杏樹(shu)產(chan)中國各地(di)(di),多數為栽培(pei),尤以華(hua)(hua)北、西(xi)北和華(hua)(hua)東地(di)(di)區種植較多,少數地(di)(di)區逸為野生(sheng),在新疆(jiang)伊(yi)犁(li)一帶(dai)野生(sheng)成純(chun)林(lin)或(huo)與新疆(jiang)野蘋果林(lin)混生(sheng),海拔可達3000米。世界各地(di)(di)也均有栽培(pei)。
據考(kao)證,杏樹原產于中國新疆,是中國最古(gu)老的(de)栽(zai)培果(guo)樹之一。
杏樹是喬木,高5-8(12)米;樹冠圓形(xing)、扁圓形(xing)或長圓形(xing);樹皮(pi)灰褐色,縱裂;多(duo)年生枝(zhi)淺(qian)褐色,皮(pi)孔大(da)而橫生,一(yi)年生枝(zhi)淺(qian)紅褐色,有光澤,無毛(mao),具多(duo)數(shu)小皮(pi)孔。
葉(xie)片寬卵形(xing)或(huo)圓卵形(xing),長5-9厘(li)米(mi),寬4-8厘(li)米(mi),先端急尖(jian)至(zhi)短(duan)漸尖(jian),基部(bu)圓形(xing)至(zhi)近心形(xing),葉(xie)邊(bian)有圓鈍鋸齒,兩面無毛或(huo)下面脈腋間具柔毛;葉(xie)柄長2-3.5厘(li)米(mi),無毛,基部(bu)常具1-6腺體。
花(hua)單生,直徑(jing)2-3厘米,先于葉(xie)開放(fang);花(hua)梗短(duan),長1-3毫米,被(bei)短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao);花(hua)萼紫綠色(se);萼筒圓筒形(xing),外面基部(bu)被(bei)短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao);萼片卵形(xing)至卵狀長圓形(xing),先端急尖或(huo)圓鈍,花(hua)后(hou)反折;花(hua)瓣圓形(xing)至倒卵形(xing),白(bai)色(se)或(huo)帶紅色(se),具(ju)短(duan)爪;雄蕊約20-45,稍(shao)短(duan)于花(hua)瓣;子房被(bei)短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao),花(hua)柱稍(shao)長或(huo)幾與雄蕊等(deng)長,下部(bu)具(ju)柔毛(mao)(mao)。
果(guo)實球形,稀(xi)倒卵形,直(zhi)徑約(yue)2.5厘米以(yi)上,白色(se)、黃(huang)色(se)至黃(huang)紅(hong)色(se),常具紅(hong)暈,微被短柔毛;果(guo)肉多汁(zhi),成熟時不(bu)開裂;核卵形或(huo)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形,兩側扁平(ping),頂端(duan)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)鈍(dun),基部對稱,稀(xi)不(bu)對稱,表面(mian)稍(shao)粗糙(cao)或(huo)平(ping)滑,腹(fu)稜較圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),常稍(shao)鈍(dun),背稜較直(zhi),腹(fu)面(mian)具龍骨狀(zhuang)稜;種仁味(wei)苦(ku)或(huo)甜。花期(qi)3-4月(yue),果(guo)期(qi)6-7月(yue)。2n=16。
杏為(wei)陽性樹(shu)種,適應(ying)性強,深根性,喜光,耐旱(han),抗寒,抗風,壽命可達百年(nian)以(yi)上,為(wei)低山丘陵地(di)帶的(de)主要(yao)栽培果(guo)樹(shu)。
選土(tu)(tu)層深厚、排水(shui)(shui)良(liang)好的(de)砂質壤(rang)土(tu)(tu),避開(kai)低洼積澇地帶。株行距1.5米(mi)×4米(mi),南北行向。定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)長1米(mi)×寬1米(mi)×深0.8米(mi)。每穴(xue)施(shi)入10千(qian)克左(zuo)右的(de)腐熟有機肥。定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)苗(miao)木(mu)按等(deng)級分(fen)栽。苗(miao)木(mu)放入穴(xue)中,埋土(tu)(tu)1/3時(shi)將苗(miao)木(mu)向上提一下(xia)(xia),讓根系充分(fen)舒展,然后(hou)添土(tu)(tu)踏實。栽后(hou)灌透(tou)水(shui)(shui)沉(chen)實樹穴(xue),隨即在50-1500px高處定(ding)干,剪(jian)口下(xia)(xia)留(liu)4-6個飽滿芽。冬剪(jian)定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)的(de)速(su)生苗(miao),入冬時(shi)必須培(pei)土(tu)(tu)防寒,培(pei)土(tu)(tu)高度40-1250px。
新梢長(chang)到15厘米左右時,開(kai)始施速效肥(fei)料,地下追肥(fei)與葉(xie)面噴肥(fei)交替進行。9月(yue)底至(zhi)10月(yue)初施有機(ji)肥(fei)和(he)復(fu)合肥(fei)。扣棚后(hou),萌芽前施尿(niao)素,謝花后(hou)至(zhi)果實膨大(da)期追施硫酸(suan)鉀復(fu)合肥(fei),10-15天噴施尿(niao)素和(he)磷酸(suan)二氫鉀,此(ci)外可同(tong)時噴500倍增產(chan)菌。苗木定植(zhi)后(hou)澆(jiao)一遍(bian)透(tou)水(shui)(shui),此(ci)后(hou)視具體情況確定澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)和(he)澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)時間(jian)。
