大(da)云山(shan)漢墓,位(wei)置在(zai)(zai)盱眙縣馬壩(ba)鎮云山(shan)村的(de)大(da)云山(shan)頂(ding),在(zai)(zai)2009年底由南京(jing)博物院考(kao)(kao)古(gu)研究所(suo)進行考(kao)(kao)古(gu)勘探(tan)與發掘,取得了重大(da)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)發現。現已確認大(da)云山(shan)頂(ding)部(bu)是(shi)漢代的(de)一(yi)座規模宏大(da)的(de)陵(ling)園(yuan),總面積達25萬(wan)平方米,考(kao)(kao)古(gu)顯示周(zhou)邊曾有(you)500米見方的(de)圍墻,里面曾經有(you)密集(ji)的(de)建筑群(qun),陵(ling)園(yuan)東門尚有(you)道路(lu)、闕基等遺跡存在(zai)(zai)。經過鑒定(ding),這是(shi)一(yi)處西漢早期的(de)規格極高的(de)夫妻同(tong)冢異(yi)穴合葬墓,墓主人是(shi)江都王劉非。
原(yuan)來這(zhe)是一(yi)(yi)處極為壯觀的(de)陵(ling)園式諸侯王級別的(de)西漢古墓(mu)(mu)群,墓(mu)(mu)園內(nei)發現有(you)大墓(mu)(mu)3座,武器坑2座,車馬坑1座,各種(zhong)等級的(de)陪(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)13座。大云山(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)(mu)正(zheng)南方2公里處為江蘇省文物保護單位“東陽城遺址”,它與小云山(shan)(shan)、青墩山(shan)(shan)三山(shan)(shan)相(xiang)連,山(shan)(shan)頂海(hai)拔73.6米,是洪澤湖東部地區的(de)唯一(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)地。自上(shang)世紀七十(shi)年代以(yi)來,在此發現很多(duo)漢墓(mu)(mu)并出(chu)土大量珍貴(gui)文物。
1號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、2號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中均(jun)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)黃腸題湊(cou)、金(jin)縷玉(yu)衣和(he)玉(yu)棺(也稱玉(yu)匣),這是(shi)漢(han)代最高級別(bie)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬。全國發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)黃腸題湊(cou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)僅14座(在江蘇,這是(shi)繼揚州(zhou)天山漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)以后第(di)二次(ci)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)黃腸題湊(cou)),全國發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)金(jin)縷玉(yu)衣僅8套(tao),全國發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)玉(yu)棺僅2具。這些漢(han)代大(da)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主皆為西漢(han)諸侯王(wang)或王(wang)后,因此,大(da)云山1號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、2號(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)主人(ren)必(bi)定是(shi)西漢(han)早期地位(wei)十(shi)分顯赫的(de)人(ren)物。
金縷玉衣
金縷玉衣
大(da)(da)(da)云山1號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)處漢(han)代大(da)(da)(da)型豎穴巖坑(keng)木(mu)槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)南(nan)北長(chang)35米、東西(xi)寬26米。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)個深塘里,當地(di)稱為(wei)龍塘,南(nan)北雙(shuang)斜坡墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道,南(nan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道長(chang)40米、寬8-21米,北墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道被(bei)開(kai)山采石(shi)(shi)破壞,殘長(chang)30米、寬12-16米。東漢(han)和(he)唐宋(song)時期(qi)這里多(duo)(duo)(duo)次被(bei)盜(dao)挖過,盜(dao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)賊盜(dao)走部分財寶(bao)后還(huan)曾放火焚燒(shao)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)木(mu)。盡管如此(ci),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)內依然可見金絲(si)(si)楠(nan)木(mu)整齊地(di)碼砌在(zai)(zai)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)室(shi)外圍,能(neng)(neng)看(kan)出每(mei)根金絲(si)(si)楠(nan)木(mu)直徑都(dou)在(zai)(zai)30厘(li)米左(zuo)右。 這種(zhong)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)槨(guo)室(shi)周圍用(yong)(yong)貴重(zhong)木(mu)材(cai)堆(dui)壘的(de)(de)框壁(bi)結構就是(shi)(shi)著名的(de)(de)“黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腸(chang)題湊”。1號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)木(mu)是(shi)(shi)梓木(mu)材(cai)質(zhi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)“金縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣”和(he)“玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)”。“玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣”也稱“玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)匣”,是(shi)(shi)漢(han)代高規格的(de)(de)殮(lian)服,外觀(guan)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)體形(xing)(xing)狀相同,是(shi)(shi)穿(chuan)戴者高貴身份的(de)(de)象(xiang)征。