1925年(nian)1月(yue)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)共產黨第四次全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)代(dai)表大(da)會以后,群(qun)眾運動蓬勃發展,2月(yue)至4月(yue),上海、青島的日本紗(sha)廠(chang)工人(ren)在中國(guo)(guo)(guo)共產黨領導下,先后組織(zhi)數萬(wan)工人(ren)舉行大(da)規(gui)模(mo)罷工斗爭,取得了重大(da)勝利,同時也遭到日本帝國(guo)(guo)(guo)主義(yi)(yi)和(he)北(bei)洋軍閥(fa)的鎮壓。日本帝國(guo)(guo)(guo)主義(yi)(yi)勾結(jie)北(bei)洋軍閥(fa)政府企(qi)圖破壞工人(ren)運動,醞(yun)釀新的血腥(xing)屠殺。
5月(yue)14日(ri)(ri),上(shang)(shang)海日(ri)(ri)本紗廠(chang)工人為(wei)抗議(yi)日(ri)(ri)本資方無理(li)開除工人再度罷工,日(ri)(ri)本資本家開槍打死工人顧正紅(共(gong)產黨員),打傷10余(yu)名工人,激起(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)海工人、學生和市(shi)民的強烈(lie)憤怒。同時,在(zai)上(shang)(shang)海的帝國(guo)主義者提出有損中國(guo)主權(quan),打擊中國(guo)民族工商業的“四提案”(增(zeng)訂(ding)印刷附律,增(zeng)加碼頭捐,交易(yi)所注冊及所謂“取締重工法案”),該決(jue)定于(yu)6月(yue)2日(ri)(ri)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)海納稅外(wai)人會上(shang)(shang)通過,引起(qi)(qi)了包括民族資產階級在(zai)內(nei)的上(shang)(shang)海各(ge)階層人士的強烈(lie)反對。
5月(yue)28日(ri),中(zhong)共中(zhong)央根據(ju)運動發展形(xing)勢,及(ji)時決定進一步動員群眾開展反對帝國主(zhu)義的政(zheng)治斗爭(zheng)。
五卅(sa)(sa)慘案的(de)消息迅(xun)速(su)傳遍全(quan)國,各大(da)、中(zhong)城市紛紛罷工罷課,聲援(yuan)上海人民(min)的(de)反帝(di)斗(dou)爭。從而(er)形成(cheng)了更大(da)規模的(de)五卅(sa)(sa)反帝(di)愛國運動,嚴(yan)重打(da)擊了帝(di)國主義,大(da)大(da)提高(gao)了中(zhong)國人民(min)的(de)覺悟,揭(jie)開了大(da)革命高(gao)漲的(de)序幕。
帝國(guo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義對中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的侵略,以經濟剝削(xue)為主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),中(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)(ri)甲午戰后,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)被迫簽訂馬(ma)關條約(yue),準許日(ri)(ri)本(ben)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)各口岸設(she)立(li)工(gong)廠(chang),利用中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的原料和廉價勞工(gong)進(jin)行經濟侵略。其他列強隨之(zhi)跟進(jin),紛紛在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)各口岸設(she)立(li)工(gong)廠(chang)。日(ri)(ri)本(ben)人僅在(zai)上(shang)海一地(di)就設(she)有23家紗廠(chang),占全(quan)上(shang)海紗廠(chang)三分之(zhi)二。日(ri)(ri)本(ben)廠(chang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)對待工(gong)人非常苛刻,工(gong)人每日(ri)(ri)工(gong)作12小時以上(shang),工(gong)資每日(ri)(ri)僅一角(jiao)五分,還(huan)要(yao)扣存百分之(zhi)五儲蓄(xu)廠(chang)中(zhong)(zhong),需至工(gong)作滿十年方始歸(gui)還(huan),半途辭工(gong)者儲蓄(xu)金即被沒收。
2月,日(ri)商內外棉(mian)紗(sha)廠(chang)(chang)第(di)八廠(chang)(chang)推紗(sha)間發(fa)(fa)現一名(ming)童工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)尸首,胸部(bu)受重傷十(shi)(shi)余處,是被紗(sha)廠(chang)(chang)日(ri)籍(ji)管理(li)員用鐵棍(gun)毆打(da)(da)死亡,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)們目睹慘(can)狀,群(qun)情(qing)大憤,全體(ti)罷工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。后經(jing)上(shang)海總商會出面(mian)調停(ting)(ting),日(ri)廠(chang)(chang)主答允不打(da)(da)罵工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren),同時每(mei)兩周發(fa)(fa)放工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資一次,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)即恢復(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。