公元979年(太平興國四年)五月,北宋滅亡北漢后,宋遼直接對峙。雙方接觸線大(da)(da)體東(dong)起泥姑口(天津大(da)(da)沽口),西(xi)(xi)沿拒馬河(he)流域的(de)信(xin)安軍(jun)(河(he)北(bei)霸(ba)縣(xian)東(dong))、霸(ba)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、容城(cheng)(河(he)北(bei)定興東(dong)南),然后(hou)折向西(xi)(xi)北(bei)至飛(fei)狐(河(he)北(bei)淶(lai)源(yuan)北(bei))及(ji)靈丘(qiu)(山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)靈丘(qiu))以(yi)南,直達代(dai)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)雁門(men)(山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)代(dai)縣(xian)北(bei))。此線以(yi)北(bei)為遼(liao)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)幽(you)云地(di)區(qu)。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)習慣把(ba)幽(you)云十(shi)六州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)中位(wei)于太(tai)行山(shan)(shan)(shan)北(bei)麓東(dong)南的(de)檀、順、薊、幽(you)、涿、莫、瀛(ying)7州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)稱為“山(shan)(shan)(shan)前”,把(ba)太(tai)行山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)的(de)儒(ru)、媯、武、新、云、朔、寰(huan)、應、代(dai)9州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)稱為“山(shan)(shan)(shan)后(hou)”。遼(liao)對這一地(di)區(qu)特(te)別是幽(you)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)十(shi)分重視,除派大(da)(da)丞相(xiang)、南京留守韓德(de)讓(rang)和大(da)(da)將(jiang)耶律斜珍(zhen)率兵防(fang)守幽(you)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)外,還在隋唐薊城(cheng)的(de)基礎上對幽(you)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)進行大(da)(da)規模的(de)擴建,從而使幽(you)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)成為方圓36里,城(cheng)高3丈、寬1.5丈,人口30萬(wan)的(de)陪都和軍(jun)事、政治重鎮。宋軍(jun)在消(xiao)滅(mie)北(bei)漢時(shi)(shi),在太(tai)原集(ji)結了(le)(le)數十(shi)萬(wan)部隊(dui),并在白馬嶺之戰中擊退了(le)(le)支(zhi)援(yuan)北(bei)漢的(de)遼(liao)軍(jun)。趙光義(yi)企圖乘(cheng)戰勝的(de)余威(wei),一舉奪取幽(you)云地(di)區(qu)。
北(bei)漢(han)劉繼(ji)元已降,宋太(tai)宗還師(shi)至鎮州即轉(zhuan)兵北(bei)上。但是破(po)太(tai)原尚未賞三軍(jun)(jun),諸軍(jun)(jun)兵將多不愿行,只(zhi)(zhi)是無人敢說。只(zhi)(zhi)有殿前都虞侯崔翰贊(zan)成乘勝北(bei)征,“所(suo)當乘者,勢也(ye);不可失者,時(shi)也(ye)。乘此破(po)竹之勢,取之甚易”。趙(zhao)(zhao)光義(yi)(yi)聽此言遂了他(ta)的意,很高興(xing),當即下令樞密使曹(cao)彬調發各地屯兵。當時(shi)宋軍(jun)(jun)諸將,大多數比趙(zhao)(zhao)光義(yi)(yi)冷靜(jing)得多,他(ta)們(men)以大軍(jun)(jun)云集,糧儲不及為(wei)請。趙(zhao)(zhao)光義(yi)(yi)卻兵來將擋,下詔發京東、河(he)北(bei)諸州軍(jun)(jun)儲,限期轉(zhuan)運至鎮州北(bei)面(mian)行營(ying)以備(bei)供應。當時(shi)扈從六軍(jun)(jun),有沒有按時(shi)到達指定地點集結的,趙(zhao)(zhao)光義(yi)(yi)大怒(nu),要按軍(jun)(jun)法處置,被臣下諫阻。
