1925年1月(yue)中國(guo)共產黨第(di)四次全國(guo)代表(biao)大(da)會以后(hou),群(qun)眾(zhong)運(yun)(yun)動蓬勃發(fa)展(zhan),2月(yue)至(zhi)4月(yue),上海、青島的日(ri)本紗廠工人(ren)在(zai)中國(guo)共產黨領(ling)導下,先后(hou)組織數萬工人(ren)舉行大(da)規模罷工斗(dou)爭(zheng),取得了重大(da)勝利,同時(shi)也遭到日(ri)本帝(di)國(guo)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)和(he)北洋軍閥的鎮(zhen)壓。日(ri)本帝(di)國(guo)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)勾(gou)結北洋軍閥政府企圖破壞(huai)工人(ren)運(yun)(yun)動,醞(yun)釀(niang)新的血腥(xing)屠殺。
5月(yue)14日(ri),上(shang)海(hai)(hai)日(ri)本(ben)紗廠工人為(wei)抗議日(ri)本(ben)資(zi)方無理開除工人再度罷工,日(ri)本(ben)資(zi)本(ben)家開槍打死(si)工人顧正(zheng)紅(共產(chan)黨員),打傷10余名工人,激(ji)起上(shang)海(hai)(hai)工人、學生和市民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)烈憤怒。同(tong)時,在(zai)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)帝國(guo)主義(yi)者提(ti)出(chu)有損中(zhong)國(guo)主權,打擊(ji)中(zhong)國(guo)民(min)族工商業的(de)(de)(de)(de)“四提(ti)案(an)”(增訂(ding)印刷附律,增加碼頭捐,交易所注冊及所謂“取(qu)締重工法(fa)案(an)”),該決(jue)定(ding)于6月(yue)2日(ri)在(zai)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)納稅(shui)外人會上(shang)通過,引起了包括民(min)族資(zi)產(chan)階(jie)級(ji)在(zai)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)各階(jie)層人士的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)烈反(fan)對。
5月28日,中(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)央根據運動發展(zhan)形勢,及時決(jue)定進一步動員群眾開展(zhan)反對帝(di)國主義的(de)政(zheng)治斗(dou)爭(zheng)。
五卅(sa)慘(can)案(an)的消息迅速傳遍全(quan)國(guo),各大(da)(da)(da)、中城市紛紛罷工罷課(ke),聲(sheng)援(yuan)上海(hai)人(ren)民的反帝(di)斗(dou)爭。從(cong)而形成了(le)更大(da)(da)(da)規模的五卅(sa)反帝(di)愛國(guo)運動,嚴(yan)重打擊了(le)帝(di)國(guo)主義,大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)提高了(le)中國(guo)人(ren)民的覺(jue)悟,揭開了(le)大(da)(da)(da)革命高漲的序幕。
帝(di)國(guo)主(zhu)義對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的侵略(lve),以經濟剝削為(wei)主(zhu),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)日甲午戰后,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)被迫簽訂馬關條約,準許日本在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)各口岸設(she)立工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang),利用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的原(yuan)料和廉價勞工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)行(xing)經濟侵略(lve)。其他列強隨之跟進(jin),紛紛在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)各口岸設(she)立工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)。日本人(ren)僅在上(shang)海(hai)(hai)一(yi)地就設(she)有(you)23家紗廠(chang)(chang)(chang),占全上(shang)海(hai)(hai)紗廠(chang)(chang)(chang)三(san)分之二(er)。日本廠(chang)(chang)(chang)主(zhu)對待工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)非常苛刻,工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)每(mei)日工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)12小時以上(shang),工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)每(mei)日僅一(yi)角五(wu)(wu)分,還要扣存百分之五(wu)(wu)儲(chu)蓄(xu)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),需至工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)滿十(shi)年方始歸還,半途辭工(gong)(gong)(gong)者儲(chu)蓄(xu)金即被沒收。
