,針狀(zhuang)(zhuang),橫切(qie)面三(san)角形,長3.8-5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬約1.5毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先端尖,邊(bian)(bian)緣有細(xi)鋸齒;初生(sheng)葉條形,長1.3-1.6厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬不(bu)及(ji)1毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),邊(bian)(bian)緣有細(xi)鋸齒。
花(hua)期6月,球(qiu)果第二(er)年9-10月成熟。
紅松喜光性(xing)(xing)強(qiang),對土壤水(shui)分要求較(jiao)高,不宜(yi)過干(gan)、過濕(shi)的土壤及嚴寒氣(qi)候(hou)。在溫寒多雨,相(xiang)對濕(shi)度較(jiao)高的氣(qi)候(hou)與深厚肥(fei)沃、排水(shui)良好(hao)的酸性(xing)(xing)棕色森(sen)林(lin)土上生(sheng)(sheng)長最好(hao)。紅松屬(shu)半(ban)陽(yang)性(xing)(xing)樹種,淺根性(xing)(xing),常生(sheng)(sheng)于排水(shui)良好(hao)的濕(shi)潤(run)山坡上,幼樹耐庇蔭,對大氣(qi)濕(shi)度較(jiao)敏感,濕(shi)潤(run)度在0.7以上生(sheng)(sheng)長良好(hao),在0.5以下生(sheng)(sheng)長不良。
紅(hong)松是雌雄同株異花的樹種(zhong),花期(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)6月(yue)中下旬,自開花至球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)成熟歷時(shi)(shi)15個月(yue),紅(hong)松采種(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)長達4個月(yue),前期(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)以(yi)從樹上(shang)采摘或打(da)落球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)(guo)(guo),后期(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)從雪地上(shang)拾取球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)。球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)采集后攤開晾曬(shai)或陰干數(shu)日,鱗片稍張開時(shi)(shi)可(ke)人(ren)工棒打(da)調制。天然林(lin)球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)的出種(zhong)率13%-14%,人(ren)工林(lin)球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)出種(zhong)率可(ke)達30%,千粒(li)重520克。在(zai)采種(zhong)工作中應注意球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)的選擇,在(zai)種(zhong)子調制過程中要篩(shai)去小粒(li)種(zhong)子,以(yi)保證種(zhong)子質(zhi)量(liang)和苗木(mu)的優質(zhi)高產。種(zhong)子要經過晾曬(shai)使其含(han)水(shui)量(liang)降到10%時(shi)(shi)方可(ke)儲藏。
種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)處(chu)理,首先(xian)要凈(jing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),紅松(song)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)粒大,單位面積播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量高,一(yi)般一(yi)級種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)每(mei)平方米播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)0.5公斤。一(yi)般是(shi)用(yong)清水(shui)侵(qin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)24小時,除掉浮起的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),留用(yong)沉(chen)底的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)。其次種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)消(xiao)毒(du),紅松(song)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)催(cui)(cui)芽(ya)時間(jian)長(chang),如不(bu)進(jin)行消(xiao)毒(du),易引(yin)起種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)霉腐,在消(xiao)毒(du)前先(xian)進(jin)行浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),然后(hou)用(yong)0.5%硫酸(suan)水(shui)溶(rong)液浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)消(xiao)毒(du)3小時,撈出種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)控干,準備混(hun)沙(sha)催(cui)(cui)芽(ya)。第三是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)催(cui)(cui)芽(ya),紅松(song)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)休眠期長(chang),不(bu)經過充分(fen)催(cui)(cui)芽(ya)處(chu)理,春季播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)當(dang)年不(bu)出苗或出不(bu)齊。
