龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)玉(yu)器（Jades of the Longshan Culture），經多年大量發(fa)掘與研(yan)究表(biao)明，龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)系統與來(lai)源并不(bu)單一，可區分為山(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)，河南龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、陜西龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、河北(bei)(bei)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)。這4個文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)玉(yu)器以山(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)玉(yu)器較多，河南龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)和(he)河北(bei)(bei)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)玉(yu)器發(fa)現(xian)較少(shao)。山(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、陜西龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)璣和(he)玉(yu)質生產工具頗(po)具特色(se)。山(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)玉(yu)錛上的(de)饕餮(tie)紋，應是商代銅器饕餮(tie)紋的(de)祖(zu)型。
最早(zao)發(fa)現于山(shan)東(dong)省日照市兩城鎮遺址，1936年曾出(chu)土了(le)一(yi)件扁平有孔玉(yu)斧。此(ci)后(hou)，除發(fa)現少量生產工具和裝飾品外，還發(fa)現了(le)饕(tao)餮紋玉(yu)錛和大(da)型玉(yu)鏟等(deng)禮器，極為珍貴。出(chu)土玉(yu)器較多的遺址有日照市兩城鎮、山(shan)東(dong)省膠州市三(san)里河等(deng)處，山(shan)東(dong)省泗水縣尹家城、五蓮(lian)縣丹土村(cun)、滕州市莊里西等(deng)遺址也有少量玉(yu)器出(chu)土。
玉(yu)(yu)錛，扁(bian)平(ping)長方形(xing)，平(ping)頂(ding)凸刃(ren)，頂(ding)下(xia)兩(liang)面刻饕餮紋，線(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)流暢，一(yi)面目圓而大(da)，線(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)簡練(lian)，一(yi)面目圓而小，線(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)繁縟(ru)，長18厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，上寬(kuan)4.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)0.55厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，下(xia)寬(kuan)4.9厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)0.6厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)鏟(chan)，扁(bian)平(ping)梯形(xing)，平(ping)頂(ding)弧(hu)形(xing)刃(ren)，四(si)邊有(you)(you)(you)(you)刃(ren)，現(xian)存四(si)孔(kong)，器長48.7厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂(ding)寬(kuan)12厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)0.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，是件(jian)(jian)罕見(jian)的(de)大(da)器。以(yi)上兩(liang)器見(jian)于兩(liang)城鎮(zhen)。玉(yu)(yu)鉞，寬(kuan)梯形(xing),平(ping)頂(ding)斜刃(ren),頂(ding)下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)二管(guan)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)，中(zhong)部以(yi)上兩(liang)側各有(you)(you)(you)(you)鋸(ju)齒(chi)狀凸起(qi),長16.3厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)13厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，五蓮丹土村(cun)發現(xian)。璣(ji)，也寫作(zuo)璇璣(ji)，清人疑(yi)為渾天儀中(zhong)的(de)機(ji)輪，近(jin)人有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)稱(cheng)為三(san)(san)牙璧。其中(zhong)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)器形(xing)很別(bie)致，周(zhou)圍有(you)(you)(you)(you)突起(qi)的(de)三(san)(san)牙，牙與牙間還有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)段(duan)鋸(ju)齒(chi)狀，三(san)(san)牙的(de)距(ju)(ju)離與鋸(ju)齒(chi)間的(de)距(ju)(ju)離均略相(xiang)等，徑約(yue)8厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，出于滕州市莊里西。遼寧(ning)省(sheng)營城子四(si)平(ping)山也發現(xian)此形(xing)器，可資比較(jiao)。玉(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)，一(yi)件(jian)(jian)扁(bian)環(huan)(huan)(huan)大(da)孔(kong)，環(huan)(huan)(huan)外(wai)緣在等距(ju)(ju)離三(san)(san)處(chu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)花蒂形(xing)凸起(qi)，外(wai)徑8厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)；一(yi)件(jian)(jian)正圓形(xing)扁(bian)環(huan)(huan)(huan)，中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)孔(kong)，環(huan)(huan)(huan)外(wai)一(yi)處(chu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)近(jin)似雙結凸出，徑8.1厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)均見(jian)于丹土村(cun)。
最(zui)早見于鄭(zheng)州大河(he)村遺址，1972～1975年在第五期文化的(de)文化層(ceng)中發(fa)現了玉質生產工具和裝飾(shi)品(pin)。此外，河(he)南安(an)陽后崗(gang)遺址，也有(you)少量玉器發(fa)現。
出土(tu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)的種類有(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璧、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)環、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)飾(shi)等。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璧，灰白(bai)色(se)，外(wai)徑5.2厘米，出于(yu)(yu)后(hou)崗(gang)；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)，扁而寬，半弧形，橫剖面(mian)三(san)角(jiao)形，兩端各有(you)圓(yuan)孔(kong)，為蛇紋石大(da)理巖,出于(yu)(yu)大(da)河(he)村(cun)五期；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)環分3種,為橫剖面(mian)三(san)角(jiao)形、橫剖面(mian)橢圓(yuan)形和(he)橫剖面(mian)長方形，均見于(yu)(yu)大(da)河(he)村(cun)五期。后(hou)崗(gang)也有(you)橫剖面(mian)橢圓(yuan)形、外(wai)徑3.9厘米的玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)環；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)飾(shi)，長方形，上(shang)端有(you)孔(kong)，長1.9厘米，見于(yu)(yu)大(da)河(he)村(cun)五期。
陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)龍山文化或(huo)稱客省莊二期(qi)文化，發(fa)現的玉(yu)器不(bu)甚豐富。最早(zao)于1955年(nian)發(fa)掘的陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)省長安縣津西(xi)(xi)客省莊遺址(zhi)發(fa)現了少量(liang)的玉(yu)質裝飾品，以后，神木(mu)縣石(shi)峁(mao)等陜(shan)北(bei)的龍山遺址(zhi)中(zhong)也出土了生產工具及裝飾品等玉(yu)器。
出土玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器的種類有(you)(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、璣、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璋(zhang)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)切(qie)刀、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鐮、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞(yue)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雕(diao)人首等。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)扁而(er)寬，上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)，見于客(ke)省莊；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)扁平環形(xing)，兩(liang)端有(you)(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)11.8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，出自石仰(yang)。璣2件(jian)(jian)，乳白色(se)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)髓(sui)，周緣有(you)(you)(you)(you)等距離三(san)牙(ya)，牙(ya)間有(you)(you)(you)(you)圓瓣形(xing)凸(tu)起，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)6厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)10厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璋(zhang)2件(jian)(jian)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)梯(ti)(ti)形(xing)，斜圓頂(ding)(ding)，凹刃(ren)，上(shang)端有(you)(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)(kong)，兩(liang)側有(you)(you)(you)(you)齒，長(chang)(chang)(chang)35厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)梯(ti)(ti)形(xing)束(shu)腰，斜平頂(ding)(ding)，下有(you)(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)(kong)，斜刃(ren)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)30厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，刃(ren)寬7.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)刀,一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)背(bei)凸(tu)刃(ren)長(chang)(chang)(chang)方形(xing)，豆綠色(se),長(chang)(chang)(chang)16厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬7厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)凹刃(ren)條形(xing)，墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)器上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)四孔(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)49厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)；一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)器上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)五孔(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)55厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)切(qie)刀，梯(ti)(ti)形(xing)，圓頂(ding)(ding)斜刃(ren)，雙孔(kong)(kong)，墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)15厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鐮，直(zhi)背(bei)斜刃(ren)，背(bei)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)孔(kong)(kong)，墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)26厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞(yue)，近方形(xing),綠色(se)白斑,平頂(ding)(ding)斜弧(hu)刃(ren)，頂(ding)(ding)下一(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)12.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬10厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雕(diao)人首，玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)髓(sui)，兩(liang)面平雕(diao)，束(shu)髻，圓面，鉤鼻,張口(kou)，大目，短頸(jing)，一(yi)(yi)側有(you)(you)(you)(you)耳，面頰有(you)(you)(you)(you)圓孔(kong)(kong)，高4.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。以上(shang)諸器均見于石仰(yang)。
河北龍(long)山文化或(huo)稱井(jing)陘先商文化，發現(xian)的玉器(qi)不甚豐(feng)富。最(zui)早于1952年(nian)發掘的河北省井(jing)陘縣天(tian)長鎮遺址發現(xian)了(le)少量的玉質裝(zhuang)飾品，以(yi)后(hou)，張家口的龍(long)山遺址中也出土了(le)生產工具及裝(zhuang)飾品等玉器(qi)。