2月,日商內(nei)外(wai)棉紗(sha)(sha)廠(chang)(chang)第八廠(chang)(chang)推(tui)(tui)紗(sha)(sha)間發現一(yi)名童(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)尸(shi)首(shou),胸部受(shou)重傷十(shi)余處,是(shi)被(bei)紗(sha)(sha)廠(chang)(chang)日籍管理員用鐵棍(gun)毆(ou)打死亡(wang),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們目(mu)睹慘(can)狀,群情(qing)大憤,全體罷(ba)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。后經上海總商會出面調停(ting)(ting),日廠(chang)(chang)主答(da)允(yun)不打罵工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),同(tong)時每兩(liang)周發放工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資一(yi)次,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)即恢復工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。5月間日本各紗(sha)(sha)廠(chang)(chang)男工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)屢起(qi)風潮,竟將男工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)盡行開(kai)除,換為(wei)女工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),這一(yi)來(lai)引起(qi)22家工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)的(de)大罷(ba)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。由上海各團(tuan)體調停(ting)(ting),以(yi)改良工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)待遇,發還儲(chu)金為(wei)條件(jian)恢復工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),不料內(nei)外(wai)棉紗(sha)(sha)廠(chang)(chang)第八廠(chang)(chang)又開(kai)除工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數十(shi)名,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不服,推(tui)(tui)舉代表顧正紅等八人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)向廠(chang)(chang)主交涉,在交涉中發生爭(zheng)執,日人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)突(tu)然開(kai)槍射殺顧正紅,其余七人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)受(shou)傷,受(shou)傷工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)向公(gong)共租(zu)界(jie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部局(ju)請求援助,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部局(ju)不僅不予(yu)以(yi)公(gong)平處理,反而控以(yi)擾亂(luan)治安罪名,這一(yi)來(lai)群情(qing)更(geng)為(wei)憤激。
從(cong)學生運動到(dao)全面的反帝愛國斗爭(zheng)。
5月22日上(shang)(shang)海(hai)各(ge)團體開(kai)(kai)會追悼顧正紅,上(shang)(shang)海(hai)各(ge)大(da)學(xue)學(xue)生均往參(can)加,路經(jing)公共租界(jie)時有(you)四(si)人(ren)(ren)被捕(bu)。于是上(shang)(shang)海(hai)學(xue)生會開(kai)(kai)會,決(jue)議(yi)組織演(yan)講隊(dui),出發租界(jie)宣傳。5月30日學(xue)生聯合會分(fen)派多隊(dui)在租界(jie)內游行講演(yan),當天(tian)下(xia)午(wu),一部(bu)分(fen)學(xue)生在南京路被捕(bu),其余(yu)學(xue)生及群眾(zhong)共千余(yu)人(ren)(ren),徒手(shou)隨(sui)至捕(bu)房門口,要(yao)求(qiu)釋放被捕(bu)者,英捕(bu)頭愛伏生竟下(xia)令開(kai)(kai)槍向群眾(zhong)射擊,當場(chang)死學(xue)生四(si)人(ren)(ren),重傷30人(ren)(ren),租界(jie)當局(ju)更調集(ji)軍隊(dui),宣布戒(jie)嚴,任意槍擊,上(shang)(shang)海(hai)的大(da)學(xue)校竟遭封閉(bi),這就(jiu)是“五卅慘案”。慘案發生后全國震動,北京學(xue)生第(di)二(er)天(tian)即響應,全國各(ge)大(da)都(dou)市學(xue)生也(ye)先(xian)后罷(ba)課,風起云涌,進行反帝國主義(yi)示威運(yun)動,民(min)意沸騰。
當夜,中共(gong)中央立即召(zhao)集會議(yi),決定(ding)擴大斗爭規模,號召(zhao)上(shang)(shang)海人民舉行罷工(gong)、罷課(ke)、罷市(shi),以抗議(yi)英(ying)帝國(guo)主義的(de)大屠殺。在共(gong)產黨人蔡和(he)森(sen)、李(li)立三、劉少奇(qi)等的(de)領導下,31日晚上(shang)(shang)海有組織的(de)20余(yu)萬(wan)工(gong)人成立了(le)上(shang)(shang)海總(zong)工(gong)會,并選舉李(li)立三為委員長。6月1日,上(shang)(shang)海全(quan)市(shi)的(de)總(zong)罷工(gong)、總(zong)罷課(ke)和(he)總(zong)罷市(shi)開(kai)始了(le),其(qi)中包括(kuo)20余(yu)萬(wan)工(gong)人的(de)總(zong)同盟罷工(gong),5萬(wan)學(xue)生罷課(ke),絕大部分商人參加罷市(shi)。
