1576年2月10日(萬歷四(si)年正月十一日),毛(mao)文(wen)龍出生于浙江杭州府錢(qian)塘縣忠(zhong)孝巷。祖(zu)父毛(mao)玉山(shan),原在山(shan)西經營官鹽,后因(yin)生意需要,舉家遷往(wang)杭州。父親毛(mao)偉,棄商從儒(ru),納捐為監生,娶妻沈(shen)(shen)氏。沈(shen)(shen)家乃杭州望(wang)族,有“杭州甲族,以沈(shen)(shen)為最”之(zhi)稱。毛(mao)偉與沈(shen)(shen)氏共育四(si)子(zi),第三子(zi)夭(yao)折(zhe),余為長子(zi)毛(mao)文(wen)龍、次子(zi)毛(mao)仲龍、四(si)子(zi)毛(mao)云龍。
毛文龍(long)九歲時,毛偉病故,其母時年(nian)二十六(liu)歲,攜子依弟沈(shen)光祚居住。沈(shen)光祚是杭州名宦(huan),萬歷乙末科進(jin)士,歷仕(shi)開封府(fu)推(tui)官、山(shan)東布政使、順(shun)天府(fu)尹(yin)等職(zhi),后毛文龍(long)從軍(jun),曾(ceng)得這位母舅提攜、推(tui)薦。
毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍幼時,受(shou)母家之(zhi)影響,亦(yi)曾接受(shou)傳(chuan)統的(de)儒家正統教育(yu)“幼從學,習經生業(ye)”,但對四書五經始終不感興趣,而(er)喜讀兵法書“恥學舉子(zi)(zi)業(ye),好孫(sun)吳兵法”,因此在重文(wen)(wen)輕武的(de)明末(mo),很難取得像樣(yang)的(de)功名,也因此一(yi)(yi)直未(wei)娶(qu)。直到三十多歲成為軍官后,始歸家完(wan)婚,娶(qu)一(yi)(yi)山西(xi)士族女子(zi)(zi)張(zhang)氏為妻。張(zhang)氏不能生育(yu),后又在遼陽納一(yi)(yi)妾文(wen)(wen)氏,生子(zi)(zi)毛(mao)承(cheng)斗(dou)。遼陽被(bei)后金攻占后,文(wen)(wen)氏死于戰亂,毛(mao)承(cheng)斗(dou)被(bei)人救出(chu),送往杭州,張(zhang)氏撫之(zhi)如己出(chu)。
1605年(萬歷三十(shi)三年春(chun)),毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍過繼(ji)給(gei)遼(liao)(liao)東(dong)鞍山的伯父毛(mao)得春(chun)為(wei)(wei)嗣(si)子,遂只身北(bei)上(shang),先順(shun)道入京拜訪(fang)了母(mu)舅沈(shen)光(guang)祚,被(bei)其薦于寧遠伯李成(cheng)梁帳下,開始了在遼(liao)(liao)東(dong)的軍事生涯(ya)。當時努爾哈赤不斷兼(jian)并女(nv)真各部落,遼(liao)(liao)東(dong)形(xing)勢(shi)日漸緊張,毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍對山川形(xing)勢(shi)和(he)敵情都加意考察(cha),同年九月,參加了遼(liao)(liao)東(dong)的武舉考試,“列名第六”,被(bei)任(ren)命為(wei)(wei)安山百(bai)戶,不久又升(sheng)(sheng)千總,1608年(萬歷三十(shi)六年),升(sheng)(sheng)叆陽守(shou)備。
后(hou)(hou)來,以都(dou)司之職率(lv)兵援助朝(chao)鮮,逗留在(zai)遼東(dong)一帶,遼東(dong)失(shi)陷后(hou)(hou),從海路逃回,乘守備空虛殺死后(hou)(hou)金(jin)鎮江(jiang)的(de)守將(jiang),向巡撫(fu)王化(hua)貞做了(le)報告(gao),沒有告(gao)訴(su)經略熊廷(ting)弼,由此(ci)兩(liang)人開始有了(le)怨恨(hen)。袁(yuan)可立(li)接(jie)任登萊巡撫(fu)后(hou)(hou),加(jia)升毛文龍(long)為總兵官,逐漸加(jia)升到左都(dou)督,掛(gua)起將(jiang)軍(jun)印,賜尚方寶劍,像內(nei)地(di)一樣在(zai)皮島上設立(li)軍(jun)鎮。皮島又叫東(dong)江(jiang),在(zai)登、萊沿岸的(de)大海中,全長八(ba)(ba)十(shi)里,不生長草木,遠離海岸,靠近北岸,北岸與后(hou)(hou)金(jin)界只相隔八(ba)(ba)十(shi)里的(de)海面,他的(de)東(dong)北海就屬(shu)于朝(chao)鮮了(le)。
縱(zong)觀明代巡撫(fu)(fu)節鎮(zhen)登萊(lai),袁可立(li)是(shi)唯一從大(da)局出發(fa)長時(shi)間有(you)效(xiao)支持毛(mao)文龍的(de)登萊(lai)巡撫(fu)(fu),是(shi)前后幾任登萊(lai)巡撫(fu)(fu)中對毛(mao)文龍支持力度最大(da)的(de)一任。甚至在地震時(shi)還(huan)在向朝廷上疏(shu)請(qing)(qing)求“預籌毛(mao)帥之接濟”。天啟二年五(wu)月初(chu)二日,楊(yang)嗣昌剛上任就替袁可立(li)向皇帝(di)請(qing)(qing)餉(xiang)道:“撫(fu)(fu)臣袁可立(li)受命方(fang)(fang)新(xin),請(qing)(qing)發(fa)帑金二十萬(wan)安兵(bing)散民,似非得已。惟在圣明裁定,賜予若(ruo)干。”袁可立(li)上任不到十個月,毛(mao)文龍就被加秩進(jin)階直賜尚(shang)方(fang)(fang)劍。
袁(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)立御文(wen)(wen)龍多得牽制之功,毛文(wen)(wen)龍的主(zhu)要(yao)戰(zhan)績和榮(rong)譽都是在這(zhe)一(yi)時期取(qu)得的。袁(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)立于天(tian)啟三(san)(san)(san)年三(san)(san)(san)月(yue)十二日令沈(shen)(shen)(shen)有(you)容大(da)(da)(da)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)出海(hai),“囑以(yi)(yi)相(xiang)機進止以(yi)(yi)固榆(yu)關,以(yi)(yi)聯(lian)(lian)毛帥。”《明熹宗悊皇帝實錄》卷三(san)(san)(san)十三(san)(san)(san):“(天(tian)啟三(san)(san)(san)年)四月(yue)丁卯,平遼總兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毛文(wen)(wen)龍塘報言:‘見今各(ge)(ge)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)已兩月(yue)乏糧(liang),嗷(ao)嗷(ao)待哺,乞(qi)賜(si)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)餉接濟。’登萊(lai)(lai)巡(xun)(xun)撫(fu)袁(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)立具疏為(wei)請,且言各(ge)(ge)島守凍淮兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)已報,開洋、三(san)(san)(san)山(shan)島未發之眾亦已陸續登舟,總兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)沈(shen)(shen)(shen)有(you)容統率精銳于三(san)(san)(san)月(yue)十二日出海(hai),舳艫(lu)相(xiang)接,奴(nu)酋(qiu)膽寒。