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以黃(huang)(huang)(huang)金絲(si)(si)線(xian)連(lian)結方(fang)形(xing)(xing)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)的(de)(de)稱為(wei)“金縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣”,用(yong)(yong)銀線(xian)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線(xian)編織玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)的(de)(de)稱為(wei)“銀縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣”、“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣”。一(yi)(yi)套(tao)“金縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣”要用(yong)(yong)兩(liang)千多(duo)(duo)(duo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)和(he)相當數(shu)量的(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)金,而且每(mei)塊玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)和(he)形(xing)(xing)狀都(dou)經過嚴密設計(ji)和(he)精(jing)(jing)細加工,因此(ci)造價(jia)十(shi)分昂貴,通常是(shi)(shi)帝王的(de)(de)專用(yong)(yong)品。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棺(guan)(guan)(guan),即(ji)在(zai)(zai)木(mu)制棺(guan)(guan)(guan)木(mu)上(shang)(shang)鑲(xiang)貼玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)之棺(guan)(guan)(guan)。1號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)外藏槨(guo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)樅(cong)木(mu),這里幸存了(le)(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)量文物,分藏在(zai)(zai)“兩(liang)層樓”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):上(shang)(shang)層是(shi)(shi)裝滿兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)馬車,下層是(shi)(shi)鐘(zhong)鼎等(deng)生活器(qi)(qi)(qi)具。隨葬(zang)兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)分為(wei)實(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)明器(qi)(qi)(qi)兩(liang)種(zhong)。明器(qi)(qi)(qi)較小(xiao),只有(you)(you)實(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)的(de)(de)幾分之一(yi)(yi)。實(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)大(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)精(jing)(jing)美,種(zhong)類(lei)有(you)(you)戟、矛(mao)、劍、鈹(pi)、錐(zhui)、弩(nu)機(ji)、箭鏃(zu)、鐵鋌、鎧甲(jia)等(deng)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)出土(tu)了(le)(le)(le)編鐘(zhong)、編磬、镈、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼎、鎏金龍首銅(tong)(tong)(tong)樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)架、錯金銀嵌玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)石(shi)(shi)瑪(ma)瑙銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鎮、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)甑、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)虎、酒筒、錢柜、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)俳優俑、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)祖、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡、帶鉤、純銀傘柄(bing)、金纓絡(luo)、紅黃(huang)(huang)(huang)綠等(deng)各(ge)色寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)、環柄(bing)包金鐵刀、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)燈、各(ge)種(zhong)精(jing)(jing)美玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶耳(er)杯、陶壺……真(zhen)可謂金、銀、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、鐵、陶、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、漆木(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)各(ge)種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)具一(yi)(yi)應(ying)俱全,禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、生活器(qi)(qi)(qi)具應(ying)有(you)(you)盡有(you)(you),幾乎(hu)把生前奢華(hua)精(jing)(jing)致(zhi)的(de)(de)生活原封不動地(di)搬到了(le)(le)(le)地(di)下宮殿中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。值得注意的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),一(yi)(yi)個箭箙(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)300支箭,而箭鏃(zu)的(de)(de)品種(zhong)竟有(you)(you)15種(zhong),幾乎(hu)涵(han)蓋了(le)(le)(le)當時遠程(cheng)射擊和(he)近(jin)程(cheng)射擊的(de)(de)所有(you)(you)箭鏃(zu)品種(zhong),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)對兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)鐘(zhong)愛和(he)專業(ye)顯而易見。