5月底6月初定干定梢(shao),選(xuan)留角(jiao)度(du)較好的(de)7-12個梢(shao),其余抹掉(diao)。新梢(shao)長至40厘米時選(xuan)2-4個重點(dian)培養,進行“V”字(zi)形或(huo)開心(xin)形整(zheng)枝(zhi),對(dui)其余新梢(shao)摘心(xin)促(cu)發2次梢(shao),背(bei)上(shang)直立梢(shao)反復(fu)摘心(xin),過多(duo)過密枝(zhi)抹掉(diao)。11月上(shang)旬噴尿(niao)素(su)促(cu)進早落葉。
果(guo)實膨大到果(guo)實成熟前,對新梢多次(ci)摘(zhai)心,以(yi)(yi)控制新梢旺(wang)長,提高坐(zuo)果(guo)率(lv)和單(dan)果(guo)重,對背上直立新梢可采取抹除(chu)或扭(niu)梢的方(fang)式,以(yi)(yi)防“樹(shu)(shu)上長樹(shu)(shu)”惡(e)化樹(shu)(shu)冠內部光照。5月(yue)上中旬果(guo)實采收揭膜后,回(hui)縮與疏枝結合,調(diao)整樹(shu)(shu)體的生長平衡(heng),防止補償性旺(wang)長。
幼(you)樹及初結(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)樹,冬季修剪應兼顧整(zheng)形和結(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)兩個方面。對主、側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)及延長(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要輕剪長(chang)放,一般(ban)留(liu)全枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)的三分(fen)之二進行短截。對生(sheng)長(chang)中庸、角度比較(jiao)開張的發育(yu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)應緩放,使萌發中短枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),增加結(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的數(shu)量(liang),成花或結(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)后及時回縮培養成結(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組。中、短枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)角度大,成花容(rong)易,要盡量(liang)保(bao)留(liu)。對生(sheng)長(chang)較(jiao)弱(ruo)的幼(you)樹宜適當(dang)短截,疏(shu)除過密枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、細弱(ruo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),多(duo)保(bao)留(liu)健壯(zhuang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),拉平直(zhi)立旺枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作為輔(fu)養枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以促發粗壯(zhuang)的中、短果(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
盛果期樹根(gen)據(ju)枝(zhi)(zhi)條長勢(shi)(shi)、樹冠各(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)位的空間情況,適(shi)當疏密、截弱,以保持(chi)穩定的結果部(bu)(bu)(bu)位和生(sheng)長勢(shi)(shi)。對衰弱的主枝(zhi)(zhi)、側枝(zhi)(zhi)、多年生(sheng)輔養(yang)枝(zhi)(zhi)、結果枝(zhi)(zhi)組、下(xia)垂枝(zhi)(zhi),在(zai)有(you)強壯(zhuang)枝(zhi)(zhi)的部(bu)(bu)(bu)位進行(xing)回縮,以達到恢復生(sheng)長勢(shi)(shi)頭。及時更(geng)新(xin)復壯(zhuang)樹冠下(xia)部(bu)(bu)(bu)及內膛枝(zhi)(zhi),使果樹不斷產生(sheng)新(xin)的健壯(zhuang)結果枝(zhi)(zhi)。
衰(shuai)老期樹利(li)用中下部角度(du)小、生長(chang)(chang)健(jian)壯的(de)(de)背(bei)上枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)換頭(tou),或(huo)在(zai)比較直立的(de)(de)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)段回縮,促使隱芽萌發更新(xin)。對(dui)位(wei)置適當(dang)的(de)(de)徒長(chang)(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),要培養(yang)為骨(gu)干枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)結(jie)果(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)。