但恐(kong)糧(liang)糈(xu)匱乏,兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)難用命。乞(qi)敕該部及山(shan)東布政司將應(ying)用錢糧(liang)速(su)行給發。”彭孫(sun)貽《山(shan)中聞見錄》36頁:“巡(xun)(xun)撫(fu)袁(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)立使總兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)沈(shen)(shen)(shen)有(you)容以(yi)(yi)舟師赴島上,與(yu)毛文(wen)(wen)龍連兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)應(ying)之。”袁(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)立設計(ji)策反后(hou)金(jin)女婿劉愛塔,令毛文(wen)(wen)龍、沈(shen)(shen)(shen)有(you)容聯(lian)(lian)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)策應(ying),夜襲(xi)金(jin)州,收(shou)復(fu)旅順,連克(ke)金(jin)、復(fu)、蓋三(san)(san)(san)衛及紅嘴、望海(hai)、永(yong)寧(ning)等多堡要(yao)地,收(shou)復(fu)遼南海(hai)島疆(jiang)土千(qian)余(yu)里,后(hou)金(jin)“四衛已空(kong)其三(san)(san)(san),沿海(hai)四百余(yu)里之地奴(nu)盡棄之而(er)(er)不敢據,所余(yu)者(zhe)酉虜(lu)千(qian)人而(er)(er)已。”使登萊(lai)(lai)、旅順、皮島、石(shi)城(cheng)、寬叆等地連為(wei)一(yi)條弧(hu)線,對后(hou)金(jin)形成了一(yi)道大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)向(xiang)前延伸的屏障和包圍圈,是明清(qing)戰(zhan)爭史上僅有(you)的敢于主(zhu)動(dong)出擊叫戰(zhan)開疆(jiang)復(fu)土的戰(zhan)略(lve)進攻(gong)階(jie)段。
毛文(wen)龍在袁(yuan)可立的(de)扶(fu)持下(xia)不斷(duan)被(bei)(bei)加秩(zhi)晉階,開始(shi)恃(shi)功自(zi)傲,而其(qi)時朝官(guan)對(dui)毛文(wen)龍的(de)質疑聲浪日高。天啟三年(nian)十(shi)月,皇(huang)帝嘉(jia)獎道:“巡(xun)撫僉(qian)都(dou)御(yu)史袁(yuan)可立厥治行勞(lao)哉,賜汝(ru)朱(zhu)提文(wen)蟒。汝(ru)嘉(jia)而毛帥(shuai)驕愎不協,蠱于兵(bing),滿(man)(man)蒲、昌(chang)城襲報(bao)用敢獻(xian)功。”“乃(nai)滿(man)(man)浦、昌(chang)城之捷,謂兵(bing)不滿(man)(man)千(qian),未交一戰,不遺一矢,而使(shi)(虜)自(zi)相踐踏(ta),其(qi)被(bei)(bei)炮死者二萬(wan)有余(yu),馬(ma)之走死者三萬(wan)有余(yu),止(zhi)余(yu)真夷二萬(wan)。公(gong)(袁(yuan)可立)心(xin)頗疑之,私謂敷(fu)實而后報(bao),不失(shi)于慎。”“于是移檄東江,核其(qi)虛(xu)實。而毛帥(shuai)嫉公(gong)如仇,嗾言(yan)官(guan)尋端(duan)中之。”奉(feng)旨核查他的(de)戰報(bao)和軍餉,由此為(wei)毛帥(shuai)所忌恨。
這時忽然就(jiu)有(you)一(yi)個閹黨(dang)(dang)宋(song)禎漢茍合自己的(de)幾個同年東林人(ren)士宋(song)師襄、方有(you)度、龐尚廉等組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)利益集團利用(yong)和(he)做大(da)了(le)毛(mao)文龍(long)(long)和(he)袁可(ke)(ke)立(li)(li)的(de)矛盾,輪番惡意攻擊袁可(ke)(ke)立(li)(li),以至(zhi)于(yu)天啟皇(huang)帝看(kan)不過去,公開打抱不平切責道:“大(da)臣去留悉聽上裁(cai),言(yan)官論人(ren)當存大(da)體,不必連(lian)章摶擊。”時朝中黨(dang)(dang)派(pai)相(xiang)攻者無虛日,袁可(ke)(ke)立(li)(li)不參與黨(dang)(dang)爭公正立(li)(li)朝。他沒有(you)意氣(qi)用(yong)事,而是(shi)(shi)“力柔其(毛(mao)文龍(long)(long))骨(gu)”,勸毛(mao)“臣子(zi)勿欺”,“公(袁可(ke)(ke)立(li)(li))故奇其(毛(mao)文龍(long)(long))膽智。”他認為(wei)毛(mao)文龍(long)(long)的(de)存在事關明金戰(zhan)爭大(da)局,不是(shi)(shi)隨便找個人(ren)就(jiu)能替代的(de),最后(hou)是(shi)(shi)自己選擇了(le)“功成(cheng)(cheng)身退”,連(lian)上七疏辭官。
袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)在(zai)很大的(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)下(xia)核(he)查毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)“滿(man)浦、昌(chang)(chang)城之(zhi)(zhi)捷(jie)”的(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)報使二(er)人(ren)產生矛(mao)盾并被人(ren)發酵導(dao)致袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)下(xia)臺,對(dui)毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)、袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)大明(ming)三方都(dou)是一(yi)個(ge)全輸無一(yi)贏的(de)(de)(de)結局,甚至可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)說(shuo)自此(ci)成為遼戰(zhan)總(zong)局由盛轉(zhuan)衰的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)轉(zhuan)折點也不為過。所以(yi)即使是總(zong)體肯(ken)定毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)戰(zhan)績(ji)的(de)(de)(de)董其(qi)昌(chang)(chang)在(zai)談到袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)離(li)任(ren)(ren)登(deng)萊這個(ge)事情(qing)上(shang)(shang)對(dui)毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)也有(you)微詞(ci),至少毛(mao)(mao)在(zai)策略和(he)結果上(shang)(shang)都(dou)是全盤皆輸的(de)(de)(de)。袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)一(yi)直(zhi)為東江(jiang)毛(mao)(mao)帥(shuai)鼓與呼,募兵(bing)(bing)籌餉,殫(dan)精竭慮,直(zhi)到袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)下(xia)臺八(ba)個(ge)月(yue)后還(huan)在(zai)朝中為毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)搖旗吶(na)喊請功(gong)(gong)請餉。他說(shuo)道:“奴酋(qiu)逆天(tian)順犯,于今七(qi)載,賴(lai)毛(mao)(mao)帥(shuai)倡義屢獲奇捷(jie),大張撻伐(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)氣(山江(jiang)敘功(gong)(gong))。據所報功(gong)(gong)級解驗前(qian)后大小三十(shi)余戰(zhan),斬首共(gong)一(yi)千九(jiu)十(shi)七(qi)級,數逾上(shang)(shang)捷(jie)者共(gong)五次,總(zong)獲器械、弓箭等件共(gong)五萬。當我圣主宵(xiao)旰之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),人(ren)心危懼之(zhi)(zhi)日,海(hai)外有(you)此(ci)奇功(gong)(gong),其(qi)應陛應賞(shang)應恤之(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)兵(bing)(bing)相應敕部,行(xing)巡(xun)按御史(shi)覆(fu)勘,再為議序以(yi)侯俞旨(zhi)施行(xing)。”(王(wang)在(zai)晉《三朝遼事實錄·卷十(shi)三·甲子十(shi)二(er)月(yue)》346頁)從袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)此(ci)份題本(ben)時(shi)間天(tian)啟四年十(shi)二(er)月(yue)看,此(ci)時(shi)已經是袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)離(li)任(ren)(ren)登(deng)萊巡(xun)撫八(ba)個(ge)月(yue)后。甚至連滿(man)人(ren)在(zai)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)字獄”中編(bian)修(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)《明(ming)史(shi)》都(dou)對(dui)袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)褒貶道:“毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)居海(hai)外,屢以(yi)虛言逛(guang)中朝,登(deng)萊巡(xun)撫袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)每(mei)代為奏請。”(《明(ming)史(shi)》)可(ke)(ke)(ke)見袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)兩頭受氣,處境(jing)十(shi)分尷尬。他對(dui)毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)東江(jiang)戰(zhan)略的(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極態(tai)度并沒(mei)有(you)因為自己下(xia)臺而(er)有(you)任(ren)(ren)何改變。
袁(yuan)可(ke)立核查毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)是(shi)迫于(yu)朝官(guan)的(de)(de)壓力而(er)為,是(shi)當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)官(guan)統御(yu)武將(jiang)體制和東江軍鎮兵餉長期不足的(de)(de)一個(ge)瓶頸(jing)縮(suo)影,并沒有影響到(dao)(dao)袁(yuan)可(ke)立對毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)支持的(de)(de)初衷和遼海大反攻既定戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)。千軍易得一將(jiang)難(nan)求,袁(yuan)可(ke)立支持毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long),說到(dao)(dao)底是(shi)因為毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)能打仗,這(zhe)正(zheng)是(shi)一個(ge)戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)家的(de)(de)眼光和獨到(dao)(dao)之處,而(er)非站在遠處隔(ge)岸觀火指手(shou)畫腳之輩所(suo)能相比。袁(yuan)可(ke)立去,毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)無人能御(yu),且再想通過(guo)袁(yuan)可(ke)立這(zhe)個(ge)大神級人物(wu)合法討要(yao)糧餉以難(nan)似上青天,導致了(le)后(hou)來一系(xi)列悲劇事件的(de)(de)發生(sheng),這(zhe)可(ke)能也(ye)是(shi)毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)和當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)明廷所(suo)始料(liao)未及的(de)(de)。
袁(yuan)(yuan)可立離任(ren)僅僅半年,缺(que)乏有(you)效(xiao)調度和策應的(de)大(da)將(jiang)張盤戰(zhan)死,接(jie)著努爾(er)哈(ha)赤大(da)舉遷都沈陽,又半年孫督(du)師發生柳河(he)之敗(bai),明清軍事對峙形勢因袁(yuan)(yuan)可立的(de)離任(ren)而急轉直下。前后(hou)對比,天壤有(you)別。