2號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)與(yu)1號并(bing)列、相隔13米,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)腸(chang)題湊、金縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣和(he)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棺(guan)(guan)(guan),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)可能(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)1號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)的(de)(de)夫人(ren)(ren)。7號坑(keng)位于陵園(yuan)內東南(nan)區域,是(shi)(shi)未盜(dao)掘的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)座大(da)(da)(da)型豎穴巖墓(mu)(mu)(mu),南(nan)北長(chang)26米,東西(xi)最寬處達18米,坑(keng)內木(mu)槨(guo)保存基本完好,南(nan)北長(chang)約15米,可能(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)1號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)的(de)(de)晚(wan)輩。此(ci)外,位于陵園(yuan)北墻與(yu)西(xi)墻外的(de)(de)3號坑(keng)、6號坑(keng)內還(huan)出土(tu)了(le)(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)量明器(qi)(qi)(qi)類(lei)鐵戟、鐵劍、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)弩(nu)機(ji)、箭鏃(zu)、箭箙(fu)、盾牌等(deng)各(ge)類(lei)兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。
玉棺細部
玉棺細部
而(er)其中(zhong)出土(tu)的一件銅(tong)鈹(pi)更(geng)令(ling)人(ren)稱(cheng)奇。據介紹(shao),鈹(pi)是一種兩面帶(dai)刃,形狀似劍,裝有長(chang)柄(bing)的長(chang)兵器(qi),通常由鈹(pi)首(shou)、木柲和(he)(he)銅(tong)鐓三(san)部分組(zu)成,屬于(yu)步兵類武器(qi)。鈹(pi)在作戰時(shi)主要用于(yu)直刺和(he)(he)砍殺,盛行于(yu)春(chun)秋戰國到(dao)西漢時(shi)期(qi),西漢中(zhong)期(qi)以后逐漸消失。大云山漢墓發現的銅(tong)鈹(pi)其帶(dai)刃的前(qian)端類似短劍,長(chang)約30厘米。雖然距今至少已有2100年,但黑色的鈹(pi)身仍泛出幽暗的光芒,鈹(pi)尖和(he)(he)鋒刃似乎(hu)并(bing)沒有缺損(sun)。另外鈹(pi)身上的暗花紋(wen),更(geng)是令(ling)人(ren)嘖(ze)嘖(ze)稱(cheng)嘆。這些黑色卷云紋(wen)雖然清晰(xi)可見,但手摸上去卻很(hen)光滑,絲(si)毫感覺不到(dao)紋(wen)路的存在。
考(kao)古專家(jia)介(jie)紹(shao)說,這(zhe)叫暗(an)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen),是極(ji)少數精致的(de)劍(jian)、戈、矛上(shang)所飾的(de)菱(ling)形(xing)、米字形(xing)及火焰狀幾何裝飾,只(zhi)在(zai)春(chun)秋戰國時(shi)期(qi)吳越(yue)地(di)區所出的(de)兵器見到,是吳越(yue)青銅兵器鑄造中特有的(de)絕(jue)技。暗(an)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)技術(shu)早已(yi)失傳,再加上(shang)發(fa)現(xian)量極(ji)少,技術(shu)上(shang)對暗(an)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)尚無法完(wan)全復制(zhi),這(zhe)些花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)究竟是怎么形(xing)成的(de),如今已(yi)成謎。
大云山(shan)漢墓在(zai)盱眙縣馬壩鎮云山(shan)村的大云山(shan)頂上有個水塘(tang),當地人叫“龍塘(tang)”。南(nan)京(jing)博(bo)物院(yuan)考古研(yan)究所在(zai)2009年(nian)底開始經過(guo)近1年(nian)的考古勘探與發掘(jue),取得了重(zhong)大考古發現。
2009年初,一伙盜墓(mu)(mu)賊(zei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)云山(shan)(shan)頂部(bu)挖(wa)掘(jue)古(gu)(gu)墓(mu)(mu),連喪(sang)四條人命,驚動了當地政(zheng)府和(he)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)部(bu)門(men)。經國家(jia)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)局批準,南(nan)京博(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)院和(he)盱(xu)眙(yi)縣(xian)人民政(zheng)府投入巨(ju)資,2009年上半年開始對(dui)大(da)云山(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)(mu)進(jin)行(xing)搶救性挖(wa)掘(jue)。經過(guo)一年多的(de)(de)鉆探、發掘(jue),現已(yi)(yi)確認(ren)大(da)云山(shan)(shan)頂部(bu)原(yuan)來是漢代(dai)的(de)(de)一座規(gui)模宏大(da)的(de)(de)陵(ling)園,總面積(ji)達25萬平方米(mi),考古(gu)(gu)顯(xian)示周邊曾(ceng)有500米(mi)見(jian)方的(de)(de)圍墻(qiang),里面曾(ceng)經有密集的(de)(de)建筑群,陵(ling)園東門(men)尚有道路、闕基等遺跡存在(zai)(zai)(zai)。已(yi)(yi)發現南(nan)北走向的(de)(de)三(san)座大(da)墓(mu)(mu),還有13座陪葬墓(mu)(mu),以及武(wu)器坑(keng)和(he)車馬坑(keng)。從墓(mu)(mu)葬規(gui)模、形制(zhi)及出(chu)土文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)來看,這(zhe)是一處西(xi)漢早(zao)期的(de)(de)規(gui)格極(ji)高的(de)(de)夫妻同冢異穴(xue)合葬墓(mu)(mu)。自2010年7月中旬起(qi),考古(gu)(gu)現場(chang)連續(xu)三(san)次(ci)對(dui)外開放(fang),包括央視、江蘇衛視在(zai)(zai)(zai)內的(de)(de)全國數十家(jia)媒體聚焦(jiao)大(da)云山(shan)(shan),對(dui)此進(jin)行(xing)了大(da)量的(de)(de)連續(xu)報(bao)道,在(zai)(zai)(zai)社會上掀起(qi)了游覽大(da)云山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)熱潮,一股(gu)股(gu)人流涌入尚在(zai)(zai)(zai)考古(gu)(gu)發掘(jue)中的(de)(de)大(da)云山(shan)(shan),特別是大(da)云山(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)主身份(fen)已(yi)(yi)成為社會各界的(de)(de)熱門(men)話題。