6月7日,由上(shang)(shang)海總工(gong)會、全國(guo)學生聯(lian)合會、上(shang)(shang)海學生聯(lian)合會和(he)各馬路商界總聯(lian)合會推舉代(dai)表,組成“工(gong)商學聯(lian)合委員會”,提出(chu)了(le)懲(cheng)辦(ban)兇手并(bing)(bing)賠償、取消(xiao)領事(shi)裁判權,永遠撤出(chu)駐(zhu)滬的(de)(de)英、日海陸(lu)軍等17項(xiang)交(jiao)涉條件。同時運動繼續發展和(he)擴(kuo)大(da),北京、天津、南京、青(qing)島、杭州、開封、鄭州、重慶等全國(guo)各大(da)城市和(he)幾(ji)百個城鎮的(de)(de)人(ren)民,紛紛游行示(shi)威(wei),罷(ba)工(gong),罷(ba)課,罷(ba)市,通電,捐款,表示(shi)支(zhi)援,形成了(le)全國(guo)規模(mo)的(de)(de)反(fan)帝怒潮,并(bing)(bing)得(de)到國(guo)際工(gong)人(ren)階級的(de)(de)支(zhi)援。
6月1日北京外(wai)交(jiao)(jiao)部向駐京公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)團領袖意(yi)國(guo)公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)提(ti)出抗議:“為照會事,據報(bao)告本年(nian)五月三十日上海各大學(xue)生(sheng)因為學(xue)生(sheng)被捕(bu)及工人(ren)受(shou)傷兩事,在公(gong)(gong)共租界(jie)捕(bu)房門首游行(xing)演(yan)說,以示抗議。而(er)捕(bu)房竟以武力(li)干涉,捕(bu)去學(xue)生(sheng)四(si)十余人(ren),同時擊斃(bi)學(xue)生(sheng)四(si)名(ming),擊傷學(xue)生(sheng)六(liu)名(ming),已死(si)二名(ming),路(lu)人(ren)受(shou)傷者(zhe)十七(qi)名(ming),死(si)亡(wang)三名(ming)等(deng)(deng)情(qing)況。本總(zong)(zong)長(chang)(chang)得(de)悉之(zhi)(zhi)余,至(zhi)(zhi)深駭異,似(si)此(ci)(ci)不(bu)幸之(zhi)(zhi)事,應(ying)請貴公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)特(te)別注(zhu)意(yi)。查(cha)該學(xue)生(sheng)等(deng)(deng),均系青年(nian)子弟,熱心愛國(guo),并不(bu)攜帶武器,無(wu)論(lun)其行(xing)為之(zhi)(zhi)性質如何,斷(duan)不(bu)能以暴徒待之(zhi)(zhi)。乃捕(bu)房未曾采(cai)取適當(dang)方法,和平勸阻,遽用最激手段,實為人(ren)道及公(gong)(gong)理所(suo)不(bu)容,自應(ying)由租界(jie)官吏完全負責。為此(ci)(ci)本總(zong)(zong)長(chang)(chang)不(bu)得(de)不(bu)向貴公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)提(ti)出最正式之(zhi)(zhi)抗議,并聲明保留俟查(cha)明詳情(qing)后,再提(ti)出相當(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求,并請貴公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)將(jiang)前(qian)項情(qing)形轉達駐京有關系各公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)查(cha)照,迅飭上海領事團速將(jiang)被捕(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)全行(xing)釋(shi)放,并就地(di)與特(te)派江(jiang)蘇交(jiao)(jiao)涉員妥商辦(ban)理,免(mian)再發生(sheng)此(ci)(ci)類情(qing)事,是所(suo)至(zhi)(zhi)盼,須至(zhi)(zhi)照會者(zhe)。中(zhong)華民國(guo)外(wai)交(jiao)(jiao)總(zong)(zong)長(chang)(chang)沈瑞麟(lin)。中(zhong)華民國(guo)十四(si)年(nian)六(liu)月一(yi)日。”
6月4日(ri)(ri)公使(shi)(shi)團復函竟婉拒中國(guo)之抗(kang)(kang)(kang)議,認(ren)為上(shang)海(hai)租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)當局已很寬大,于是北京外交(jiao)部于4日(ri)(ri)再提(ti)第二次抗(kang)(kang)(kang)議:“為照(zhao)會(hui)事(shi),上(shang)海(hai)公共租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)槍擊(ji)(ji)華人(ren)一(yi)(yi)案,業經(jing)本(ben)總長于本(ben)月一(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)向(xiang)貴公使(shi)(shi)提(ti)出抗(kang)(kang)(kang)議,并(bing)請(qing)迅飭(chi)上(shang)海(hai)領事(shi)團速將被(bei)捕(bu)之人(ren)全行(xing)釋放(fang),并(bing)就地與(yu)特派江蘇(su)交(jiao)涉(she)員妥(tuo)商辦(ban)理(li),免(mian)再發生此(ci)類情事(shi)在案。