對(dui)結(jie)果(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)和(he)結(jie)果(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),本著“去(qu)弱(ruo)留強”的(de)(de)原則,選留壯枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、壯芽進行更新(xin)修剪。對(dui)樹勢極度(du)衰(shuai)弱(ruo)、更新(xin)難以(yi)奏效的(de)(de),可(ke)(ke)在(zai)加(jia)強肥水管理的(de)(de)前提下,對(dui)主側枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)及大(da)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)在(zai)10-15年生部位(wei)進行全樹大(da)更新(xin),一次完成,當(dang)年可(ke)(ke)萌發大(da)量新(xin)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),通過夏季抹芽、摘(zhai)心和(he)冬季整形修剪,第二年即可(ke)(ke)開花結(jie)果(guo),恢復一定(ding)的(de)(de)產量。
如日(ri)光溫室栽(zai)培,可使杏樹開(kai)花(hua)期延長,但單(dan)花(hua)開(kai)放(fang)時間(jian)縮短,空氣濕度(du)較(jiao)大(da)不利于花(hua)粉傳播和(he)授(shou)粉受精。因此,應采取措施加強授(shou)粉受精:用(yong)貯藏(zang)花(hua)粉點授(shou);用(yong)雞毛撣(dan)子撣(dan)授(shou);花(hua)期蜂(feng)箱高度(du)與樹冠中(zhong)上部相近,使蜜蜂(feng)一(yi)出(chu)箱便遇到花(hua)。
選擇(ze)土(tu)層深(shen)厚,土(tu)壤疏(shu)松,肥力一(yi)般(ban)的(de)土(tu)地即可。播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)地先用(yong)(yong)(yong)山地犁(li)深(shen)翻,耙平耱細(xi),用(yong)(yong)(yong)犁(li)開溝播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)。行(xing)距30厘(li)米左右,播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)深(shen)度一(yi)般(ban)10-15厘(li)米為宜,畝用(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)約25-40千克(ke),播(bo)(bo)(bo)幅采用(yong)(yong)(yong)寬窄行(xing),即每兩行(xing)留一(yi)空行(xing)。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)宜選用(yong)(yong)(yong)當(dang)年采集充分成熟、子(zi)(zi)(zi)粒(li)飽(bao)滿者。若種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)陳(chen)舊,播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)清(qing)水漂(piao)除秕粒(li)及(ji)發霉變質的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),并適當(dang)增加下(xia)種(zhong)(zhong)量。播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)時間以秋冬季土(tu)地結凍前(qian)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)效果好(hao),次年出苗整齊,且種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不需要沙藏(zang)處理,簡便易(yi)行(xing)。
選取接穗(sui)中間(jian)飽滿新鮮芽(ya)(ya)(ya),從(cong)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)以上0.5厘(li)(li)米處橫(heng)切一刀(dao)深達木質(zhi)部(bu)(bu),然后從(cong)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)下(xia)方約0.8厘(li)(li)米處斜向上部(bu)(bu)連木質(zhi)部(bu)(bu)漸漸加(jia)深切削,切入到芽(ya)(ya)(ya)上部(bu)(bu)橫(heng)切刀(dao)口處停刀(dao)。以拇指(zhi)和食指(zhi)輕捏接芽(ya)(ya)(ya)兩側慢慢掰下(xia)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)皮,取下(xia)的芽(ya)(ya)(ya)呈盾(dun)牌形(xing),長約1.2-1.5厘(li)(li)米,寬(kuan)約0.5-0.6厘(li)(li)米。
選砧木距(ju)地面(mian)5-10厘(li)米,外表光滑無(wu)節處橫(heng)(heng)切一刀(dao)(dao),以切透皮(pi)層不(bu)傷木質部為度。再從橫(heng)(heng)切口(kou)向下縱(zong)切長(chang)1.5厘(li)米,深度同(tong)(tong)橫(heng)(heng)刀(dao)(dao)口(kou),使(shi)呈丁字(zi)形。然(ran)后用(yong)刀(dao)(dao)順縱(zong)切口(kou)左(zuo)右(you)扭動撬開(kai)皮(pi)層。在用(yong)刀(dao)(dao)撬開(kai)皮(pi)層的同(tong)(tong)時(shi),左(zuo)手捏住接芽(ya)葉(xie)柄,將(jiang)砧木輕輕壓下呈傾斜,邊用(yong)刀(dao)(dao)撬邊插入接芽(ya)。插入接芽(ya)時(shi)勿在砧木上磨擦,以保護生長(chang)點(dian)。并使(shi)接芽(ya)上平(ping)(ping)面(mian)與砧木丁字(zi)口(kou)上平(ping)(ping)面(mian)緊密吻合(he)。