而(er)當(dang)時遼(liao)對燕地(di)的(de)防(fang)守(shou)其(qi)實(shi)早有部(bu)署。三月,在(zai)宋(song)(song)軍(jun)進攻(gong)北漢(han),韓侼、耶(ye)(ye)律善布、耶(ye)(ye)律沙(sha)等(deng)救援(yuan)北漢(han)時,遼(liao)已(yi)增(zeng)派北院大王(wang)耶(ye)(ye)律奚(xi)底(又(you)譯“耶(ye)(ye)律希達(da)”)、將(jiang)領蕭討古和(he)乙室王(wang)撒合(he)(伊實(shi)王(wang)薩(sa)哈(ha))等(deng),率兵(bing)(bing)戍守(shou)燕地(di),說明(ming)其(qi)早已(yi)考慮到宋(song)(song)軍(jun)可能的(de)進攻(gong)了。遼(liao)在(zai)幽州經常(chang)屯駐的(de)漢(han)兵(bing)(bing),有神武、控(kong)鶴、羽林、驍(xiao)武等(deng)軍(jun),共約一萬八(ba)千余騎;又(you)有其(qi)所(suo)屬(shu)將(jiang)帥契(qi)丹(dan)、九女、奚(xi)、南北皮室當(dang)值舍利一千九百五十。若契(qi)丹(dan)大舉南侵,則一般調集東京(jing)(遼(liao)陽府)、中京(jing)(大定府)諸路兵(bing)(bing),兵(bing)(bing)力可達(da)二(er)十余萬。
五月(yue)二十日,宋軍從太(tai)原(yuan)分(fen)路東(dong)進(jin),翻越太(tai)行(xing)山,二十九日抵鎮州(zhou)(河北正定(ding)),進(jin)入河北平原(yuan)。六月(yue)初七,趙光義調發京東(dong)、河北諸州(zhou)的武器(qi)裝備和糧秣運往前線。
六(liu)月(yue)(yue)十(shi)三日,宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)太(tai)宗趙光義自鎮州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)出發(fa),十(shi)九日次金臺(tai)屯,募民百人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)向導,二(er)十(shi)日至東(dong)易(yi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(時宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)遼(liao)各置一(yi)易(yi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),西屬(shu)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song),東(dong)屬(shu)遼(liao))之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西,過拒(ju)馬(ma)河入遼(liao)境。遼(liao)易(yi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)刺史劉宇,涿(zhuo)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)判官(guan)劉厚德(de)相(xiang)繼獻易(yi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、涿(zhuo)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)投降(jiang)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)推(tui)進很快。六(liu)月(yue)(yue)二(er)十(shi)三日,趙光義大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)至幽(you)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)南(nan)(nan)(nan),駐蹕寶光寺。當時遼(liao)南(nan)(nan)(nan)京(jing)(jing)(宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)稱幽(you)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),遼(liao)為(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)(nan)京(jing)(jing)析津府所在(zai))守(shou)(shou)(shou)將(jiang)為(wei)(wei)權知(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)京(jing)(jing)留(liu)守(shou)(shou)(shou)事(shi)韓德(de)讓以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)權知(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)京(jing)(jing)馬(ma)步軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)都指(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)耶律(lv)學(xue)(xue)古。另有(you)(you)遼(liao)北(bei)院大王耶律(lv)奚底與(yu)統軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)使(shi)(shi)蕭(xiao)討(tao)(tao)古等(deng)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)城(cheng)北(bei)屯扎(zha)。宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)先鋒東(dong)西班指(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)傅潛、孔守(shou)(shou)(shou)正(zheng)巡哨城(cheng)北(bei),在(zai)沙河遇(yu)到遼(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),馬(ma)上以(yi)(yi)(yi)先至的兵馬(ma)與(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)交戰,后軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)不久到達,而(er)后諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)齊(qi)集,大敗奚底、討(tao)(tao)古及(ji)乙室王撒合軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),斬(zhan)獲(huo)甚眾,生擒五(wu)百余人(ren)(ren)(ren)。遼(liao)南(nan)(nan)(nan)院大王耶律(lv)斜軫(又譯(yi)“色珍”)屯兵得勝(sheng)口(kou)(河北(bei)昌平天(tian)壽(shou)山西北(bei)),看宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)銳(rui)氣正(zheng)盛,不敢與(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直(zhi)接沖突(tu),便(bian)趁著耶律(lv)奚底新敗,在(zai)得勝(sheng)口(kou)用青幟偽作收容潰軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀以(yi)(yi)(yi)誘敵。趙光義得到探馬(ma)報告,便(bian)有(you)(you)輕敵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin),麾軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)繼續攻(gong)(gong)擊(ji),宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)士(shi)乘勝(sheng)追(zhui)擊(ji),斬(zhan)首千余級。而(er)斜軫抓住(zhu)機會突(tu)然(ran)襲擊(ji)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)后方(fang),宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)敗退,與(yu)斜軫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)對峙于清沙河(北(bei)京(jing)(jing)城(cheng)北(bei)二(er)十(shi)里)北(bei)。遼(liao)南(nan)(nan)(nan)京(jing)(jing)城(cheng)內守(shou)(shou)(shou)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)得此聲(sheng)援(yuan),固(gu)守(shou)(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)更(geng)加堅定(ding)。六(liu)月(yue)(yue)二(er)十(shi)五(wu)日,宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)看出耶律(lv)斜軫兵力不足,只是據險(xian)而(er)守(shou)(shou)(shou),僅能聲(sheng)援(yuan)幽(you)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敵,便(bian)只留(liu)一(yi)部兵力與(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對峙,而(er)用大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)圍攻(gong)(gong)幽(you)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)。定(ding)國節(jie)度使(shi)(shi)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)偓與(yu)尚食使(shi)(shi)侯昭愿(yuan),領兵萬余攻(gong)(gong)城(cheng)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)面(mian);河陽節(jie)度使(shi)(shi)崔彥進與(yu)內供奉官(guan)江守(shou)(shou)(shou)鈞(jun),率(lv)兵萬余攻(gong)(gong)西北(bei)面(mian);彰(zhang)信(xin)節(jie)度使(shi)(shi)劉遇(yu)率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻(gong)(gong)東(dong)北(bei)面(mian);定(ding)武(wu)節(jie)度使(shi)(shi)孟玄喆攻(gong)(gong)西南(nan)(nan)(nan)面(mian)。