出土玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器的種類(lei)有(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璧(bi)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)佩(pei)(pei)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)人、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)飾(shi)等。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璧(bi)，灰(hui)青色，外(wai)徑(jing)4.9厘米(mi)，出于(yu)(yu)后(hou)張(zhang)村；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)佩(pei)(pei)，以動物、禽鳥崇拜為主類(lei)型，不規則形(xing)，橫(heng)剖(pou)(pou)面(mian)有(you)返(fan)灰(hui)，無佩(pei)(pei)戴(dai)口，為蛇紋石質和石灰(hui)巖質，均出于(yu)(yu)天(tian)長鎮；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)人，材質石灰(hui)巖質，損毀較(jiao)嚴重。賈莊有(you)橫(heng)剖(pou)(pou)面(mian)圓形(xing)、外(wai)徑(jing)2.2厘米(mi)的玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)飾(shi)，長方(fang)形(xing)，上(shang)端有(you)孔，長4.2厘米(mi)，見于(yu)(yu)后(hou)張(zhang)村。
龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)最早發(fa)現(xian)在山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)子崖(ya)，龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)命名是(shi)以古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)來命名的(de)(de)(de)(de)，在同(tong)(tong)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)型；紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)具有(you)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或者(zhe)類(lei)(lei)似(si)(si)器(qi)(qi)(qi)型古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)遺址(zhi)所發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)均稱之(zhi)為龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。而龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)中發(fa)現(xian)了很多高古(gu)(gu)玉器(qi)(qi)(qi)，這些(xie)古(gu)(gu)玉：根(gen)據考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)學(xue)家分析(xi)論證屬于龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)高古(gu)(gu)玉器(qi)(qi)(qi)。因此龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)玉命名由此而來。根(gen)據考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)發(fa)現(xian)：龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)分布(bu)范圍(wei)非常廣泛：山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)；江蘇；安(an)徽；山(shan)(shan)(shan)西；河(he)北；河(he)南等(deng)地(di)都有(you)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺址(zhi)發(fa)現(xian)。從(cong)目(mu)前考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)所發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)玉可以看出：龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)玉與龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)一樣：具有(you)共性和差(cha)異。所具有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共性同(tong)(tong)古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)一樣：具有(you)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或者(zhe)類(lei)(lei)似(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)型。差(cha)異：具有(you)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)地(di)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)個性。就目(mu)前全(quan)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺址(zhi)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物同(tong)(tong)類(lei)(lei)型相(xiang)(xiang)比較；通(tong)(tong)過碳十四(si)年輪校正(zheng)，根(gen)據現(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)玉分布(bu)發(fa)展：各個地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展進(jin)程(cheng)并不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，因此出現(xian)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)期龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展快慢之(zhi)現(xian)象。龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)年限具體定在距今：3300-4500年。就時(shi)間上來看早期與大汶口文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)相(xiang)(xiang)重(zhong)疊(die)，中期與夏(xia)相(xiang)(xiang)重(zhong)疊(die)；晚(wan)期與商周時(shi)期相(xiang)(xiang)重(zhong)疊(die)。上述的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點(dian)通(tong)(tong)過考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)學(xue)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)比學(xue)得到了證實(shi)：通(tong)(tong)過高古(gu)(gu)玉器(qi)(qi)(qi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)與商周青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)比較，有(you)著(zhu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或者(zhe)相(xiang)(xiang)似(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)。
歲月靜(jing)好
】編輯上傳提供，詞(ci)條(tiao)屬于開放詞(ci)條(tiao)，當前頁(ye)面所展示的(de)(de)詞(ci)條(tiao)介紹(shao)涉及宣傳內容屬于注冊用(yong)戶個(ge)人(ren)編輯行(xing)為，與【龍山文化玉器】的(de)(de)所屬企(qi)業(ye)/所有人(ren)/主體(ti)無(wu)關，網(wang)站不(bu)完全保證(zheng)內容信息的(de)(de)準(zhun)確性(xing)、真實(shi)性(xing)，也不(bu)代表(biao)本站立場，各(ge)項數據信息存在(zai)更新不(bu)及時的(de)(de)情況(kuang)(kuang)，僅供參考，請以官方(fang)發(fa)布(bu)為準(zhun)。如(ru)果頁(ye)面內容與實(shi)際情況(kuang)(kuang)不(bu)符，可點擊“反(fan)饋”在(zai)線向網(wang)站提出修(xiu)改，網(wang)站將(jiang)核實(shi)后進行(xing)更正。
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