5月間日(ri)本各(ge)紗(sha)廠(chang)(chang)男工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)屢(lv)起風潮,竟(jing)將男工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)盡行開除,換為(wei)女工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),這(zhe)一來引起22家工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)的大罷工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。由上(shang)海各(ge)團體(ti)調停(ting)(ting),以改(gai)良工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)待遇,發(fa)(fa)還儲金為(wei)條件恢復(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作,不料(liao)內外棉(mian)紗(sha)廠(chang)(chang)第(di)八廠(chang)(chang)又開除工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)數十(shi)(shi)名(ming),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)不服(fu),推舉代(dai)表顧正紅等八人(ren)向(xiang)廠(chang)(chang)主交(jiao)涉,在交(jiao)涉中發(fa)(fa)生爭(zheng)執,日(ri)人(ren)突然開槍射殺顧正紅,其(qi)余七人(ren)受傷,受傷工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)向(xiang)公共租(zu)界工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)局請求援助,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)局不僅不予以公平(ping)處理(li),反而(er)控以擾(rao)亂治(zhi)安罪名(ming),這(zhe)一來群(qun)情(qing)更為(wei)憤激。
從學生運動到全(quan)面(mian)的反帝愛國斗爭(zheng)。
5月(yue)22日上(shang)海(hai)各團體開(kai)會(hui)追(zhui)悼(dao)顧正紅,上(shang)海(hai)各大(da)學(xue)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)均往參加,路(lu)經公共租(zu)界(jie)時有四人被(bei)捕(bu)(bu)。于是上(shang)海(hai)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)會(hui)開(kai)會(hui),決議組織演講隊(dui)(dui),出發(fa)租(zu)界(jie)宣(xuan)傳。5月(yue)30日學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)聯合會(hui)分派多隊(dui)(dui)在租(zu)界(jie)內游行(xing)講演,當天下午,一部分學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在南(nan)京路(lu)被(bei)捕(bu)(bu),其(qi)余(yu)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)及群(qun)(qun)眾共千(qian)余(yu)人,徒(tu)手隨至捕(bu)(bu)房門口,要(yao)求釋放被(bei)捕(bu)(bu)者(zhe),英(ying)捕(bu)(bu)頭愛(ai)伏(fu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)竟(jing)下令開(kai)槍向群(qun)(qun)眾射擊,當場死學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)四人,重傷30人,租(zu)界(jie)當局更調集(ji)軍(jun)隊(dui)(dui),宣(xuan)布戒嚴(yan),任意(yi)(yi)槍擊,上(shang)海(hai)的大(da)學(xue)校竟(jing)遭封閉,這就是“五(wu)卅(sa)慘案”。慘案發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)后全(quan)國震動,北京學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)第二天即響應,全(quan)國各大(da)都市學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也先后罷課,風起云涌(yong),進行(xing)反帝國主義示威運動,民意(yi)(yi)沸(fei)騰。
當(dang)夜,中(zhong)共中(zhong)央(yang)立即召集會議,決定擴(kuo)大斗爭規模,號召上(shang)(shang)海(hai)人(ren)民舉行罷(ba)(ba)(ba)工(gong)(gong)、罷(ba)(ba)(ba)課、罷(ba)(ba)(ba)市(shi),以抗議英(ying)帝國主義的(de)(de)(de)大屠殺。在共產黨人(ren)蔡和(he)森、李(li)立三(san)、劉(liu)少奇(qi)等的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)導下,31日晚上(shang)(shang)海(hai)有組織的(de)(de)(de)20余萬(wan)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)成立了上(shang)(shang)海(hai)總(zong)工(gong)(gong)會,并選舉李(li)立三(san)為委員長(chang)。6月1日,上(shang)(shang)海(hai)全(quan)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)罷(ba)(ba)(ba)工(gong)(gong)、總(zong)罷(ba)(ba)(ba)課和(he)總(zong)罷(ba)(ba)(ba)市(shi)開始了,其中(zhong)包括20余萬(wan)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)同(tong)盟罷(ba)(ba)(ba)工(gong)(gong),5萬(wan)學(xue)生罷(ba)(ba)(ba)課,絕大部分商人(ren)參(can)加(jia)罷(ba)(ba)(ba)市(shi)。