室內(nei)自然溫(wen)度(du)堆(dui)積法。在8月中(zhong)、下旬,將種(zhong)子浸水2天(tian),混(hun)沙(sha)兩倍,保(bao)持60%的濕度(du),放室內(nei)堆(dui)成30-40厘米高,隔日翻動(dong)一次,干(gan)時(shi)澆(jiao)水,待天(tian)冷結(jie)凍時(shi),堆(dui)成60厘米高,并(bing)澆(jiao)水封(feng)凍,至春季播種(zhong)前(qian)將其翻動(dong),使溫(wen)濕均勻(yun)。
快速催芽(ya)法。在播(bo)種前(qian)40天(tian),用50度(du)熱水(shui)(shui)浸種,并(bing)充分(fen)攪(jiao)動(dong),直(zhi)至(zhi)水(shui)(shui)溫下降到30度(du),經過24小時后,在換涼水(shui)(shui),以后每兩天(tian)換涼水(shui)(shui)一(yi)次,浸10天(tian),當種仁(ren)變成乳白色時,將(jiang)種子撈(lao)出,均勻地與3倍體積的濕沙混合,放在背風向(xiang)陽處攤(tan)(tan)曬,每天(tian)晚(wan)將(jiang)種子堆(dui)成堆(dui),蓋上草簾,第二天(tian)再攤(tan)(tan)開,如果(guo)為了加快催芽(ya)時間,可放在室(shi)內適當加溫,溫度(du)保持20-30度(du),每日要翻動(dong)兩次并(bing)均勻澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui),以保持一(yi)定濕度(du)。
紅松(song)(song)(song)的出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)約(yue)需20至(zhi)30天,當氣溫(wen)高于(yu)16攝氏度(du)時,發(fa)芽最旺(wang)盛(sheng),應注意噴(pen)水防(fang)(fang)旱(han)(han),并(bing)注意鳥類啄食危害。幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)根(gen)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)較快(kuai),主根(gen)可達(da)10厘(li)米(mi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),約(yue)占(zhan)全(quan)年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)量(liang)(liang)的40%,且(qie)能生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)4至(zhi)5條側(ce)根(gen)。而苗(miao)(miao)高生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)量(liang)(liang)很(hen)小(xiao)。所以苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)抵抗力很(hen)差,應注意澆水降溫(wen),防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)日(ri)灼,并(bing)及(ji)時追肥和松(song)(song)(song)土(tu)除草。自(zi)紅松(song)(song)(song)幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)形成頂芽時起(qi),至(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)速度(du)下降為(wei)止(zhi),約(yue)持續2個月。葉(xie)量(liang)(liang)增大(da),苗(miao)(miao)莖(jing)加粗,主根(gen)伸長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),側(ce)根(gen)大(da)量(liang)(liang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),并(bing)出(chu)現兩次側(ce)根(gen)。苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)需肥量(liang)(liang)增加,應及(ji)時追肥。并(bing)加強中(zhong)耕(geng)松(song)(song)(song)土(tu)和除草等管理(li)。當年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)紅松(song)(song)(song)苗(miao)(miao)弱小(xiao),一(yi)般不(bu)能出(chu)圃造(zao)林(常用(yong)2至(zhi)3年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)苗(miao)(miao)造(zao)林),所以苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)越冬(dong)保護(hu)極為(wei)重要。紅松(song)(song)(song)更能耐寒(han),但怕干旱(han)(han),特別(bie)是(shi)早(zao)春(chun)苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)地上(shang)都已萌動,但土(tu)壤尚未解(jie)凍,不(bu)能及(ji)時供應水分而造(zao)成生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)干旱(han)(han)。因此(ci),常用(yong)覆土(tu)埋苗(miao)(miao)法保護(hu)苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)。其方法是(shi):先將步道土(tu)壤打(da)碎(sui)埋沒苗(miao)(miao)莖(jing),再將苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)傾向一(yi)側(ce)用(yong)土(tu)壓倒,厚約(yue)10厘(li)米(mi),以不(bu)見(jian)苗(miao)(miao)葉(xie)為(wei)度(du),并(bing)注意不(bu)能透風。待來春(chun)土(tu)壤解(jie)凍深度(du)達(da)10厘(li)米(mi)以上(shang)時再撤土(tu)。也有應用(yong)增溫(wen)劑(ji)噴(pen)灑葉(xie)面,控(kong)制葉(xie)面蒸騰,防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)干枯,效(xiao)果很(hen)好。