乃續據(ju)上(shang)海(hai)報告(gao),租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)捕(bu)房于本(ben)月一(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)復槍斃(bi)三(san)人(ren),傷十八人(ren),其以前(qian)被(bei)捕(bu)之人(ren),仍未完(wan)全釋放(fang)。又據(ju)報告(gao)所有傷斃(bi)之人(ren),槍彈多從背(bei)入,巡捕(bu)無(wu)一(yi)(yi)死傷,顯系(xi)任意(yi)轟擊(ji)(ji),毫無(wu)理(li)由各等情。查(cha)公共租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)官(guan)吏出此(ci)激烈行(xing)為,迫動公憤,致(zhi)發生商工各界(jie)(jie)(jie)多數罷市罷工之不良效果(guo),似此(ci)蔑視人(ren)道,自應由租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)官(guan)吏完(wan)全負責。為此(ci)本(ben)總長不得不再向(xiang)貴公使(shi)(shi)提(ti)出嚴(yan)重抗(kang)(kang)(kang)議,并(bing)請(qing)轉達駐京有關系(xi)各國(guo)公使(shi)(shi),迅電上(shang)海(hai)領事(shi)團立(li)飭(chi)停止槍擊(ji)(ji),以免(mian)再肇慘禍,是為至(zhi)要(yao),須至(zhi)照(zhao)會(hui)者。”
6月6日(ri)公(gong)(gong)使團答復仍(reng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)著邊際,北(bei)京(jing)外交部再于6月11日(ri)提第三次(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)抗議:“為(wei)(wei)照(zhao)會事,接(jie)準本月四日(ri)及(ji)(ji)(ji)六(liu)日(ri)來照(zhao),內開(kai)貴(gui)公(gong)(gong)使及(ji)(ji)(ji)有關系各(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)公(gong)(gong)使,深愿對(dui)于此(ci)次(ci)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)幸之(zhi)(zhi)事故,與(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)政(zheng)府具同(tong)一和(he)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)念(nian),并準貴(gui)公(gong)(gong)使聲明(ming),關于禁用(yong)武(wu)器(qi)(qi)一節,業經重(zhong)行(xing)訓令上(shang)海(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)共租(zu)(zu)界(jie)捕房,以(yi)后必采(cai)恪守各(ge)(ge)(ge)等因,本總長業經閱悉(xi)。惟查(cha)當(dang)初租(zu)(zu)界(jie)官吏所采(cai)取(qu)(qu)對(dui)于學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)和(he)平(ping)行(xing)動(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)取(qu)(qu)締(di)辦(ban)法,系屬失當(dang),毫(hao)無疑義。又如(ru)五(wu)月三十(shi)日(ri)及(ji)(ji)(ji)六(liu)月一日(ri)等捕房之(zhi)(zhi)舉動(dong),實可謂為(wei)(wei)激成事變之(zhi)(zhi)肇端(duan)。因老閘捕房,既未預(yu)先鳴號,警告群眾,又非(fei)如(ru)來照(zhao)所稱,該捕房處于危在俄(e)頃,不(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)武(wu)器(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)境遇,竟貿然出此(ci)激烈之(zhi)(zhi)舉動(dong)。故欲以(yi)上(shang)星(xing)期(qi)慘事之(zhi)(zhi)責任,諉諸一般和(he)平(ping)行(xing)動(dong)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)攜帶武(wu)器(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)由租(zu)(zu)界(jie)官吏負之(zhi)(zhi),本總長絕對(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)承認,仍(reng)當(dang)繼續抗議。中(zhong)國(guo)政(zheng)府鑒(jian)于此(ci)次(ci)案情之(zhi)(zhi)嚴重(zhong),民情之(zhi)(zhi)悲(bei)憤,僉(qian)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)租(zu)(zu)界(jie)官吏,至(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)須自(zi)動(dong)的先行(xing)取(qu)(qu)消當(dang)地戒嚴令,撤退海(hai)(hai)軍陸戰隊(dui),并解除(chu)商(shang)團及(ji)(ji)(ji)巡(xun)捕之(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)裝,釋放被(bei)捕之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)及(ji)(ji)(ji)恢復被(bei)封(feng)與(yu)占據各(ge)(ge)(ge)學(xue)(xue)校之(zhi)(zhi)原狀(zhuang),庶(shu)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)地方,得于最短時(shi)間內,自(zi)然停止非(fei)常之(zhi)(zhi)狀(zhuang)態。