6月7日(ri)(ri),由上(shang)海(hai)總工會(hui)(hui)(hui)、全國(guo)(guo)學生(sheng)聯合會(hui)(hui)(hui)、上(shang)海(hai)學生(sheng)聯合會(hui)(hui)(hui)和各馬路(lu)商界總聯合會(hui)(hui)(hui)推舉代表(biao),組成(cheng)“工商學聯合委員會(hui)(hui)(hui)”,提(ti)出(chu)了懲辦兇手(shou)并賠償、取消領事(shi)裁判權,永(yong)遠(yuan)撤出(chu)駐滬(hu)的英(ying)、日(ri)(ri)海(hai)陸軍等17項交涉條件(jian)。同時運動繼續(xu)發(fa)展和擴大,北京(jing)、天津、南京(jing)、青島、杭州、開封(feng)、鄭州、重(zhong)慶等全國(guo)(guo)各大城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)和幾百個城(cheng)(cheng)鎮的人(ren)民,紛紛游行示威,罷(ba)工,罷(ba)課,罷(ba)市(shi),通電,捐款(kuan),表(biao)示支援,形成(cheng)了全國(guo)(guo)規模的反(fan)帝(di)怒潮,并得到國(guo)(guo)際工人(ren)階級的支援。
6月1日(ri)北京外交部向駐(zhu)京公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)團領袖意(yi)國(guo)公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)提出抗議(yi):“為(wei)(wei)照(zhao)會事,據(ju)報告(gao)本(ben)(ben)年五(wu)月三十日(ri)上海各大學(xue)生因(yin)為(wei)(wei)學(xue)生被捕(bu)(bu)及工人(ren)(ren)受傷兩事,在公(gong)(gong)共租(zu)界(jie)(jie)捕(bu)(bu)房(fang)門首(shou)游(you)行(xing)演(yan)說(shuo),以(yi)(yi)示抗議(yi)。而捕(bu)(bu)房(fang)竟(jing)以(yi)(yi)武力(li)干涉,捕(bu)(bu)去學(xue)生四(si)(si)十余人(ren)(ren),同(tong)時擊斃學(xue)生四(si)(si)名(ming),擊傷學(xue)生六名(ming),已死二名(ming),路(lu)人(ren)(ren)受傷者十七名(ming),死亡三名(ming)等情況(kuang)。本(ben)(ben)總長(chang)得悉(xi)之(zhi)余,至(zhi)深駭異,似此(ci)(ci)不幸之(zhi)事,應(ying)請貴公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)特別注意(yi)。查該學(xue)生等,均系青年子(zi)弟,熱心愛(ai)國(guo),并(bing)不攜(xie)帶武器(qi),無論其行(xing)為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)性(xing)質如(ru)何(he),斷不能以(yi)(yi)暴徒待(dai)之(zhi)。乃捕(bu)(bu)房(fang)未曾采取適當(dang)方法,和平勸阻,遽用最激手(shou)段,實為(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)道及公(gong)(gong)理所不容(rong),自應(ying)由租(zu)界(jie)(jie)官吏完(wan)全(quan)負責(ze)。為(wei)(wei)此(ci)(ci)本(ben)(ben)總長(chang)不得不向貴公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)提出最正式(shi)之(zhi)抗議(yi),并(bing)聲明保留俟(si)查明詳情后,再提出相當(dang)之(zhi)要求,并(bing)請貴公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將前(qian)項情形(xing)轉達駐(zhu)京有關系各公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)查照(zhao),迅飭上海領事團速將被捕(bu)(bu)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)全(quan)行(xing)釋放,并(bing)就地與特派江蘇交涉員(yuan)妥商辦理,免再發生此(ci)(ci)類情事,是(shi)所至(zhi)盼,須至(zhi)照(zhao)會者。中(zhong)華(hua)民(min)(min)國(guo)外交總長(chang)沈瑞麟。中(zhong)華(hua)民(min)(min)國(guo)十四(si)(si)年六月一日(ri)。”