一般(ban)采(cai)用(yong)四年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)紅(hong)(hong)松苗(miao)(2-2紅(hong)(hong)松苗(miao)),上山造(zao)林(lin)栽植前(qian)實行(xing)穴狀(zhuang)或(huo)臺田整地,按1.5×1.5m或(huo)1.5×2.0m株行(xing)距栽植,初植密度宜大,可采(cai)用(yong)林(lin)冠下混交造(zao)林(lin),待紅(hong)(hong)松長到1.0至1.5m高時,逐步(bu)去掉(diao)影響(xiang)紅(hong)(hong)松生(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)闊葉樹種(zhong)(zhong),形成針闊混交林(lin),栽植三年(nian)內進(jin)行(xing)撫(fu)育,割除影響(xiang)紅(hong)(hong)松生(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)雜草(cao),灌木,防治松毛蟲危害(hai),主(zhu)要(yao)采(cai)取綁扎毒條的(de)方法進(jin)行(xing)防治。用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)子繁殖,對(dui)其種(zhong)(zhong)子要(yao)在播種(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)進(jin)行(xing)催芽處(chu)理后育苗(miao)。造(zao)林(lin)時應采(cai)用(yong)4年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)苗(miao)木,選(xuan)擇土層深厚、排水(shui)良(liang)好的(de)山坡中下腹為宜。
紅松對立地(di)(di)條件(jian)要(yao)求(qiu)較(jiao)高,一(yi)(yi)般需要(yao)選擇地(di)(di)勢較(jiao)低、但(dan)又(you)不能積水的(de)(de)平(ping)坦地(di)(di)帶。要(yao)在(zai)短期內取得較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)效益,可(ke)(ke)(ke)采用4mX4m或5mX5m株行(xing)距,挖長、寬各40cm,深(shen)50cm的(de)(de)坑,將嫁接(jie)(jie)好(hao)的(de)(de)容(rong)器苗(miao)除去塑(su)料袋(dai)放在(zai)坑內,填(tian)土(tu)踩實(shi),然后(hou)修60cmX60cm的(de)(de)水盤,灌水以確(que)保成活。栽(zai)植(zhi)時間(jian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)春(chun)季或秋季,亦(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)雨(yu)季。雨(yu)季栽(zai)植(zhi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)節省大量(liang)勞力,但(dan)要(yao)把握好(hao)時機,由(you)于雨(yu)季苗(miao)木(mu)正處于生長旺盛時期,一(yi)(yi)但(dan)水分供應(ying)(ying)不足,則很(hen)容(rong)易造(zao)成萎(wei)蔫或枯萎(wei)死亡。在(zai)造(zao)林地(di)(di)進行(xing)嫁接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)苗(miao)木(mu),成活后(hou)應(ying)(ying)及時控制其它非嫁接(jie)(jie)枝(zhi)的(de)(de)生長,一(yi)(yi)但(dan)發現(xian)有超(chao)過嫁接(jie)(jie)枝(zhi)的(de)(de)枝(zhi)條要(yao)及時除掉。紅松經嫁接(jie)(jie)一(yi)(yi)般6-7a就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以結實(shi),但(dan)此時由(you)于雄(xiong)花粉(fen)較(jiao)少,種子多為批粒,應(ying)(ying)根據當地(di)(di)的(de)(de)氣(qi)候條件(jian)進行(xing)人工輔(fu)助授粉(fen)。
用當年新采的紅松種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進行(xing)變溫催芽處理。用這種(zhong)(zhong)方法處理后(hou)的紅松種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),播種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)3-5天就出(chu)土,7天左右全部(bu)出(chu)齊,每年的出(chu)苗率(lv)均(jun)達(da)90%以(yi)上(shang)。一(yi)、準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)(bei)工作一(yi)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)處理室內(nei)鋪(pu)設地板,地板離地面30厘(li)米(mi)高,做好保溫工作;二(er)是(shi)(shi)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)(bei)充足(zu)的河砂(sha),河砂(sha)的體積為(wei)處理種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)體積的2倍(bei);三是(shi)(shi)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)(bei)好取暖設施;四是(shi)(shi)用甲醛對種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)處理室進行(xing)醺蒸消毒(du),用0.5%的高錳酸鉀對河砂(sha)進行(xing)消毒(du)待用。