并以(yi)(yi)(yi)潘(pan)美知(zhi)(zhi)幽(you)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)行(xing)府事(shi)。耶律(lv)斜軫部將(jiang)渤(bo)海帥達蘭罕率(lv)部降(jiang)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song),趙光義以(yi)(yi)(yi)其為(wei)(wei)渤(bo)海都指(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)。自此,城(cheng)外宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)對守(shou)(shou)(shou)城(cheng)遼(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)多方(fang)招降(jiang),使(shi)(shi)城(cheng)中人(ren)(ren)(ren)懷二(er)心(xin),后又有(you)(you)其鐵林(lin)都指(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)李(li)扎(zha)盧存等(deng)率(lv)所部出降(jiang)。原在(zai)城(cheng)外的遼(liao)御盞郎君耶律(lv)學(xue)(xue)古入城(cheng)增守(shou)(shou)(shou),與(yu)韓德(de)讓等(deng)共(gong)謀(mou)守(shou)(shou)(shou)御,安定(ding)反側,守(shou)(shou)(shou)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)才安下心(xin)來守(shou)(shou)(shou)城(cheng)。
六(liu)月二十六(liu)日(ri),趙光(guang)義由城南(nan)寶光(guang)寺至城北,親督眾將(jiang)(jiang)進兵,攻擊清沙河遼(liao)軍(jun),大戰一日(ri),殺敵甚眾,獲馬三(san)百余匹,遼(liao)軍(jun)稍(shao)卻,仍(reng)然憑借險要(yao)堅守(shou)(shou)。三(san)十日(ri)趙光(guang)義又督軍(jun)攻城,宋(song)軍(jun)三(san)百人乘(cheng)夜登城,被耶律學古(gu)力戰所(suo)擒,后又發(fa)現(xian)并堵塞了(le)宋(song)軍(jun)挖的隧道,修守(shou)(shou)備待援兵。而當時,遼(liao)南(nan)京被圍,遠近震動,遼(liao)順州守(shou)(shou)將(jiang)(jiang)劉廷素(su)、薊州守(shou)(shou)將(jiang)(jiang)劉守(shou)(shou)恩(en)相繼率部降宋(song)。
遼景(jing)宗耶律賢于六月三十日聞(wen)知南京被(bei)圍,耶律奚底(di)(di)、蕭討古、耶律斜軫(zhen)等軍(jun)雖未大敗,卻不(bu)能進援(yuan),只能聲援(yuan),于是急遣南府宰相耶律沙率兵往救,其特里(li)兗(官名)耶律休哥(又(you)譯休格(ge))自薦請纓,遼主便以休哥代替奚底(di)(di),統帥(shuai)五院軍(jun)之精(jing)銳馳赴前線。
宋軍圍攻幽州堅城不下,“將士多怠”,士氣低落。
七月(yue)初(chu)六,耶(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)沙(sha)大(da)軍(jun)至幽州(zhou),趙(zhao)光(guang)義(yi)(yi)督諸路軍(jun)攻(gong)(gong)擊,兩(liang)軍(jun)戰(zhan)于高(gao)梁(liang),耶(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)沙(sha)力(li)戰(zhan)不(bu)(bu)支(zhi)而(er)敗退。然而(er)當時的(de)(de)宋軍(jun)連續近二(er)十日不(bu)(bu)停地猛(meng)攻(gong)(gong)幽州(zhou)城(cheng),士(shi)卒(zu)早已(yi)(yi)疲(pi)殆,故而(er)雖然戰(zhan)勝,從(cong)(cong)(cong)中午到傍晚(wan)只追(zhui)了(le)十余(yu)里。令趙(zhao)光(guang)義(yi)(yi)始料未及(ji)的(de)(de)是,耶(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)休(xiu)哥率(lv)軍(jun)出其不(bu)(bu)意(yi)間道(dao)而(er)來,人人手持(chi)火(huo)炬直沖,宋軍(jun)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)其多寡(gua),未等接戰(zhan)心(xin)里已(yi)(yi)經(jing)發怵(chu),故不(bu)(bu)敢接戰(zhan),欲據(ju)高(gao)梁(liang)河為抵(di)御之(zhi)(zhi)計。