而(er)來照(zhao)所稱同(tong)具和(he)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)念(nian),亦足以(yi)資證(zheng)明(ming),以(yi)便進行(xing)交涉。為(wei)(wei)此(ci)照(zhao)會貴(gui)公(gong)(gong)使查(cha)照(zhao),希即(ji)轉(zhuan)達(da)有關系各(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)公(gong)(gong)使,飭知駐滬領(ling)事團,遵照(zhao)辦(ban)理。是所至(zhi)(zhi)盼,須至(zhi)(zhi)照(zhao)會者(zhe)。”
在帝國主義(yi)和(he)買辦資(zi)產(chan)階級威(wei)脅利誘下,民(min)族資(zi)產(chan)階級開始動搖。6月26日(ri),商界(jie)停(ting)止罷市,破壞了(le)(le)反帝統(tong)一戰線。工人(ren)罷工堅持了(le)(le)3個多月。中國共產(chan)黨(dang)和(he)總工會為了(le)(le)保存力量(liang)和(he)鞏固已有(you)的勝利,決定停(ting)止總同盟罷工,到八(ba)九月間各業(ye)工人(ren)逐(zhu)漸復工。
自五(wu)(wu)卅慘案(an)(an)(an)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)后(hou),舉國同憤。但(dan)英國仍繼(ji)續援用武力壓迫政策。6月(yue)11日(ri)(ri)漢(han)口慘案(an)(an)(an)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng),6月(yue)13日(ri)(ri)九江(jiang)沖(chong)突(tu)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng),6月(yue)23日(ri)(ri)沙(sha)(sha)基慘案(an)(an)(an)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng),7月(yue)2日(ri)(ri)重慶慘案(an)(an)(an)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng),7月(yue)31日(ri)(ri)南京慘案(an)(an)(an)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)。其(qi)中最嚴(yan)重的(de)沖(chong)突(tu)為廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)的(de)沙(sha)(sha)基慘案(an)(an)(an)。自五(wu)(wu)卅慘案(an)(an)(an)、漢(han)口慘案(an)(an)(an)相(xiang)繼(ji)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)后(hou),6月(yue)21日(ri)(ri)香(xiang)港(gang)(gang)與廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)沙(sha)(sha)面之(zhi)華工同時總罷工,香(xiang)港(gang)(gang)重要事業多(duo)呈(cheng)停頓狀態。香(xiang)港(gang)(gang)及(ji)沙(sha)(sha)面的(de)英人且作軍(jun)事準備,以圖壓制。6月(yue)23日(ri)(ri)廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)各界7萬(wan)余人在(zai)廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)政府(fu)領導(dao)下為滬、漢(han)死難烈士(shi)開追悼會(hui),當(dang)場(chang)提出廢(fei)除不平等(deng)條約,為解(jie)決(jue)慘案(an)(an)(an)之(zhi)根本辦法。會(hui)后(hou)舉行(xing)大游行(xing),工商各界在(zai)先,學生(sheng)及(ji)黃埔(pu)軍(jun)校學生(sheng)隨(sui)后(hou),于(yu)下午3時行(xing)抵沙(sha)(sha)基對岸,當(dang)時英兵方嚴(yan)陣以待,遽向群眾射擊,同時停泊在(zai)白鵝(e)灘(tan)的(de)英兵艦(jian)也(ye)發(fa)(fa)炮(pao)助威(wei),當(dang)場(chang)死傷(shang)軍(jun)民二百余人,慘禍之(zhi)烈,過于(yu)滬漢(han)。
五(wu)卅運動沉(chen)重打擊了(le)(le)帝國(guo)主義,對中(zhong)華民(min)(min)族的(de)(de)覺醒和國(guo)民(min)(min)革命運動的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)起了(le)(le)巨大的(de)(de)推動作(zuo)用(yong),大大提高了(le)(le)中(zhong)國(guo)人民(min)(min)的(de)(de)覺悟,揭開了(le)(le)大革命高潮(chao)的(de)(de)序幕。中(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產黨在(zai)領導五(wu)卅運動的(de)(de)斗(dou)爭(zheng)中(zhong)受到(dao)很大鍛煉,培養(yang)造(zao)就了(le)(le)一大批干部,黨組織也(ye)得到(dao)極大發(fa)展(zhan),在(zai)斗(dou)爭(zheng)實踐(jian)中(zhong)總結(jie)了(le)(le)寶貴的(de)(de)經驗(yan),為(wei)以后黨領導大規模的(de)(de)群眾斗(dou)爭(zheng)奠(dian)定了(le)(le)基礎。