2001年4月(yue)中(zhong)旬至5月(yue)初,由湖北(bei)省文(wen)物考古(gu)研究所主持(chi),荊門市(shi)(shi)和鐘(zhong)祥市(shi)(shi)的文(wen)物考古(gu)工作者參(can)加,共同對鐘(zhong)祥市(shi)(shi)長灘(tan)鎮大洪村梁莊王(wang)墓(mu)進行了發(fa)掘。發(fa)掘表明(ming),該墓(mu)是(shi)一座王(wang)與(yu)妃(fei)的合葬墓(mu),有其獨特的葬俗(su),墓(mu)內隨葬品十分豐富。據初步統計,隨葬品有金、銀、玉(yu)、(珠)寶石(shi)、銅、鐵、鉛(qian)錫、瓷、陶、漆(qi)木、石(shi)、骨角器(qi)(qi)等共計5300余(yu)(yu)件(jian),其中(zhong)金、銀、玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)有1400余(yu)(yu)件(jian),珠飾寶石(shi)則(ze)多達(da)3400余(yu)(yu)件(jian)。一墓(mu)隨葬如此大量的金銀珠寶,在(zai)已發(fa)現的明(ming)代(dai)親(qin)王(wang)墓(mu)中(zhong)未見,僅次于明(ming)代(dai)皇(huang)陵(ling)——定陵(ling),是(shi)繼定陵(ling)之后的又(you)一明(ming)代(dai)重要考古(gu)發(fa)現。
梁(liang)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)原筑(zhu)有內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)塋園(yuan)、園(yuan)內(nei)(nei)地(di)(di)面(mian)建(jian)筑(zhu)和(he)地(di)(di)宮,歷經滄桑,現(xian)(xian)存只(zhi)(zhi)有地(di)(di)宮、內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)塋園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)半部(bu)基址,園(yuan)內(nei)(nei)地(di)(di)面(mian)建(jian)筑(zhu)蕩然(ran)無存,惟(wei)遍(bian)地(di)(di)散布的(de)(de)(de)殘磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)敗瓦表(biao)(biao)明它們曾經有過的(de)(de)(de)輝煌。內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)塋園(yuan)長方形,南北(bei)(bei)向。現(xian)(xian)存外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)園(yuan)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)寬(kuan)250米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),內(nei)(nei)園(yuan)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)寬(kuan)55米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。內(nei)(nei)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)塋垣(yuan)(yuan)基址的(de)(de)(de)解剖證明,外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)垣(yuan)(yuan)寬(kuan)1.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),是石(shi)(shi)(shi)皮(pi)土(tu)心(xin)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(即以(yi)大小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)不等的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)石(shi)(shi)(shi)塊壘成內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)兩(liang)(liang)堵(du)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),再用土(tu)充填(tian)其(qi)間),并培土(tu)作(zuo)護(hu)坡(po)(po);內(nei)(nei)垣(yuan)(yuan)寬(kuan)1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),是磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)皮(pi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)心(xin)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(以(yi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)兩(liang)(liang)堵(du)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),其(qi)間充填(tian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)塊),也培土(tu)作(zuo)護(hu)坡(po)(po)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(地(di)(di)宮)構筑(zhu)在內(nei)(nei)塋園(yuan)里的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)山坡(po)(po)上(shang),南北(bei)(bei)向,平(ping)面(mian)呈(cheng)“中(zhong)(zhong)”字形,屬崖洞磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),設有封土(tu)堆,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)南端(duan)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條斜(xie)(xie)坡(po)(po)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)豎(shu)穴式,其(qi)底南高(gao)北(bei)(bei)低斜(xie)(xie)坡(po)(po)狀,平(ping)長10.6、口最寬(kuan)4.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),北(bei)(bei)端(duan)底距地(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)深7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。修筑(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)是從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)北(bei)(bei)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)垂(chui)直(zhi)壁(bi)面(mian)向北(bei)(bei)鑿巖(yan)掘進,形成隧洞,再在洞內(nei)(nei)用磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)成墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi),粘合(he)料是石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)分為前(qian)(qian)(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)后室(shi)(shi)(shi),橫前(qian)(qian)(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi),雙(shuang)穹窿頂,前(qian)(qian)(qian)、后室(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)設一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)雙(shuang)扇門(men)和(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)空全長15.4、最寬(kuan)7.88、高(gao)5.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)填(tian)土(tu)分五層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng):第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)精選(xuan)運來的(de)(de)(de)土(tu),未夯(hang);第(di)二和(he)四層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),第(di)三和(he)五層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)則(ze)系(xi)原坑紅褚巖(yan),均經夯(hang)實。鑿洞為室(shi)(shi)(shi)所掏(tao)出的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)石(shi)(shi)(shi),最后回填(tian)成封土(tu)堆,高(gao)約(yue)9、底徑約(yue)50米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。門(men)洞為六(liu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)券,封門(men)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)厚達(da)1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。