6月(yue)4日公(gong)(gong)使(shi)團復(fu)函竟婉拒中國(guo)之抗議,認為(wei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)當局已很寬大(da),于(yu)是北京(jing)外交部于(yu)4日再提第二次抗議:“為(wei)照會事(shi),上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海公(gong)(gong)共(gong)租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)槍擊華人一案,業經本(ben)總長于(yu)本(ben)月(yue)一日向貴公(gong)(gong)使(shi)提出抗議,并(bing)請迅飭(chi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海領(ling)事(shi)團速將(jiang)被(bei)捕之人全(quan)行(xing)釋放,并(bing)就地與特派江蘇交涉員妥(tuo)商辦理(li),免(mian)再發生(sheng)此類情(qing)事(shi)在案。乃(nai)續據(ju)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海報告,租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)捕房于(yu)本(ben)月(yue)一日復(fu)槍斃三(san)人,傷十八人,其(qi)以前被(bei)捕之人,仍未完(wan)(wan)全(quan)釋放。又據(ju)報告所有(you)傷斃之人,槍彈多(duo)(duo)從背入,巡捕無一死傷,顯系任(ren)意轟(hong)擊,毫無理(li)由(you)各(ge)(ge)等情(qing)。查公(gong)(gong)共(gong)租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)官(guan)吏出此激烈(lie)行(xing)為(wei),迫動(dong)公(gong)(gong)憤,致發生(sheng)商工各(ge)(ge)界(jie)(jie)多(duo)(duo)數(shu)罷市罷工之不(bu)良效果,似此蔑視人道,自應由(you)租(zu)(zu)界(jie)(jie)官(guan)吏完(wan)(wan)全(quan)負責。為(wei)此本(ben)總長不(bu)得不(bu)再向貴公(gong)(gong)使(shi)提出嚴(yan)重抗議,并(bing)請轉達駐(zhu)京(jing)有(you)關(guan)系各(ge)(ge)國(guo)公(gong)(gong)使(shi),迅電(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海領(ling)事(shi)團立(li)飭(chi)停止(zhi)槍擊,以免(mian)再肇慘禍(huo),是為(wei)至要,須至照會者(zhe)。”
6月6日公(gong)(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)團(tuan)答(da)復仍不(bu)著邊際,北(bei)京外交(jiao)部再于(yu)6月11日提第三次之抗議:“為照會(hui)(hui)事,接準(zhun)本月四日及六日來(lai)照,內開貴(gui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)及有關(guan)系(xi)各(ge)國(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi),深愿對于(yu)此次上(shang)(shang)海不(bu)幸之事故,與中國(guo)政府具(ju)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)和(he)平(ping)之觀(guan)念(nian),并(bing)(bing)準(zhun)貴(gui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)聲明,關(guan)于(yu)禁用武器(qi)一(yi)(yi)節,業經重(zhong)行(xing)(xing)訓令上(shang)(shang)海公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)租(zu)界捕(bu)房,以(yi)(yi)后(hou)必采恪守各(ge)等因,本總長業經閱悉。惟查當(dang)初租(zu)界官吏所采取(qu)對于(yu)學(xue)生和(he)平(ping)行(xing)(xing)動之取(qu)締辦(ban)法,系(xi)屬失當(dang),毫無疑(yi)義。又如(ru)五月三十日及六月一(yi)(yi)日等捕(bu)房之舉動,實可謂(wei)為激成(cheng)事變之肇端(duan)。因老閘(zha)捕(bu)房,既未預先鳴號,警告群眾,又非如(ru)來(lai)照所稱(cheng),該(gai)捕(bu)房處于(yu)危在俄頃,不(bu)得不(bu)用武器(qi)之境遇,竟貿然出此激烈之舉動。故欲以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)星期慘事之責任(ren),諉諸一(yi)(yi)般和(he)平(ping)行(xing)(xing)動并(bing)(bing)不(bu)攜(xie)帶武器(qi)之人,而不(bu)由租(zu)界官吏負(fu)之,本總長絕對不(bu)能承認,仍當(dang)繼(ji)續(xu)抗議。中國(guo)政府鑒于(yu)此次案(an)情之嚴重(zhong),民情之悲(bei)憤,僉以(yi)(yi)為租(zu)界官吏,至(zhi)少須自動的先行(xing)(xing)取(qu)消當(dang)地戒嚴令,撤退海軍陸戰隊,并(bing)(bing)解(jie)除(chu)商團(tuan)及巡捕(bu)之武裝(zhuang),釋放(fang)被捕(bu)之人及恢復被封(feng)與占(zhan)據各(ge)學(xue)校之原狀(zhuang),庶上(shang)(shang)海地方,得于(yu)最短時(shi)間內,自然停止(zhi)非常之狀(zhuang)態。而來(lai)照所稱(cheng)同(tong)具(ju)和(he)平(ping)之觀(guan)念(nian),亦足(zu)以(yi)(yi)資證明,以(yi)(yi)便進(jin)行(xing)(xing)交(jiao)涉。為此照會(hui)(hui)貴(gui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)查照,希即轉達有關(guan)系(xi)各(ge)國(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi),飭知(zhi)駐滬(hu)領事團(tuan),遵照辦(ban)理。是所至(zhi)盼(pan),須至(zhi)照會(hui)(hui)者(zhe)。”