當種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子有30%以上(shang)裂嘴時(shi),即為催(cui)芽(ya)良好,可(ke)用(yong)于播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。當春季地下5厘米處溫度達(da)到8度以上(shang)時(shi)即可(ke)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(按干種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)計算)每畝200-250公斤(jin),用(yong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子播(bo)在床(chuang)面上(shang),然后加以鎮壓,使(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子與土壤緊(jin)密接觸,再(zai)覆(fu)以種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)粒兩倍后的(de)腐(fu)殖土或鋸末,并再(zai)鎮壓一次。如覆(fu)鋸末時(shi),必須澆(jiao)透水。
一般栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)紅松嫁接(jie)苗有三(san)種方(fang)式:一是(shi)在苗圃(pu)地培育的紅松砧木(mu)苗上嫁接(jie),一年(nian)后(hou),將(jiang)嫁接(jie)苗裸(luo)根(gen)上山栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi);二是(shi)在造林(lin)地上按(an)3×3M、4×4M或(huo)3×5M等不同(tong)株行距,定(ding)植(zhi)4-5年(nian)生的砧木(mu)苗,實(shi)行現地嫁接(jie);三(san)是(shi)在培育好(hao)的營養杯苗上嫁接(jie),實(shi)行移(yi)栽(zai)(zai)定(ding)植(zhi)。常用的是(shi)前兩種方(fang)式,成本(ben)低,方(fang)法簡便易(yi)行。
接(jie)穗(sui)與砧木嫁(jia)接(jie)部位是用塑料條(tiao)纏(chan)綁(bang)(bang)(bang)的,成(cheng)活(huo)后,適時解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)綁(bang)(bang)(bang),有(you)利(li)于嫁(jia)接(jie)苗(miao)生長。采用苗(miao)圃(pu)地嫁(jia)接(jie)的,在(zai)(zai)(zai)嫁(jia)接(jie)的當年,以(yi)不(bu)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)開(kai)塑料條(tiao)為宜(yi),翌(yi)年上(shang)山定植后再進(jin)行解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)綁(bang)(bang)(bang);采用現(xian)地嫁(jia)接(jie)的,最(zui)好在(zai)(zai)(zai)嫁(jia)接(jie)后的第二年5月(yue)份解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)條(tiao)為宜(yi),而對(dui)嫁(jia)接(jie)當年切(qie)口完全愈合且接(jie)穗(sui)生長良(liang)好的,也(ye)可以(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)7月(yue)份解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)綁(bang)(bang)(bang)。一般嫁(jia)接(jie)當年多數切(qie)口愈合不(bu)牢固,易遭(zao)人畜或自然(ran)災害(hai)危害(hai),致使接(jie)穗(sui)折斷,劈裂,降低成(cheng)活(huo)率,故適時解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)綁(bang)(bang)(bang),有(you)利(li)于嫁(jia)接(jie)苗(miao)的成(cheng)活(huo)和生長。
掌握正確的(de)(de)修剪(jian)(jian)(jian)方法,對嫁接(jie)(jie)(jie)苗(miao)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)活和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)有很大(da)影響。嫁接(jie)(jie)(jie)苗(miao)栽植后(hou)需要(yao)連續5-7年(nian)的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)勢管理,即(ji)在每年(nian)的(de)(de)2-3月份對樹(shu)(shu)體進行(xing)一次全面修剪(jian)(jian)(jian)整(zheng)(zheng)形,剪(jian)(jian)(jian)去(qu)(qu)影響接(jie)(jie)(jie)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)砧(zhen)木側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)頂端,以確保接(jie)(jie)(jie)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)始終處于主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地位(wei)(wei)。在定(ding)植后(hou)的(de)(de)幾(ji)年(nian)內,接(jie)(jie)(jie)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)高(gao)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)量小于砧(zhen)木側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)量,接(jie)(jie)(jie)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)的(de)(de)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地位(wei)(wei)易(yi)被砧(zhen)木側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)取代。