朝(chao)中有識(shi)之(zhi)士對袁可立離(li)任前后(hou)(hou)遼南戰(zhan)略(lve)態勢的(de)急(ji)轉直下對毛(mao)文(wen)龍提出了質疑。《明熹宗悊皇帝實錄》卷之(zhi)六十:“天啟五年六月壬午,毛(mao)文(wen)龍孤提一(yi)旅駐(zhu)札平(ping)島,……滿浦諸戰(zhan)屢奏斬(zhan)獲,動輙(zhe)以百千計,即韓白之(zhi)智(zhi)(zhi)劉岳之(zhi)勇(yong)當(dang)不(bu)(bu)過是(shi)。去歲金州(zhou)被削旅順夫陷,數(shu)月以來絕無后(hou)(hou)著(zhu),豈先后(hou)(hou)智(zhi)(zhi)愚勇(yong)怯為兩截人(ren),與其在朝(chao)廷不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)信,其在士論不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)疑。……而(er)不(bu)(bu)虞正哲人(ren)所戒,合(he)無遣智(zhi)(zhi)膽文(wen)臣一(yi)員閱視(shi)整頓。”自袁可立下臺后(hou)(hou),明朝(chao)并不(bu)(bu)缺(que)“文(wen)臣一(yi)員”,缺(que)的(de)只是(shi)袁可立那(nei)樣的(de)節鎮良臣。
到(dao)了(le)這(zhe)個時候(hou),袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)就以閱兵(bing)為名(ming),乘(cheng)船(chuan)到(dao)達雙(shuang)島(dao),毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)前來會面。袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)同(tong)他(ta)設宴飲酒、行樂,每每到(dao)半夜才(cai)罷,毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)沒有(you)(you)覺察(cha)袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)意思。袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)同(tong)他(ta)商量更改營制,設立監司(si),毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)很(hen)不高(gao)興(xing)。袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)用離職返鄉勸說(shuo)他(ta),毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)回答說(shuo):“以前有(you)(you)這(zhe)個意思,但現在(zai)(zai)只有(you)(you)我(wo)了(le)解東部戰事(shi),等東部戰爭(zheng)完畢,朝鮮(xian)衰(shuai)弱,可(ke)以一(yi)(yi)舉而(er)占有(you)(you)。”袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)更加不高(gao)興(xing),就在(zai)(zai)六月(yue)五日這(zhe)天邀請毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)來觀看將(jiang)士(shi)(shi)們(men)射箭(jian),先(xian)在(zai)(zai)山上(shang)設了(le)帷帳(zhang),命令參將(jiang)謝尚政(zheng)等安排身穿鎧(kai)甲的(de)(de)士(shi)(shi)兵(bing)埋伏在(zai)(zai)帳(zhang)外(wai)(wai)。毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)來后,他(ta)手下的(de)(de)士(shi)(shi)兵(bing)不能進帳(zhang)里(li)來。袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)說(shuo):“我(wo)明(ming)天出發,海(hai)(hai)外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)事(shi)情全寄托在(zai)(zai)您身上(shang)了(le),請受我(wo)一(yi)(yi)拜。”互相拜見之后,一(yi)(yi)起(qi)登上(shang)山來。袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)問起(qi)他(ta)隨(sui)從(cong)軍官的(de)(de)姓名(ming),多是姓毛(mao)的(de)(de)。毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)說(shuo):“這(zhe)些人都(dou)是我(wo)的(de)(de)孫子。”袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)笑了(le),說(shuo)道:“你們(men)在(zai)(zai)海(hai)(hai)外(wai)(wai)勞苦多日,每月(yue)祿米也(ye)只有(you)(you)那么一(yi)(yi)斛,說(shuo)起(qi)來痛心(xin)呢,也(ye)請受我(wo)一(yi)(yi)拜,大家都(dou)為國(guo)家盡力。”這(zhe)些人都(dou)叩頭道謝。
袁(yuan)崇煥(huan)就(jiu)此(ci)詰問(wen)毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)幾(ji)樁違(wei)令的(de)(de)事情,毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)做了(le)對抗性的(de)(de)辯(bian)解。袁(yuan)崇煥(huan)高聲(sheng)喝斥他(ta)(ta),讓人(ren)扒下他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)帽子和袍帶(dai),把(ba)他(ta)(ta)捆(kun)了(le)起來(lai),毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)仍很倔強(qiang)。袁(yuan)崇煥(huan)說(shuo)(shuo):“你(ni)(ni)有十(shi)二(er)條該(gai)(gai)斬(zhan)頭(tou)的(de)(de)大(da)罪(zui),知道(dao)(dao)嗎?按我(wo)(wo)朝祖宗定下來(lai)的(de)(de)制度,大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)領兵(bing)在外,必須接(jie)受文(wen)(wen)(wen)官(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)監視。你(ni)(ni)在這邊一(yi)人(ren)專制,軍馬(ma)錢糧都(dou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)接(jie)受核查,一(yi)該(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。大(da)臣(chen)的(de)(de)罪(zui)沒有比欺騙君(jun)主更(geng)大(da)的(de)(de),你(ni)(ni)送上(shang)(shang)奏章全都(dou)蒙騙,殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)害投降的(de)(de)士(shi)兵(bing)和難民,假冒戰功,二(er)該(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。大(da)臣(chen)沒有自己的(de)(de)將(jiang)(jiang)領,有則必殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。