大云(yun)山漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu),位置在(zai)(zai)盱眙縣馬(ma)壩鎮云(yun)山村的(de)(de)大云(yun)山頂(ding),在(zai)(zai)2009年底(di)由南京博物(wu)院考古(gu)研(yan)究所進行考古(gu)勘探與發掘,取得(de)了(le)重大考古(gu)發現。現已(yi)確(que)認大云(yun)山頂(ding)部是漢代(dai)的(de)(de)一座規(gui)模(mo)宏大的(de)(de)陵園,總面積達25萬平方(fang)米,考古(gu)顯示周邊曾有(you)500米見(jian)方(fang)的(de)(de)圍墻,里面曾經有(you)密(mi)集的(de)(de)建筑群,陵園東門尚有(you)道路、闕基等(deng)遺跡存在(zai)(zai)。經過(guo)鑒定,這(zhe)是一處西漢早期的(de)(de)規(gui)格極(ji)高(gao)的(de)(de)夫妻同冢異穴合葬墓(mu)(mu)(mu),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主人(ren)是江都王劉非。
原來這是(shi)一處(chu)極為壯觀的(de)陵園式諸侯王級別的(de)西漢(han)古墓群(qun),墓園內發(fa)現有(you)大(da)墓3座(zuo)(zuo),武器(qi)坑2座(zuo)(zuo),車(che)馬坑1座(zuo)(zuo),各種等(deng)級的(de)陪葬(zang)墓13座(zuo)(zuo)。大(da)云山漢(han)墓正(zheng)南(nan)方2公里處(chu)為江(jiang)蘇省文(wen)物保護單位“東(dong)陽(yang)城遺址(zhi)”,它(ta)與小云山、青墩山三山相連,山頂(ding)海拔73.6米,是(shi)洪澤湖東(dong)部(bu)地區(qu)的(de)唯一山地。自上世紀七十年代以來,在(zai)此發(fa)現很(hen)多漢(han)墓并出土大(da)量珍貴文(wen)物。
1號墓(mu)、2號墓(mu)中均發(fa)現(xian)(xian)黃(huang)腸(chang)題湊(cou)、金縷玉(yu)衣(yi)和玉(yu)棺(也(ye)稱玉(yu)匣),這(zhe)是漢(han)(han)代(dai)(dai)最高級別的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)葬(zang)。全(quan)(quan)國(guo)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)腸(chang)題湊(cou)墓(mu)僅(jin)14座(在江(jiang)蘇(su),這(zhe)是繼(ji)揚州天山漢(han)(han)墓(mu)以(yi)后(hou)第二(er)次發(fa)現(xian)(xian)黃(huang)腸(chang)題湊(cou)),全(quan)(quan)國(guo)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)金縷玉(yu)衣(yi)僅(jin)8套,全(quan)(quan)國(guo)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)棺僅(jin)2具(ju)。這(zhe)些(xie)漢(han)(han)代(dai)(dai)大墓(mu)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)主皆為(wei)西(xi)漢(han)(han)諸侯王或王后(hou),因此(ci),大云山1號墓(mu)、2號墓(mu)的(de)(de)(de)主人必定是西(xi)漢(han)(han)早期(qi)地位十分顯赫的(de)(de)(de)人物。
金縷玉衣
金縷玉衣
大云山(shan)1號(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一處(chu)漢(han)代大型豎穴巖坑(keng)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)槨墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室南北(bei)(bei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)35米(mi)、東(dong)西(xi)寬26米(mi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室在(zai)(zai)一個(ge)深塘里,當(dang)(dang)地(di)稱(cheng)為(wei)龍塘,南北(bei)(bei)雙斜坡(po)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao),南墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)40米(mi)、寬8-21米(mi),北(bei)(bei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)被開山(shan)采石(shi)破壞,殘長(chang)(chang)(chang)30米(mi)、寬12-16米(mi)。東(dong)漢(han)和(he)唐(tang)宋(song)時期這里多次被盜挖過,盜墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)賊盜走部分財寶(bao)(bao)后還曾放火焚燒(shao)棺(guan)(guan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。盡(jin)管(guan)如此,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室內依然可見金(jin)(jin)(jin)絲楠木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)整齊地(di)碼砌在(zai)(zai)棺(guan)(guan)室外(wai)圍,能看出(chu)每(mei)根金(jin)(jin)(jin)絲楠木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)直徑都在(zai)(zai)30厘米(mi)左右。 這種在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)槨室周圍用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)貴(gui)重(zhong)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)材堆(dui)壘的(de)(de)(de)(de)框壁結(jie)構就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)“黃(huang)(huang)腸題(ti)湊”。1號(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)棺(guan)(guan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)梓木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)材質,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)“金(jin)(jin)(jin)縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣(yi)”和(he)“玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棺(guan)(guan)”。“玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣(yi)”也(ye)稱(cheng)“玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)匣”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)漢(han)代高規格的(de)(de)(de)(de)殮服,外(wai)觀與人體(ti)形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)相(xiang)同(tong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)穿(chuan)戴者高貴(gui)身份(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)象征。