耶(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)休(xiu)哥先收容耶(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)沙(sha)敗軍(jun),使之(zhi)(zhi)回去再戰(zhan),與(yu)宋軍(jun)相(xiang)持(chi),然后(hou)與(yu)耶(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)斜(xie)軫(zhen)各自(zi)(zi)統帥精銳(rui)騎(qi)兵(bing),從(cong)(cong)(cong)耶(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)沙(sha)的(de)(de)左右(you)(you)翼挺進,乘夜(ye)夾(jia)攻(gong)(gong)宋軍(jun),實行兩(liang)翼包圍(wei)鉗(qian)擊之(zhi)(zhi)勢(shi)。戰(zhan)斗(dou)激烈非常,耶(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)休(xiu)哥身先士(shi)卒(zu),身被三創猶(you)力(li)戰(zhan)。城(cheng)中耶(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)學古(gu)聞援軍(jun)已(yi)(yi)至,也(ye)(ye)開(kai)門列陣(zhen),四面(mian)鳴鼓(gu),城(cheng)中居民大(da)呼,響聲震天動地。耶(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)休(xiu)哥繼(ji)續率(lv)部猛(meng)攻(gong)(gong),這時宋軍(jun)才發覺已(yi)(yi)被包圍(wei),又(you)無法抵(di)抗遼軍(jun)的(de)(de)猛(meng)攻(gong)(gong),只能紛紛后(hou)退。耶(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)沙(sha)從(cong)(cong)(cong)后(hou)面(mian)追(zhui)擊,而(er)休(xiu)哥與(yu)斜(xie)軫(zhen)兩(liang)軍(jun)也(ye)(ye)對(dui)宋軍(jun)實行超越(yue)追(zhui)擊。宋軍(jun)大(da)敗,死者萬余(yu)人,連夜(ye)南(nan)退,爭道(dao)奔走,潰不(bu)(bu)成軍(jun),趙(zhao)光(guang)義(yi)(yi)與(yu)諸將(jiang)走散,諸將(jiang)也(ye)(ye)找(zhao)不(bu)(bu)到各自(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)部下(xia)軍(jun)士(shi)。趙(zhao)光(guang)義(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)近臣見形(xing)勢(shi)危急(ji),慌忙(mang)之(zhi)(zhi)中找(zhao)了(le)一輛(liang)驢車請趙(zhao)光(guang)義(yi)(yi)乘坐(zuo),急(ji)速南(nan)逃。耶(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)休(xiu)哥時已(yi)(yi)受重(zhong)傷,昏死過去,不(bu)(bu)能騎(qi)馬,左右(you)(you)用輕車載著(zhu)他,代(dai)他發號施令,繼(ji)續追(zhui)擊。一直追(zhui)到涿州(zhou)城(cheng)下(xia),獲(huo)得兵(bing)器、符印、糧草、貨(huo)幣不(bu)(bu)可(ke)勝計。
趙光義于七月初七日天明(ming)之后,已先(xian)到(dao)達涿(zhuo)州城(cheng)外,當時宋軍(jun)(jun)的(de)敗(bai)兵(bing)還沒到(dao)。他又繞過涿(zhuo)州城(cheng),直奔金(jin)臺屯,見諸軍(jun)(jun)尚未(wei)到(dao)達,才敢停住(zhu)“車(che)駕(jia)”觀望。初九(jiu)日,趙光義見諸軍(jun)(jun)仍然未(wei)到(dao),便使人往(wang)探(tan),這才知道(dao)諸軍(jun)(jun)仍在據(ju)守涿(zhuo)州,而且有(you)策(ce)劃立太祖子(zi)武功郡王德昭的(de)事,于是急命崔翰(han)往(wang)傳詔命班(ban)師。
趙光(guang)義為防備(bei)契丹(dan)乘勝南侵,命(ming)殿(dian)前都虞侯崔翰與定(ding)(ding)武節度(du)(du)使孟玄喆(zhe)屯兵定(ding)(ding)州,河陽節度(du)(du)使崔彥(yan)進屯兵關(guan)南,云州觀察使劉(liu)廷翰為都鈐轄與彰德節度(du)(du)使李漢瓊屯兵鎮州,以上(shang)諸(zhu)軍都由劉(liu)廷翰指揮并得便宜行事(shi)。本(ben)來這樣就可以了,可趙光(guang)義偏偏又授諸(zhu)將陣圖(tu),命(ming)令他(ta)們,如果契丹(dan)來犯,必(bi)須入(ru)圖(tu)布陣,交代完之后,他(ta)才(cai)自金臺(tai)屯南返(fan),七(qi)月(yue)二十八日(ri)還(huan)至東(dong)京(jing)。