在帝(di)國主(zhu)義和買辦資產(chan)階級威脅利誘下,民族資產(chan)階級開始動(dong)搖。6月26日(ri),商界(jie)停止(zhi)罷市,破壞了(le)(le)反帝(di)統一戰線。工(gong)人罷工(gong)堅(jian)持了(le)(le)3個多月。中國共產(chan)黨(dang)和總工(gong)會(hui)為了(le)(le)保(bao)存力(li)量和鞏(gong)固(gu)已有的勝(sheng)利,決(jue)定(ding)停止(zhi)總同盟罷工(gong),到八九月間(jian)各業工(gong)人逐漸復工(gong)。
自(zi)五(wu)卅慘(can)(can)案(an)(an)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)后(hou)(hou),舉國同(tong)憤。但英國仍繼(ji)續(xu)援用武力(li)壓(ya)迫政策。6月(yue)(yue)11日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)漢(han)口慘(can)(can)案(an)(an)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),6月(yue)(yue)13日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)九江沖突發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),6月(yue)(yue)23日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)沙基(ji)慘(can)(can)案(an)(an)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),7月(yue)(yue)2日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)重(zhong)(zhong)慶慘(can)(can)案(an)(an)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),7月(yue)(yue)31日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)南(nan)京慘(can)(can)案(an)(an)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。其中最嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)沖突為(wei)廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)沙基(ji)慘(can)(can)案(an)(an)。自(zi)五(wu)卅慘(can)(can)案(an)(an)、漢(han)口慘(can)(can)案(an)(an)相繼(ji)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)后(hou)(hou),6月(yue)(yue)21日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)香(xiang)港與廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)沙面之(zhi)華工同(tong)時總罷工,香(xiang)港重(zhong)(zhong)要事業多(duo)呈(cheng)停頓狀態(tai)。香(xiang)港及(ji)沙面的(de)(de)英人且作軍事準備,以(yi)圖壓(ya)制。6月(yue)(yue)23日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)各界(jie)7萬余(yu)人在廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)政府領導下為(wei)滬、漢(han)死(si)(si)難烈士開追悼(dao)會(hui),當場提出廢除不平(ping)等條(tiao)約(yue),為(wei)解決慘(can)(can)案(an)(an)之(zhi)根本(ben)辦(ban)法。會(hui)后(hou)(hou)舉行大(da)游(you)行,工商各界(jie)在先(xian),學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)及(ji)黃埔軍校學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)隨后(hou)(hou),于下午3時行抵沙基(ji)對岸(an),當時英兵方嚴陣以(yi)待(dai),遽向群眾射擊,同(tong)時停泊在白鵝灘的(de)(de)英兵艦也發(fa)炮(pao)助威,當場死(si)(si)傷(shang)軍民二(er)百余(yu)人,慘(can)(can)禍之(zhi)烈,過(guo)于滬漢(han)。
五卅(sa)運動沉重(zhong)打擊了(le)帝(di)國主義,對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民族的覺醒(xing)和國民革(ge)命(ming)運動的發展(zhan)起了(le)巨(ju)大(da)(da)的推動作用,大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提高了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國人民的覺悟,揭開了(le)大(da)(da)革(ge)命(ming)高潮的序幕。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國共產黨在領導(dao)五卅(sa)運動的斗(dou)爭(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)受到很(hen)大(da)(da)鍛煉,培養造就了(le)一(yi)大(da)(da)批干(gan)部,黨組織也得到極(ji)大(da)(da)發展(zhan),在斗(dou)爭(zheng)實踐中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總結了(le)寶貴的經驗,為以后(hou)黨領導(dao)大(da)(da)規模的群(qun)眾(zhong)斗(dou)爭(zheng)奠定了(le)基礎。