嫁接(jie)(jie)完畢,即(ji)用塑料條(tiao)包(bao)扎。一要(yao)(yao)綁(bang)緊,使接(jie)(jie)芽(ya)與砧木緊密(mi)結(jie)合,不留空隙;二(er)要(yao)(yao)嚴,丁字(zi)形(xing)切(qie)口(kou)要(yao)(yao)包(bao)嚴,不使外露,可防止水分(fen)蒸(zheng)發,有利接(jie)(jie)芽(ya)成活,也可防止害(hai)(hai)蟲在(zai)傷口(kou)產(chan)卵(luan),孵化后幼(you)蟲鉆蛀為害(hai)(hai),導(dao)致接(jie)(jie)芽(ya)枯死;三要(yao)(yao)快,應盡量(liang)減少接(jie)(jie)芽(ya)暴露時(shi)間(jian),熟(shu)練(lian)操作技術,提高(gao)嫁接(jie)(jie)速度(du)。縛條(tiao)時(shi)用左手(shou)(shou)捏住(zhu)縛條(tiao)一端(duan),右(you)手(shou)(shou)拉住(zhu)另一端(duan),從丁字(zi)口(kou)上(shang)端(duan)往下(xia)纏(chan)繞(rao)兩(liang)三圈,使包(bao)住(zhu)下(xia)部切(qie)口(kou),再螺旋形(xing)上(shang)繞(rao),使上(shang)下(xia)兩(liang)層交叉,然后把縛條(tiao)兩(liang)端(duan)向上(shang)再交叉拉緊打結(jie)。
杏在早春開花(hua),先花(hua)后葉;可與(yu)蒼松、翠柏配植于(yu)池旁湖畔或植于(yu)山石崖(ya)邊、庭院堂前(qian),具觀賞性。
杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)常(chang)見水果(guo)之一,營(ying)養極(ji)為豐富(fu),內含較多的(de)(de)糖、蛋白質(zhi)以及鈣、磷等(deng)(deng)礦物質(zhi),另含維(wei)生(sheng)素A原、維(wei)生(sheng)素C和B族(zu)維(wei)生(sheng)素等(deng)(deng)。杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)性溫熱,適合代謝(xie)速度慢、貧血、四肢冰(bing)涼的(de)(de)虛寒體質(zhi)之人(ren)食(shi)(shi)用(yong);患(huan)有受風、肺結核、痰咳、浮腫等(deng)(deng)病癥者(zhe),經常(chang)食(shi)(shi)用(yong)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)大(da)有裨(bi)益(yi);人(ren)食(shi)(shi)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)果(guo)、杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)后,經過消化分解,所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)氫氰酸和苯甲醛(quan)兩(liang)種(zhong)物質(zhi),都能起(qi)到防癌(ai)、抗(kang)癌(ai)、治癌(ai)的(de)(de)作用(yong),長吃還可延年(nian)益(yi)壽(shou);杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)可以止咳平喘、潤腸(chang)通便,常(chang)吃有美容護(hu)膚的(de)(de)作用(yong)。杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)子可制成(cheng)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)脯、杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)醬等(deng)(deng);杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)仁(ren)主要用(yong)來榨油,也可制成(cheng)食(shi)(shi)品。
溫馨提示:實熱體質(zhi)的(de)人(ren)多食杏(xing)(xing)容(rong)易發熱,會加重(zhong)口干舌燥(zao)、便秘等上火癥狀。杏(xing)(xing)的(de)種(zhong)仁(ren),即杏(xing)(xing)仁(ren),有(you)甜、苦(ku)之(zhi)分,其(qi)中苦(ku)杏(xing)(xing)仁(ren)有(you)毒,成人(ren)吃40-60粒,小孩吃10-20粒,就有(you)中毒的(de)危險,需要用(yong)(yong)涼水浸(jin)泡后才能食用(yong)(yong),如(ru)將杏(xing)(xing)仁(ren)制成杏(xing)(xing)仁(ren)茶(cha),既好(hao)吃,又安全。
食用(yong)(yong)推薦:粟(su)面(mian)(mian)杏霜湯(tang)(tang)(tang)。粟(su)米面(mian)(mian)500克(ke)炒熟,杏仁(ren)100克(ke)去皮尖麩炒研,鹽60克(ke)炒研。將(jiang)三物(wu)合拌勻(yun),每日(ri)晨(chen)起空腹(fu)服用(yong)(yong),用(yong)(yong)滾開水沖(chong)調10-20克(ke),亦可加(jia)酥油少(shao)許。此(ci)湯(tang)(tang)(tang)利肺止咳,護發美容(rong)。凡因肺而引起的咳嗽喘息病,久(jiu)成痼疾者,皆可輔(fu)食此(ci)湯(tang)(tang)(tang)。