你(ni)(ni)上(shang)(shang)書說(shuo)(shuo)在登(deng)州駐兵(bing)取(qu)南(nan)京易(yi)如反掌,大(da)逆(ni)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)道(dao)(dao),三該(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)餉(xiang)銀幾(ji)十(shi)萬,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)發給(gei)士(shi)兵(bing),每(mei)月(yue)只散發三斗半米,侵(qin)占軍糧,四該(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。擅自在皮島開設馬(ma)市,私自和外國人(ren)來(lai)往,五該(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。部將(jiang)(jiang)幾(ji)千(qian)人(ren)都(dou)冒稱(cheng)是你(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)同姓,副將(jiang)(jiang)以下都(dou)隨意(yi)發給(gei)布帛上(shang)(shang)千(qian)匹(pi),走(zou)卒、轎(jiao)夫(fu)都(dou)穿著(zhu)品官(guan)(guan)官(guan)(guan)服和袍帶(dai),六該(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。從(cong)寧遠返回途中(zhong),劫掠商船(chuan),自己做了(le)盜(dao)賊,七該(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。強(qiang)娶(qu)民間(jian)女子,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知法紀,部下效(xiao)仿,使(shi)得百姓不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)安于(yu)家,八該(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。驅使(shi)難民遠遠去幫你(ni)(ni)盜(dao)竊(qie)人(ren)參,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)聽從(cong)的(de)(de)就(jiu)被餓(e)死,島上(shang)(shang)白骨累累,九(jiu)該(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。用車送金子到京師,拜魏忠(zhong)賢(xian)為(wei)父,并(bing)在島上(shang)(shang)雕塑他(ta)(ta)加冕冠(guan)的(de)(de)肖(xiao)像(xiang),十(shi)該(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。鐵山(shan)一(yi)戰敗北,喪師不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)計其數,卻(que)掩(yan)敗為(wei)功,十(shi)一(yi)該(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。設鎮八年(nian)(nian),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)收復(fu)一(yi)寸土地(di)(di),坐(zuo)地(di)(di)觀(guan)望,姑息(xi)養敵,十(shi)二(er)該(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。”宣(xuan)布完后(hou),毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)喪魂失魄,說(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)出話來(lai),只是叩頭(tou)請免他(ta)(ta)一(yi)死。袁(yuan)崇煥(huan)召他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)部將(jiang)(jiang)來(lai)說(shuo)(shuo):“毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)罪(zui)狀,該(gai)(gai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)該(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)他(ta)(ta)?”大(da)家都(dou)怕(pa)得唯(wei)唯(wei)諾諾,誰敢(gan)反對?中(zhong)間(jian)有稱(cheng)道(dao)(dao)毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)數年(nian)(nian)勞苦的(de)(de),袁(yuan)崇煥(huan)訓斥說(shuo)(shuo):“毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)本是一(yi)個(ge)平民百姓罷了(le),官(guan)(guan)做得最高,全家都(dou)得以蔭封,足夠報他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)辛勞了(le),他(ta)(ta)怎(zen)么就(jiu)這樣(yang)悖亂違(wei)逆(ni)呢!”接(jie)著(zhu)就(jiu)磕頭(tou)請求皇帝(di)的(de)(de)旨意(yi)說(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)(wo)今天殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)以整(zheng)頓軍紀。將(jiang)(jiang)領中(zhong)間(jian)有和毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)一(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de),都(dou)要殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)了(le)他(ta)(ta)們(men)。我(wo)(wo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)成(cheng)功的(de)(de)話,請皇上(shang)(shang)也像(xiang)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)一(yi)樣(yang)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)了(le)我(wo)(wo)。”于(yu)是取(qu)下尚方寶劍在帳前把(ba)毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)頭(tou)砍了(le)下來(lai)。出來(lai)告訴他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)將(jiang)(jiang)士(shi)們(men)說(shuo)(shuo):“只殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)毛(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)一(yi)個(ge)人(ren),其他(ta)(ta)人(ren)都(dou)沒有罪(zui)。”