八月初二,趙光義行(xing)(xing)從征失律之(zhi)罰,貶(bian)西京留守石守信為(wei)(wei)崇(chong)信軍節(jie)度使,彰信軍節(jie)度使劉遇(yu)為(wei)(wei)宿州觀察使。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為(wei)(wei)北征不(bu)利(li),連平太原之(zhi)賞也免了(le)。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很多人(ren)認為(wei)(wei)這樣(yang)不(bu)行(xing)(xing),皇(huang)子(zi)(趙匡胤之(zhi)子(zi),當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亦稱“皇(huang)子(zi)”而不(bu)稱“皇(huang)侄(zhi)”)武功(gong)郡王趙德(de)昭(zhao)就上(shang)諫道(dao):“當(dang)先行(xing)(xing)太原之(zhi)賞,再行(xing)(xing)幽(you)州失律之(zhi)罰。”宋太宗當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大怒,想起諸(zhu)將在(zai)找不(bu)到自己(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)曾有意立他為(wei)(wei)帝(di),說:“待汝自為(wei)(wei)天(tian)子(zi),賞未晚(wan)也!”德(de)昭(zhao)被逼無以自明(ming),退(tui)回(hui)私舍之(zhi)后拔劍自刎。
遼軍(jun)既勝,亦行賞罰。以(yi)(yi)權知南(nan)京(jing)留守事(shi)韓德(de)讓(rang),權南(nan)京(jing)馬步軍(jun)都指揮使耶(ye)律(lv)學古,知三司事(shi)劉弘(hong),能安人(ren)心衛城(cheng)池,并賜(si)詔(zhao)褒獎。以(yi)(yi)此前(qian)遼軍(jun)在白(bai)馬嶺(ling)之(zhi)戰(zhan)的(de)失敗責耶(ye)律(lv)沙(sha),又以(yi)(yi)此次擊敗宋軍(jun)之(zhi)功相抵。耶(ye)律(lv)奚底遇(yu)敵而退,以(yi)(yi)劍背(bei)擊之(zhi)。乙(yi)室(shi)王(wang)撒合雖臨陣退卻(que),但部(bu)伍(wu)不(bu)亂,得到寬(kuan)宥。冀王(wang)耶(ye)律(lv)敵烈(lie)(或譯(yi)“迪里”、“塔(ta)爾”)戰(zhan)死白(bai)馬嶺(ling),其麾下(xia)先(xian)逃遁者皆斬,都監以(yi)(yi)下(xia)杖背(bei)。然后聚宴諸將士,分別(bie)給予(yu)賞賜(si)。
宋太宗一直是(shi)首都市長(chang),長(chang)于行政(zheng),短于軍事。想要(yao)憑借(jie)滅北漢的(de)(de)余威一舉收復(fu)(fu)燕云故地(di),重(zhong)建中(zhong)國(guo)北方的(de)(de)國(guo)防線,并進一步恢復(fu)(fu)中(zhong)原(yuan)政(zheng)權領導四夷的(de)(de)地(di)位,這種進取心(xin)無可(ke)非議(yi)是(shi)好的(de)(de)。然而(er)好的(de)(de)動機并不一定帶來好的(de)(de)結果,宋軍在高梁河(he)以慘敗收場可(ke)不是(shi)時運不濟那(nei)么簡單。
趙(zhao)光(guang)義被攻克太原的(de)勝利沖(chong)昏了頭腦,對遼軍的(de)實力及其擁(yong)有大量(liang)騎兵(bing)的(de)情況估計不足,在部隊疲困交(jiao)加(jia)的(de)形勢下,倉(cang)促出(chu)兵(bing),企圖以突然的(de)行動(dong)、優勢的(de)兵(bing)力數(shu)量(liang),一(yi)舉襲取幽州(zhou)地區。這種輕率(lv)魯莽、僥幸(xing)取勝的(de)投(tou)機舉動(dong),最后遭到失敗乃(nai)是(shi)情理(li)中事。
從(cong)(cong)作(zuo)戰指(zhi)導上(shang)看,宋軍(jun)(jun)移(yi)師(shi)幽州(zhou),僅是一(yi)個方向(xiang)的(de)(de)進攻,既未從(cong)(cong)幽州(zhou)北(bei)面出(chu)兵配合(he),牽制(zhi)遼(liao)軍(jun)(jun),又未控(kong)制(zhi)一(yi)定的(de)(de)預備兵力(li)。一(yi)開(kai)始便將(jiang)主要兵力(li)投入(ru)戰斗,企圖速(su)戰速(su)決(jue),一(yi)舉成功,以(yi)致一(yi)遇挫折(zhe),便無力(li)挽(wan)救(jiu)。其次是對幽州(zhou)城的(de)(de)防御力(li)量(liang)估計不(bu)足。幽州(zhou)是遼(liao)的(de)(de)戰略要地(di),遼(liao)必以(yi)重(zhong)兵守城。宋軍(jun)(jun)遠程急進,無攻堅準備,以(yi)致頓兵堅城,陷入(ru)師(shi)勞(lao)兵疲的(de)(de)困(kun)境。