所(suo)以,在修剪(jian)(jian)(jian)過程(cheng)中(zhong),前幾(ji)年(nian)只剪(jian)(jian)(jian)去(qu)(qu)砧(zhen)木側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)梢,控制(zhi)其(qi)(qi)高(gao)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang),保留其(qi)(qi)它營(ying)養(yang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。隨著接(jie)(jie)(jie)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)主(zhu)體地位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)確定(ding),并形成(cheng)(cheng)新的(de)(de)多層營(ying)養(yang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,再(zai)逐漸剪(jian)(jian)(jian)去(qu)(qu)砧(zhen)木側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。當嫁接(jie)(jie)(jie)苗(miao)接(jie)(jie)(jie)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)形成(cheng)(cheng)完(wan)整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)一株幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)時,樹(shu)(shu)體修剪(jian)(jian)(jian)工作結束。
插前防止措施
采集(ji)的插穗(sui)(sui)距離遠近直接影響插穗(sui)(sui)水分狀(zhuang)態,因此(ci)營建采穗(sui)(sui)圃時應建在離扦插床較近的地方(fang)。插穗(sui)(sui)采集(ji)離插床距離遠時,應注意運輸(shu)過程(cheng)中(zhong)插穗(sui)(sui)的保存(cun)。紅(hong)松(song)插穗(sui)(sui)采用木箱(xiang)子。麻袋作包裝。具體(ti)做(zuo)法是一層(ceng)濕沙子一層(ceng)插穗(sui)(sui),運輸(shu)時間(jian)中(zhong)途應適量落水,這樣可(ke)以保持插穗(sui)(sui)正常狀(zhuang)態2-3。
選擇適宜的采穗季節
不(bu)同(tong)類型插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)進行扦穗(sui)應選擇適宜(yi)的(de)采(cai)穗(sui),實踐證明,春插(cha)(cha)時(shi)(shi)采(cai)穗(sui)期為(wei)休眠期,嫩枝扦插(cha)(cha)注(zhu)意的(de)成熟度,紅松新葉長到8-12cm。韌皮部(bu)(bu)與(yu)木質部(bu)(bu)能分(fen)離出,是紅松插(cha)(cha)穗(sui)可(ke)采(cai)的(de)時(shi)(shi)期,時(shi)(shi)間(jian)大約是7月10日(ri)-7月15日(ri)。
培育抗旱性插穗
插(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)的(de)(de)質量好壞直接影響抗(kang)旱(han)能力和(he)成(cheng)活(huo),在采(cai)(cai)穗(sui)圃(pu)采(cai)(cai)集采(cai)(cai)穗(sui)提(ti)前1個(ge)月(yue)施磷酸二(er)氫鉀,其濃度為1:200倍(bei),施液量200ml/m,并以樹(shu)葉表面被液膜充分覆(fu)蓋為主。培育健壯插(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)的(de)(de)第二(er)種措施是(shi)采(cai)(cai)穗(sui)前3個(ge)月(yue)插(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)基(ji)部進行環割,在母株上形成(cheng)愈傷組織,其插(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)進行扦(qian)插(cha)(cha)(cha),插(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)可直接從插(cha)(cha)(cha)壤中吸(xi)收水分,很短時間內即能適應插(cha)(cha)(cha)床(chuang)的(de)(de)環境,生(sheng)根(gen)率可提(ti)高(gao)10%-30%。
選擇庇蔭的環境處理插穗
將采集的插(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)處(chu)理(li)后(hou)立即用(yong)水浸泡,這是保(bao)存健壯插(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)的一(yi)種簡便(bian)的方法。插(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)處(chu)理(li)的過程(cheng)應在庇(bi)蔭條件(jian)下(xia)(xia)進(jin)行,插(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)在庇(bi)蔭下(xia)(xia)放(fang)置6-8h,其失(shi)水程(cheng)度相當(dang)于(yu)陽光直(zhi)射下(xia)(xia)旋(xuan)轉2-4h,庇(bi)蔭措施是防止插(cha)(cha)(cha)穗(sui)干(gan)旱(han)的有效(xiao)措施。
庭蔭(yin)樹,行道(dao)樹,風景林(lin),馬(ma)路綠(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua),景園(yuan)綠(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)。人(ren)造(zao)的紅(hong)松林(lin)也(ye)在山區(qu)、半山區(qu)和林(lin)場(chang)培育(yu)成材。并且作為綠(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)樹種,它已從偏(pian)僻的山川,走進了喧囂的城鎮街市了。