這時(shi)(shi)候,毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)麾下(xia)兇猛強悍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官兵(bing)有數萬(wan)人(ren),都怕袁崇煥(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威風(feng),沒(mei)有一(yi)個敢亂(luan)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。袁崇煥(huan)命人(ren)用(yong)棺(guan)材埋(mai)了(le)毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)。第二(er)(er)天(tian),用(yong)肉酒等祭品祭奠(dian)他說(shuo):“昨天(tian)殺(sha)你,是(shi)朝(chao)廷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法律(lv);今(jin)天(tian)我祭奠(dian)你,是(shi)出于(yu)(yu)同僚、友人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感情。”并為(wei)他落(luo)下(xia)了(le)淚。接著分撥毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士兵(bing)二(er)(er)萬(wan)八(ba)千人(ren)為(wei)四協,任(ren)用(yong)毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兒子(zi)承祚(zuo)、副將(jiang)陳(chen)繼盛(sheng)(sheng)、參將(jiang)徐敷奏、游(you)擊劉光祚(zuo)為(wei)首領。收回毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敕印(yin)、尚(shang)方寶劍,令(ling)繼盛(sheng)(sheng)代他掌(zhang)管。又(you)(you)犒(kao)勞軍士,傳檄安撫(fu)各島人(ren)民,全部(bu)廢除了(le)毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苛政。回到(dao)鎮(zhen)上以(yi)后,把毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)一(yi)事上書(shu)報告(gao)皇帝,末尾說(shuo):“毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)作為(wei)大(da)將(jiang),不是(shi)我可(ke)以(yi)擅自誅殺(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),所以(yi)我謹(jin)席橐待罪。”當時(shi)(shi)是(shi)崇禎二(er)(er)年(1624)五月。莊烈帝突然(ran)聽到(dao)這個消息(xi),大(da)吃一(yi)驚(jing),但想到(dao)毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)既已死去,當時(shi)(shi)又(you)(you)靠著袁崇煥(huan),所以(yi)就以(yi)贊(zan)揚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度下(xia)詔書(shu)褒獎他。不久又(you)(you)傳旨(zhi)公開毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)罪行,用(yong)以(yi)穩定袁崇煥(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心;毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)埋(mai)伏(fu)在京城的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爪牙(ya),也命令(ling)法司加以(yi)搜捕。袁崇煥(huan)又(you)(you)上書(shu)說(shuo):“毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)一(yi)介(jie)匹夫,不守法竟(jing)至于(yu)(yu)這種程度,是(shi)因為(wei)海(hai)外便于(yu)(yu)作亂(luan)。他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)隊連老帶幼一(yi)起算(suan)有四萬(wan)七千人(ren),假稱十(shi)萬(wan),并且中間有很(hen)多(duo)百姓(xing),兵(bing)還不到(dao)兩萬(wan),擅自設將(jiang)領千人(ren)。現在不便于(yu)(yu)再(zai)設總(zong)帥,就以(yi)繼盛(sheng)(sheng)代行其事,這樣算(suan)來是(shi)方便的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。”崇禎回答可(ke)以(yi)。
皇(huang)太極繼位(wei)后(hou)(hou),改(gai)變了(le)努爾哈赤過(guo)去的做法,重(zhong)用漢官,善待(dai)漢人(ren),后(hou)(hou)金(jin)統(tong)治(zhi)日漸穩固;不久后(hou)(hou),崇(chong)禎即(ji)位(wei),銳意遼事,但性情過(guo)急。毛(mao)文龍在(zai)此一階段改(gai)變反間策略,以(yi)投降歸順后(hou)(hou)金(jin)為餌,誘捕后(hou)(hou)金(jin)重(zhong)要官員,希望邀寵(chong)于崇(chong)禎,于是有了(le)與(yu)后(hou)(hou)金(jin)的書(shu)信往來。
董(dong)其昌:“毛文龍(long)以二百人奪鎮江,擒逆賊(zei),獻之(zhi)闕下(xia),不費國家一(yi)把鐵、一(yi)束草、一(yi)斗糧。立此(ci)奇(qi)功(gong),真奇(qi)俠絕倫(lun),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以寄邊事者!如此(ci)膽略,夫豈易得?使今(jin)有三文龍(long),奴可(ke)(ke)(ke)擄,遼可(ke)(ke)(ke)復,永(yong)芳(fang)、養性可(ke)(ke)(ke)坐(zuo)縛而釁之(zhi)鼓(gu)下(xia)矣。”
袁可立:“奴酋逆天順犯(fan),于今(jin)七載。賴毛帥倡(chang)義,屢獲奇捷,大張(zhang)撻伐(fa)之(zhi)氣。據所報功(gong)級解(jie)驗,前后大小三(san)十余戰,斬首共(gong)一千九十七級數逾(yu),上(shang)捷者(zhe)共(gong)五次,總獲器械(xie)、弓箭(jian)等(deng)件共(gong)五萬。當我圣(sheng)主(zhu)宵旰之(zhi)時,人心危懼之(zhi)日,海外有(you)此奇功(gong),其(qi)應(ying)陛應(ying)賞應(ying)恤之(zhi)官兵相應(ying)敕部,行巡按御史覆(fu)勘,再為(wei)議序,以(yi)候(hou)俞旨施行。”
陳良訓:“今日(ri)所恃海外長城者,非毛文(wen)龍者乎?”