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)以黃(huang)(huang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)絲線(xian)(xian)連結(jie)方形(xing)(xing)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)為(wei)“金(jin)(jin)(jin)縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣(yi)”,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)銀(yin)線(xian)(xian)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)線(xian)(xian)編織玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)為(wei)“銀(yin)縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣(yi)”、“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣(yi)”。一套“金(jin)(jin)(jin)縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣(yi)”要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)兩(liang)千(qian)多玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)和(he)相(xiang)當(dang)(dang)數(shu)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)金(jin)(jin)(jin),而且每(mei)塊玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)和(he)形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)都經過嚴密設(she)計和(he)精(jing)(jing)細加工,因此造價十分昂(ang)貴(gui),通常是(shi)(shi)(shi)帝王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棺(guan)(guan),即在(zai)(zai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)制棺(guan)(guan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)上鑲貼玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)之(zhi)棺(guan)(guan)。1號(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)藏(zang)槨用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)樅木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),這里幸(xing)存了(le)(le)大量文(wen)物,分藏(zang)在(zai)(zai)“兩(liang)層(ceng)樓”中(zhong)(zhong):上層(ceng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)裝滿兵器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)車,下(xia)層(ceng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)鐘(zhong)鼎等(deng)生(sheng)活器(qi)(qi)具。隨(sui)葬(zang)兵器(qi)(qi)分為(wei)實用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)和(he)明(ming)器(qi)(qi)兩(liang)種。明(ming)器(qi)(qi)較小(xiao),只有實用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)真實大小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾分之(zhi)一。實用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)兵器(qi)(qi)大多精(jing)(jing)美,種類(lei)有戟、矛、劍(jian)、鈹(pi)、錐、弩機(ji)(ji)、箭(jian)鏃(zu)、鐵(tie)(tie)鋌、鎧甲等(deng)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)還出(chu)土(tu)了(le)(le)編鐘(zhong)、編磬、镈、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鼎、鎏(liu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)龍首銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)樂器(qi)(qi)架、錯金(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin)嵌玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)石(shi)瑪瑙(nao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鎮、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)甑、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)虎、酒(jiu)筒、錢柜、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)俳優(you)俑、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)祖、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡、帶(dai)鉤、純銀(yin)傘柄(bing)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)纓絡、紅黃(huang)(huang)綠等(deng)各色(se)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)、環柄(bing)包(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)鐵(tie)(tie)刀、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)燈、各種精(jing)(jing)美玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)、陶耳杯、陶壺……真可謂金(jin)(jin)(jin)、銀(yin)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、鐵(tie)(tie)、陶、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、漆木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)各種器(qi)(qi)具一應(ying)(ying)俱(ju)全,禮器(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)、生(sheng)活器(qi)(qi)具應(ying)(ying)有盡(jin)有,幾乎(hu)把生(sheng)前奢華精(jing)(jing)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活原封不動地(di)搬到了(le)(le)地(di)下(xia)宮殿中(zhong)(zhong)。值得(de)注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi),一個(ge)箭(jian)箙(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)有300支箭(jian),而箭(jian)鏃(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)種竟有15種,幾乎(hu)涵蓋了(le)(le)當(dang)(dang)時遠程射擊(ji)(ji)和(he)近程射擊(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)所有箭(jian)鏃(zu)品(pin)種,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)人對兵器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐘(zhong)愛(ai)和(he)專業顯而易見。