松(song)(song)籽是(shi)紅松(song)(song)的種子(zi)(zi)(zi),是(shi)紅松(song)(song)樹的果實,又稱海松(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。松(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi)含(han)脂(zhi)肪、蛋白質、碳水(shui)化合物等。松(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi)既是(shi)重(zhong)要的中藥,久(jiu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)健身心,滋潤皮膚,延年益(yi)壽(shou)。明朝李(li)時珍對(dui)松(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的藥用(yong)(yong)曾(ceng)給予(yu)很(hen)高的評(ping)價(jia),他在《本草(cao)綱目》中寫道:“海松(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi),釋(shi)名(ming)新(xin)羅松(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi),氣味甘小無毒;主(zhu)治骨節風(feng)(feng),頭眩、去死(si)肌、變(bian)白、散水(shui)氣、潤五臟(zang)、逐風(feng)(feng)痹寒氣,虛羸少氣補不(bu)足,肥(fei)五臟(zang),散諸風(feng)(feng)、濕腸胃(wei),久(jiu)服身輕,延年不(bu)老(lao)。”可(ke)(ke)食(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong),可(ke)(ke)做糖果、糕點輔(fu)料,還可(ke)(ke)代植物油食(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)。松(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)(zi)油可(ke)(ke)食(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong),炒(chao)食(shi)(shi)(shi)、煮食(shi)(shi)(shi)為主(zhu)。
松(song)子(zi)仁性(xing)味(wei):松(song)子(zi),性(xing)平,味(wei)甘(gan)。具(ju)有補(bu)腎益(yi)氣、養血潤(run)腸、滑(hua)腸通便、潤(run)肺止咳等作(zuo)用。
營(ying)(ying)養(yang):松(song)子的營(ying)(ying)養(yang)價值(zhi)很高,在每百克(ke)(ke)松(song)子肉(rou)中,含(han)蛋白質(zhi)16.7克(ke)(ke),脂(zhi)肪63.5克(ke)(ke),碳水化(hua)合物9.8克(ke)(ke)以及礦(kuang)物質(zhi)鈣(gai)78毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)、磷236毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)、鐵6.7毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)和不飽和脂(zhi)肪酸(suan)等營(ying)(ying)養(yang)物質(zhi)。
功效(xiao):松子(zi)內含有大量的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)飽和(he)脂(zhi)肪酸,常(chang)食松子(zi),可以強身(shen)健(jian)體(ti),特別對老年體(ti)弱(ruo)、腰(yao)痛、便秘(mi)、眩暈、小兒生長發育遲(chi)緩均有補(bu)腎益氣、養血潤(run)腸(chang)、滋補(bu)健(jian)身(shen)的(de)(de)作用。治療(liao)燥咳(ke)、吐血、便秘(mi)等病。《日華(hua)子(zi)本草(cao)》載“逐(zhu)風痹寒氣,虛(xu)羸少氣,補(bu)不(bu)(bu)足,潤(run)皮膚(fu),肥(fei)五(wu)臟”。《玉(yu)楸藥解》載“潤(run)肺止咳(ke),滑腸(chang)通(tong)便,開關逐(zhu)痹,澤(ze)膚(fu)榮毛”。可見(jian)常(chang)食松于能延年、美容(rong)。凡脾虛(xu)便溏、腎虧(kui)遺精、濕(shi)痰甚者均不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)多食。
紅松(song)是著名(ming)的珍貴經濟樹(shu)(shu)(shu)木(mu)(mu),紅松(song)為優良的用(yong)(yong)材樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種,邊材淡黃(huang)白(bai)色,心材淡黃(huang)褐色或(huo)淡褐紅色,質輕(qing)軟,紋理直(zhi),結(jie)構細,比重(zhong)0.38-0.46,耐腐力強(qiang),易加工。可(ke)供建(jian)筑(zhu)、舟車(che)、橋梁、枕木(mu)(mu)、電(dian)桿、家具、板材及(ji)木(mu)(mu)纖維(wei)工業原(yuan)料等用(yong)(yong)材。木(mu)(mu)材及(ji)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)根(gen)可(ke)提松(song)節油。樹(shu)(shu)(shu)皮可(ke)提栲膠。種子大(da),可(ke)食(shi),含脂肪油及(ji)蛋白(bai)質,可(ke)榨(zha)油供食(shi)用(yong)(yong),或(huo)供制肥皂、油漆、潤滑油等用(yong)(yong)。
紅(hong)松(song)材質輕軟,結構細膩,紋理密直通達,形色美(mei)觀又不容易變形,并且耐(nai)腐(fu)朽力強,所(suo)以(yi)是(shi)建筑、橋梁、枕(zhen)木(mu)、家具制作的上等(deng)木(mu)料。即(ji)使是(shi)紅(hong)松(song)的枝丫、樹(shu)皮、樹(shu)根(gen)也可用來制造紙漿和纖(xian)維板。從松(song)根(gen)、松(song)葉、松(song)脂中(zhong)還(huan)能撮松(song)節油、松(song)針油、松(song)香(xiang)等(deng)工業原料。
據(ju)專家(jia)測算紅(hong)松(song)的(de)(de)生(sheng)態價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)是(shi)它經(jing)濟(ji)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)1300多(duo)(duo)倍。紅(hong)松(song)的(de)(de)生(sheng)態價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)主要包括:吸碳吐(tu)氧(yang)、調(diao)節氣候(hou)、涵養水源(yuan)、防風固沙(sha)、保(bao)護物種(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣性(xing)、和保(bao)護國(guo)土安全等。