高(gao)汝栻:“寧遠之(zhi)役,奴(nu)擁(yong)眾入犯而終(zhong)有內(nei)顧之(zhi)慮者,殆(dai)文龍(long)牽制之(zhi)力歟。”
吳(wu)惟(wei)英:“昨(zuo)夜營星色黯然,訃音忽向(xiang)路人傳。但嗟韓(han)信成擒日(ri),不見(jian)蒙恬御敵年。功業已沉沙磧雨,精靈猶鎖海門煙。好(hao)收(shou)戰骨鴟夷里,歸葬西湖岳墓邊。”
錢(qian)謙(qian)益:“鴨(ya)綠江頭建鼓旗,間關百戰壯軍威。青天自許(xu)孤(gu)忠在,赤手親擒(qin)叛(pan)將歸。夜靜舉烽連鹿島,月明傳箭過鼉磯。紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)肉食皆(jie)臣子,絕域看君(jun)臥鐵(tie)衣。”
袁可立(li):“不(bu)交一鋒,致奴死(si)二萬余(yu)人,馬三萬匹,其數(shu)終有(you)不(bu)可考。”
朝鮮備邊司:“毛將所為,不(bu)思甚矣。賊沖宣川,不(bu)過數百騎,曾不(bu)發一只箭,駢首就戮,有同群(qun)羊之見(jian)猛虎,其(qi)無膽勇,據此可想。為今計莫若藏蹤秘(mi)跡,使虜(lu)不(bu)得窺覘去留。”
柳公(gong)亮:“以其兵力觀之(zhi),似無剿胡之(zhi)勢(shi)。張晚去時(shi)結陣以見之(zhi),而軍皆疲(pi)劣。雖(sui)或見小(xiao)利而動,恐(kong)難舉大(da)事耳。”
李景稷:“毛之軍(jun)勢疲甚,其(qi)意只欲安座島中,享其(qi)富貴而已。”
薛國觀:“今歲正(zheng)月,敵傾(qing)巢入犯,雖稍挫兇鋒,而(er)攻圍屠掠逍(xiao)遙內(nei)地者(zhe)直二(er)十余日,迨(dai)班師而(er)東(dong),演沈(shen)陽,復圖再(zai)至(zhi),文(wen)龍一似不知(zhi)有牽(qian)制者(zhe)。”
潘士聞:“故智(zhi)將動有成算,勇(yong)將所向(xiang)無敵,未有翱(ao)翔海上(shang)八年(nian),未復一(yi)城一(yi)池而(er)可以言智(zhi);敵來(lai)深慝窮島(dao),敵去仍言牽制而(er)可以言勇(yong)。”
楊(yang)國棟:“設文(wen)龍于海外,原為牽制不(bu)敢(gan)西向也,數次過河,屢犯寧錦,全不(bu)知覺,牽制安在?!”