最后是缺乏(fa)打援部(bu)署(shu)。幽州(zhou)既為(wei)遼(liao)(liao)戰(zhan)略要地,在(zai)受到(dao)圍(wei)攻時(shi),遼(liao)(liao)兵(bing)必以重兵(bing)增援。但(dan)趙光義心高氣傲,未作任何阻援部(bu)署(shu),只(zhi)顧(gu)傾全(quan)力攻城,致為(wei)遼(liao)(liao)援軍(jun)拊擊,導致全(quan)軍(jun)潰敗。反觀遼(liao)(liao)軍(jun),雖在(zai)宋(song)軍(jun)突襲初期遭到(dao)一些挫折,但(dan)能采取一些有效(xiao)措(cuo)施(shi),固守待援,為(wei)調集援兵(bing)贏得了時(shi)間(jian)。在(zai)援兵(bing)到(dao)達后,又成功(gong)地運用兩翼包(bao)圍(wei)的戰(zhan)法(fa),發揮騎兵(bing)的長處,乘(cheng)耶律沙拖(tuo)住(zhu)宋(song)軍(jun)并使(shi)宋(song)軍(jun)遭到(dao)一定程(cheng)度削弱時(shi),突然投入戰(zhan)斗(dou),終于扭轉戰(zhan)局,取得了解圍(wei)幽州(zhou),大挫宋(song)軍(jun)的勝利。
高粱河(he)一役作為遼宋關系的(de)重(zhong)要轉折點直(zhi)接(jie)造成(cheng)了日后的(de)宋連戰(zhan)連敗,到澶(chan)淵(yuan)之盟,至此(ci)宋對遼已然完(wan)全處(chu)于(yu)下風(feng),并直(zhi)接(jie)對其(qi)經濟造成(cheng)極大的(de)影(ying)響。遼成(cheng)為一個威壓北(bei)(bei)宋,雄踞中國北(bei)(bei)方的(de)龐大帝國一直(zhi)到被金(jin)所取代(dai)。高粱河(he)一戰(zhan)影(ying)響深(shen)遠。
軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)史(shi)學者曾瑞(rui)龍(long)評價此(ci)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)說:“從十世紀軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)的(de)(de)發展大(da)(da)勢來看,高粱河戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役盡管發生在(zai)宋初(chu),卻是最后(hou)一場‘五代(dai)’的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役。作(zuo)為其指導思想的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略奇襲,大(da)(da)縱深突破的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役法,以(yi)及繼之以(yi)皇帝直接(jie)指揮的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)術決戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),都具有濃厚的(de)(de)五代(dai)色彩。可是宋遼兩軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)高粱河畔(pan)惡斗的(de)(de)結果,也正式(shi)宣告了五代(dai)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭已成歷史(shi)陳跡(ji)。以(yi)上曾經(jing)在(zai)藩鎮(zhen)及地(di)方政(zheng)權之間,中(zhong)央和叛將之間的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭中(zhong)屢(lv)試(shi)不爽(shuang)的(de)(de)作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)手段,如今被用(yong)來對付遼這個(ge)政(zheng)治軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)上都相對穩定的(de)(de)大(da)(da)國(guo)。雖然(ran)這些作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)手段在(zai)早期也收到(dao)相當效(xiao)果,但情況不同(tong)的(de)(de)是:遼朝廣闊的(de)(de)國(guo)土,為抵(di)消宋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)早期的(de)(de)強(qiang)大(da)(da)攻勢提供(gong)了足夠的(de)(de)回(hui)旋余地(di),而其強(qiang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)增援能力也足以(yi)挑戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),及重奪宋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役主導權。最后(hou),耶律休哥一個(ge)令(ling)人瞠目的(de)(de)側擊,使宋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)不知(zhi)所錯。因此(ci)宋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將士縱有很多(duo)優秀(xiu)表(biao)現,這個(ge)敗局的(de)(de)鑄成亦(yi)非偶然(ran)。總之,從宏(hong)觀角度看,高粱河體現了戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭形式(shi)的(de)(de)新陳代(dai)謝(xie)。”