闊葉紅(hong)松林(lin)的(de)植被(bei)就像一(yi)塊巨大(da)的(de)吸(xi)收雨水(shui)的(de)海(hai)面,紅(hong)松的(de)樹(shu)(shu)根牢牢地抓著大(da)地固定土壤,樹(shu)(shu)根把雨水(shui)輸送到地下(xia)形成一(yi)個天然的(de)大(da)水(shui)庫,使水(shui)土不(bu)流失,山體(ti)不(bu)滑坡。
以一公頃紅松林為(wei)例(li),每年(nian)可(ke)吸收二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳13噸(dun)(dun),同時排放除氧(yang)(yang)器(qi)9.5噸(dun)(dun),并釋(shi)放出大量的(de)(de)負(fu)氧(yang)(yang)離子,高(gao)于城市5-8倍,非常有(you)益于人的(de)(de)健康(kang)、消除有(you)害的(de)(de)病菌和塵(chen)埃、凈化(hua)(hua)空氣(qi)。可(ke)使660多(duo)噸(dun)(dun)雨水存入土壤(rang),有(you)效(xiao)地調節江(jiang)河(he)的(de)(de)水量,從而防止山洪(hong)的(de)(de)形(xing)成和爆發。森林地面的(de)(de)枯枝落葉重達26噸(dun)(dun),在(zai)雨季可(ke)是(shi)78噸(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)雨水被吸收和緩釋(shi)。紅松是(shi)小興(xing)安嶺森林中的(de)(de)綠色(se)使者,為(wei)林都伊(yi)春撐起一片(pian)藍天。
紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)屬于其所在森林系(xi)統中的(de)頂級群落(luo),是支撐性的(de)樹種。紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)籽是許(xu)多(duo)森林動物(wu)(wu)的(de)主要(yao)糧食,例如松(song)(song)(song)鼠、星鴨、飛龍、黑(hei)熊(xiong)、野豬等(deng)野生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)都(dou)要(yao)取食大(da)量(liang)的(de)紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)籽。如果沒(mei)有(you)紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song),許(xu)多(duo)以(yi)(yi)松(song)(song)(song)子為食的(de)野生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)將會絕(jue)跡,所以(yi)(yi),保(bao)護紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)也(ye)是保(bao)護生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)多(duo)樣性資(zi)源,保(bao)護小興安嶺的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)鏈安全。
紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)為(wei)小興安嶺(ling)、張廣才嶺(ling)、長白(bai)山區及(ji)沈陽丹(dan)東線以北(bei)地區的主(zhu)要造(zao)林(lin)(lin)樹種。與落(luo)(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)相(xiang)(xiang)比,紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)在(zai)造(zao)林(lin)(lin)后(hou)前10年生長較慢,林(lin)(lin)齡(ling)10年時,樹高(gao)(gao)可達(da)(da)4.2米(mi)(mi)(mi),胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)徑(jing)(jing)2.7厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,僅為(wei)落(luo)(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)的50%。到林(lin)(lin)齡(ling)20年時,紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹高(gao)(gao)可達(da)(da)8.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)徑(jing)(jing)11.9厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,與同(tong)等立(li)地條件的落(luo)(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)相(xiang)(xiang)比,樹高(gao)(gao)比落(luo)(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)矮3.2米(mi)(mi)(mi),胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)徑(jing)(jing)超過落(luo)(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)2厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),單株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)積(ji)(ji)(ji)超出落(luo)(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)0.011立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。到26年時,紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹高(gao)(gao)可達(da)(da)10米(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)徑(jing)(jing)15.