王(wang)永光:“海外之(zhi)師(shi)為牽(qian)制也,有(you)須彌島之(zhi)退,又(you)有(you)攻掠海州(zhou)之(zhi)報(bao),以牽(qian)奴者而牽(qian)于奴,文龍(long)伎倆已窮。”
姜曰廣:“其言牽制,非也,鞭長(chang)不(bu)及馬腹(fu)也。……東江之(zhi)師,非荒忽苑在,胡(hu)馬久蹴之(zhi),同鐵山盡矣。”
《李朝實錄》:“蟄居孤島(dao),徒事張(zhang)皇。”“今則(ze)徒享富貴,無意進取。識者(zhe)皆憂其終不利于中原,而為我(wo)國之(zhi)深患。”“有(you)同群羊之(zhi)見猛(meng)虎”。
談遷(qian)《國(guo)榷》:“將東江偏隅(yu)果足懾建虜(lu)之魄(po)乎?曰:非也(ye)!皮島去建虜(lu)較遠,牽制(zhi)本(ben)影(ying)響(xiang),而(er)建虜(lu)善疑(yi),得(de)略為(wei)瞻顧,或(huo)未(wei)即決計(ji)而(er)南響(xiang)也(ye)。”“漸驕(jiao)恣(zi),所(suo)上(shang)事多浮夸,索(suo)餉又(you)過多,歲百二十(shi)萬,兵二十(shi)萬,朝論多疑(yi)而(er)厭之,以身握重兵,又(you)居海島,莫能(neng)難也(ye)。”
夏允彝《幸存錄》:“但漸驕恣,所上事多(duo)浮夸,索餉又過多(duo),朝論(lun)多(duo)疑(yi)而厭(yan)之者。以其(qi)身權重兵,又居(ju)海(hai)島中(zhong),莫能難也(ye)。崇煥(huan)初斬文龍,上亦(yi)甚喜之,褒諭倍至(zhi),不嫌其(qi)矯詔。”
毛(mao)九華:“再至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)萊登(deng)(deng)(deng)則有可異焉(yan),舳舮相(xiang)望(wang)(wang),精(jing)甲耀(yao)日(ri)。又放(fang)兵(bing)(bing)四(si)掠(lve)(lve),嘯(xiao)(xiao)聚芒(mang)碭,馳(chi)驟淄墨。臣(chen),登(deng)(deng)(deng)萊人也,毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)兩至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)登(deng)(deng)(deng)郡,暗窺形勢,登(deng)(deng)(deng)萊將有不(bu)(bu)測之(zhi)憂,幸督師(shi)談(tan)笑誅(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi),以(yi)絕后(hou)患。”(全文(wen)如下:其再至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)登(deng)(deng)(deng)州,則尤(you)可異焉(yan)。舳艫相(xiang)望(wang)(wang)、精(jing)甲耀(yao)目,非王(wang)浚(jun)之(zhi)平江南戈船下瀨,豈呂蒙之(zhi)襲(xi)荊州白衣(yi)搖櫓(lu)。一時各州縣城門日(ri)閉,人心惶惶。道臣(chen)王(wang)廷試婉言遜(xun)謝,今兵(bing)(bing)卒(zu)登(deng)(deng)(deng)岸(an),殺奪(duo)之(zhi)尋端逐隙,不(bu)(bu)曰受我參(can)貂若(ruo)(ruo)干,則曰受我商人領狀若(ruo)(ruo)干,不(bu)(bu)發(fa)一文(wen),復邀至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廟島(dao),厲目相(xiang)視,五(wu)部內(nei)不(bu)(bu)知所置。幸而小船遁歸,直至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)鄉撫(fu)按急(ji)為設處,始飽欲而去。稍拂其意,即不(bu)(bu)謂文(wen)龍(long)此時遂破歷下,以(yi)開(kai)巷(xiang)攻祝阿(a)以(yi)發(fa)跡,又放(fang)兵(bing)(bing)四(si)掠(lve)(lve),嘯(xiao)(xiao)聚芒(mang)碭,馳(chi)驟淄墨圮顧(gu),登(deng)(deng)(deng)萊一帶(dai),首遭其屠戮矣!追論及(ji)此,文(wen)龍(long)之(zhi)心可誅(zhu)(zhu),而肉足(zu)食乎?)張岱《石(shi)匱書后(hou)集(ji)》:“文(wen)龍(long)僻處海島(dao),去女(nv)真遠甚(shen);揜襲(xi)戰功,以(yi)罔(wang)當寧。恐羽書不(bu)(bu)合,故急(ji)邸(di)報(bao)耳。掩(yan)飾支吾,久當自敗。毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)以(yi)幺魔(mo)小卒(zu),焉(yan)可上比鄂王(wang)!”
《明季北略》:“遼民(min)苦(ku)虐(nve)于北,時欲竄歸中(zhong)朝(chao),歸路甚艱,百計疾走,數日(ri)方抵(di)關,文龍必掩殺(sha)之,以充虜(lu)報功(gong),是其大惡。又驕恣,所上事多(duo)浮舉,索(suo)餉又過多(duo),朝(chao)論(lun)多(duo)疑(yi)而厭(yan)之,以方握重(zhong)兵,又居海島(dao)中(zhong),莫能(neng)難也。崇煥初斬文龍,上甚喜,嘉諭倍至。”
孟(meng)森《明史講義》:“毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)東江(jiang)之(zhi)兵(bing),始以朝廷(ting)無(wu)的餉而借口通商,以違禁物與敵(di)為(wei)(wei)市,敵(di)乃大(da)得其助,而崇煥治兵(bing),請管東江(jiang)之(zhi)餉,而文(wen)龍(long)拒之(zhi),以與敵(di)通市為(wei)(wei)利,又不(bu)(bu)欲以領(ling)餉而暴露其兵(bing)額也。崇煥斬(zhan)文(wen)龍(long),編制其兵(bing),核實其餉,東江(jiang)正可有為(wei)(wei),乃身即被戮,毛(mao)兵(bing)亦無(wu)所依賴,自(zi)相(xiang)屠殺,相(xiang)率降(jiang)清。論(lun)者又以此為(wei)(wei)崇煥之(zhi)罪,不(bu)(bu)以為(wei)(wei)殺崇煥者之(zhi)罪,至今尚糾(jiu)紛(fen)不(bu)(bu)已,是用揭(jie)之(zhi)。”