券洞頂之上(shang),砌(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)堵(du)擋土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),直(zhi)達(da)第(di)二層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)底。此(ci)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)頭外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)加砌(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)堵(du)高(gao)1.17米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)碑(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),碑(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)腳壓在第(di)四層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)上(shang)。此(ci)碑(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)嵌石(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)兩(liang)(liang)合(he),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)并列:東(dong)邊的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)較大,是《梁(liang)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)》墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi);西(xi)(xi)(xi)邊的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)較小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),是《大明梁(liang)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)王妃(fei)壙(kuang)志(zhi)文》。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體厚近1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),以(yi)六(liu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)成,地(di)(di)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)則(ze)只(zhi)(zhi)平(ping)鋪一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。前(qian)(qian)(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)為石(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi),但只(zhi)(zhi)有東(dong)扇門(men),西(xi)(xi)(xi)扇門(men)已(yi)佚(yi),門(men)后的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)面(mian)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個長方形凹坑,是用來支墊“自來石(shi)(shi)(shi)”的(de)(de)(de)。后室(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)為漆(qi)木質(zhi)(zhi),已(yi)朽。后室(shi)(shi)(shi)設有壁(bi)龕(kan)、棺床和(he)燈臺(tai):室(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)砌(qi)兩(liang)(liang)座長方形棺床,中(zhong)(zhong)央用石(shi)(shi)(shi)條砌(qi)成的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座是為王的(de)(de)(de)棺床;其(qi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)側以(yi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)接(jie)砌(qi)的(de)(de)(de)略(lve)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座則(ze)系(xi)妃(fei)的(de)(de)(de)棺床。甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)(liang)側各(ge)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)燈臺(tai),東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)、北(bei)(bei)壁(bi)各(ge)辟(pi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個壁(bi)龕(kan)。后室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)穹窿頂有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)處(chu)被(bei)盜墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分子(zi)炸陷而未垮塌的(de)(de)(de)盜洞,說明盜墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分子(zi)未曾進入墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)。
明梁莊王(wang)墓(mu)是(shi)明仁宗朱高熾的(de)(de)(de)第九個兒子朱瞻(zhan)垍與魏妃的(de)(de)(de)合葬墓(mu),出土金器、玉器、瓷器等(deng)5300余件(jian),出土文物各種鑲嵌的(de)(de)(de)寶石(shi)有700多顆,是(shi)中國已發掘明代(dai)親(qin)王(wang)墓(mu)中等(deng)級最高的(de)(de)(de)一次,隨葬物品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)豐(feng)富與精美僅(jin)次于明十三陵中的(de)(de)(de)定陵。
展出的金(jin)(jin)(jin)鑲(xiang)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)帶(dai)(dai)帶(dai)(dai)銙(kua)、云(yun)形(xing)金(jin)(jin)(jin)累(lei)絲鑲(xiang)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)簪(zan)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)累(lei)絲鑲(xiang)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)青玉鏤空雙鸞鳥牡(mu)丹簪(zan)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)鑲(xiang)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)絳環(huan)等(deng),其上鑲(xiang)嵌(qian)的紅寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)、藍(lan)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)、祖母綠(lv)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)綠(lv)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)綠(lv)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)貓眼、石(shi)英貓眼等(deng)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)近百(bai)顆(ke)。在金(jin)(jin)(jin)鑲(xiang)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)帽頂上,鑲(xiang)嵌(qian)一顆(ke)約200克拉的橄欖形(xing)無色藍(lan)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi),是目前發現最大的藍(lan)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)。
據初步統(tong)計(ji),墓內的隨葬(zang)器(qi)(qi)物共計(ji)5340余件,其(qi)中金(jin)、銀、玉器(qi)(qi)和(he)珠飾寶石(shi)有(you)4800余件粗略計(ji)算(suan),這(zhe)些(xie)珍(zhen)寶所使用(yong)的金(jin)量達(da)到16公斤(jin),用(yong)銀量達(da)到13公斤(jin),用(yong)玉量達(da)到14公斤(jin),出土的寶石(shi)700多(duo)(duo)顆,它(ta)們保存完好,燦燦生輝,可謂金(jin)玉滿(man)堂,珠光寶氣。這(zhe)批(pi)金(jin)銀玉器(qi)(qi)既有(you)單(dan)件成器(qi)(qi)的,也(ye)有(you)由多(duo)(duo)飾件組(zu)成一器(qi)(qi)的,型(xing)式多(duo)(duo)樣。 梁莊王墓的發掘,使大批(pi)珍(zhen)貴(gui)文物重見天日,也(ye)提(ti)出了一些(xie)新(xin)的研(yan)究課題。目前,只完成了室內整理的第一階段工(gong)作,即(ji)將開始全面的整理工(gong)作。