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,在(zai)公(gong)頃(qing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數(shu)1939株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的情況下,公(gong)頃(qing)蓄積(ji)(ji)(ji)達(da)(da)148立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi),比相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)條件下的落(luo)(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)林(lin)(lin)公(gong)頃(qing)蓄積(ji)(ji)(ji)超出35立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。到林(lin)(lin)齡(ling)49年時,紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹高(gao)(gao)在(zai)17.4米(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)徑(jing)(jing)27.5左(zuo)右,公(gong)頃(qing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數(shu)585株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),公(gong)頃(qing)蓄積(ji)(ji)(ji)296立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi),而相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)條件下的14林(lin)(lin)班11小班落(luo)(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)人工(gong)林(lin)(lin)樹高(gao)(gao)27.2米(mi)(mi)(mi),胸(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)徑(jing)(jing)25.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),公(gong)頃(qing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數(shu)540株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),公(gong)頃(qing)蓄積(ji)(ji)(ji)318立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)人工(gong)林(lin)(lin)經過次(ci)撫(fu)育間伐(fa),每(mei)公(gong)頃(qing)獲間伐(fa)材(cai)(cai)立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi);落(luo)(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)(song)(song)人工(gong)林(lin)(lin)經過次(ci)撫(fu)育間伐(fa),獲間伐(fa)材(cai)(cai)立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi);紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)人工(gong)林(lin)(lin)從林(lin)(lin)齡(ling)25年開始(shi)結實,累計(ji)每(mei)公(gong)頃(qing)結實15000枚。
紅松(song)(song)不僅是(shi)(shi)優良的(de)用材(cai)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)和經(jing)濟樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong),還是(shi)(shi)水(shui)土保持(chi)、水(shui)源(yuan)涵(han)養(yang)林(lin)(lin)最佳選擇樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)。據(ju)主(zhu)要(yao)森林(lin)(lin)植被類(lei)型土壤水(shui)源(yuan)涵(han)養(yang)功能(neng)的(de)研究(jiu),紅松(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)工林(lin)(lin)枯落(luo)物平均厚度4.2厘(li)米(mi),每公頃(qing)枯落(luo)物累計量(liang)(liang)78.53噸(dun),每公頃(qing)持(chi)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)115.44噸(dun),分別(bie)是(shi)(shi)落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)工林(lin)(lin)的(de)1.35倍(bei)、1.30倍(bei)和1.2倍(bei);分別(bie)是(shi)(shi)雜(za)木林(lin)(lin)的(de)0.89倍(bei)、1.80倍(bei)和2.13倍(bei);紅松(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)工林(lin)(lin)的(de)每公頃(qing)有效蓄(xu)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)1505.8噸(dun),飽和蓄(xu)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)4740.2噸(dun),分別(bie)是(shi)(shi)落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)松(song)(song)人(ren)(ren)工林(lin)(lin)的(de)1.29倍(bei)和1.64倍(bei);分別(bie)是(shi)(shi)雜(za)木林(lin)(lin)的(de)1.36倍(bei)和1.41倍(bei)。