2號(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)與1號(hao)(hao)并列、相(xiang)隔13米(mi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)發(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)黃(huang)(huang)腸題(ti)湊、金(jin)(jin)(jin)縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣(yi)和(he)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棺(guan)(guan),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)可能是(shi)(shi)(shi)1號(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)夫(fu)人。7號(hao)(hao)坑(keng)位于陵(ling)園(yuan)內東(dong)南區(qu)域,是(shi)(shi)(shi)未(wei)盜掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一座大型豎穴巖墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),南北(bei)(bei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)26米(mi),東(dong)西(xi)最寬處(chu)達18米(mi),坑(keng)內木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)槨保存基本完好,南北(bei)(bei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)15米(mi),可能是(shi)(shi)(shi)1號(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)晚輩。此外(wai),位于陵(ling)園(yuan)北(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)與西(xi)墻(qiang)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)3號(hao)(hao)坑(keng)、6號(hao)(hao)坑(keng)內還出(chu)土(tu)了(le)(le)大量明(ming)器(qi)(qi)類(lei)鐵(tie)(tie)戟、鐵(tie)(tie)劍(jian)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)弩機(ji)(ji)、箭(jian)鏃(zu)、箭(jian)箙(fu)、盾(dun)牌等(deng)各類(lei)兵器(qi)(qi)。
玉棺細部
玉棺細部
而其中(zhong)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)件銅(tong)鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)更令(ling)(ling)人稱(cheng)奇。據(ju)介紹,鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)是一(yi)(yi)種兩面(mian)帶(dai)刃,形(xing)狀似劍,裝(zhuang)有長(chang)柄的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)兵(bing)器(qi),通常由鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)首、木(mu)柲和(he)銅(tong)鐓三部分組成(cheng),屬于步兵(bing)類武器(qi)。鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)在作戰(zhan)時主要用于直刺(ci)和(he)砍殺,盛行于春秋戰(zhan)國到西漢(han)時期(qi),西漢(han)中(zhong)期(qi)以后逐(zhu)漸消失。大云山漢(han)墓發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)其帶(dai)刃的(de)(de)(de)前端(duan)類似短劍,長(chang)約30厘米。雖(sui)然距今至少已(yi)有2100年,但(dan)黑(hei)色的(de)(de)(de)鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)身仍泛(fan)出幽暗的(de)(de)(de)光芒(mang),鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)尖和(he)鋒刃似乎并(bing)沒有缺損(sun)。另外鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)身上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)暗花(hua)紋(wen),更是令(ling)(ling)人嘖嘖稱(cheng)嘆。這(zhe)些黑(hei)色卷云紋(wen)雖(sui)然清晰可見,但(dan)手摸上(shang)去卻很光滑,絲(si)毫感(gan)覺不到紋(wen)路的(de)(de)(de)存在。
考古專(zhuan)家介紹(shao)說,這叫暗(an)花紋(wen)(wen),是極少數精致的劍、戈、矛上所飾的菱形、米字形及火(huo)焰狀幾何裝飾,只在春秋戰(zhan)國(guo)時期吳越(yue)地區(qu)所出的兵器(qi)見到,是吳越(yue)青銅兵器(qi)鑄(zhu)造(zao)中(zhong)特有的絕(jue)技。暗(an)花紋(wen)(wen)技術早已失傳,再加上發現(xian)量極少,技術上對暗(an)花紋(wen)(wen)尚無法完全復制,這些花紋(wen)(wen)究竟是怎么形成的,如今已成謎。
大云(yun)(yun)山漢(han)墓在盱眙縣馬(ma)壩鎮云(yun)(yun)山村的大云(yun)(yun)山頂(ding)上(shang)有個水塘,當地人(ren)叫“龍塘”。南京博(bo)物(wu)院考古研究所(suo)在2009年底開始(shi)經過近1年的考古勘探與(yu)發掘(jue),取(qu)得(de)了(le)重大考古發現。
2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)初,一(yi)(yi)伙盜墓(mu)賊在(zai)大(da)(da)云山(shan)頂部挖掘(jue)古(gu)墓(mu),連喪(sang)四條人(ren)(ren)命(ming),驚動(dong)了當地(di)政府(fu)和(he)(he)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)部門(men)。經國家文(wen)物(wu)(wu)局(ju)批準,南京(jing)博物(wu)(wu)院和(he)(he)盱(xu)眙縣人(ren)(ren)民(min)政府(fu)投入(ru)(ru)巨(ju)資(zi),2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)上(shang)半年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始對大(da)(da)云山(shan)漢墓(mu)進行(xing)搶救性挖掘(jue)。經過一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)多的(de)(de)鉆探、發(fa)掘(jue),現已確認(ren)大(da)(da)云山(shan)頂部原來是(shi)漢代的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)座規模宏大(da)(da)的(de)(de)陵園(yuan),總面積(ji)達25萬平(ping)方米(mi),考古(gu)顯示周邊曾有500米(mi)見方的(de)(de)圍墻,里面曾經有密集的(de)(de)建筑(zhu)群(qun),陵園(yuan)東(dong)門(men)尚有道路(lu)、闕基等遺(yi)跡存在(zai)。已發(fa)現南北走向的(de)(de)三座大(da)(da)墓(mu),還有13座陪葬(zang)墓(mu),以及(ji)武器坑(keng)和(he)(he)車馬坑(keng)。從墓(mu)葬(zang)規模、形制及(ji)出土文(wen)物(wu)(wu)來看,這是(shi)一(yi)(yi)處西漢早期的(de)(de)規格極高的(de)(de)夫妻(qi)同冢異穴(xue)合葬(zang)墓(mu)。自2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)7月中旬起,考古(gu)現場連續(xu)三次(ci)對外開放,包括央視、江蘇衛視在(zai)內的(de)(de)全國數十家媒體聚(ju)焦大(da)(da)云山(shan),對此進行(xing)了大(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)連續(xu)報道,在(zai)社(she)會(hui)上(shang)掀起了游覽(lan)大(da)(da)云山(shan)的(de)(de)熱潮,一(yi)(yi)股股人(ren)(ren)流涌入(ru)(ru)尚在(zai)考古(gu)發(fa)掘(jue)中的(de)(de)大(da)(da)云山(shan),特(te)別是(shi)大(da)(da)云山(shan)漢墓(mu)的(de)(de)墓(mu)主(zhu)身份(fen)已成(cheng)為社(she)會(hui)各界的(de)(de)熱門(men)話題(ti)。