2001年4月(yue)中旬(xun)至(zhi)5月(yue)初,由湖(hu)北省(sheng)文物考古研究所主(zhu)持(chi),荊(jing)門(men)市(shi)和鐘(zhong)祥市(shi)的(de)文物考古工作者(zhe)參加,共(gong)同對(dui)鐘(zhong)祥市(shi)長灘鎮大洪村梁莊(zhuang)王(wang)墓進行了發掘(jue)。發掘(jue)表明,該墓是(shi)一(yi)座王(wang)與妃的(de)合葬(zang)(zang)墓,有其獨特的(de)葬(zang)(zang)俗(su),墓內隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品十分豐(feng)富。據初步統計,隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品有金、銀(yin)、玉(yu)、(珠(zhu)(zhu))寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)、銅、鐵、鉛(qian)錫(xi)、瓷、陶、漆木、石(shi)(shi)、骨角器(qi)等共(gong)計5300余(yu)件,其中金、銀(yin)、玉(yu)器(qi)有1400余(yu)件,珠(zhu)(zhu)飾寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)則多達3400余(yu)件。一(yi)墓隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)如此大量的(de)金銀(yin)珠(zhu)(zhu)寶(bao),在已發現(xian)的(de)明代親王(wang)墓中未見,僅次于明代皇陵——定陵,是(shi)繼定陵之(zhi)后(hou)的(de)又一(yi)明代重要考古發現(xian)。
梁(liang)莊(zhuang)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)原筑有內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)塋(ying)園、園內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)建(jian)筑和(he)(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)宮,歷經滄桑,現(xian)存(cun)(cun)只有地(di)(di)(di)(di)宮、內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)塋(ying)園的(de)(de)北(bei)半部基(ji)址,園內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)建(jian)筑蕩然無(wu)存(cun)(cun),惟(wei)遍地(di)(di)(di)(di)散布的(de)(de)殘(can)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)敗瓦表(biao)明(ming)(ming)它們曾經有過的(de)(de)輝煌。內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)塋(ying)園長(chang)方形(xing),南北(bei)向(xiang)。現(xian)存(cun)(cun)外(wai)(wai)(wai)園東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)寬(kuan)250米(mi)(mi),內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)園東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)寬(kuan)55米(mi)(mi)。內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)塋(ying)垣基(ji)址的(de)(de)解剖(pou)證明(ming)(ming),外(wai)(wai)(wai)垣寬(kuan)1.3米(mi)(mi),是(shi)石(shi)(shi)皮(pi)土心墻(qiang)(即以大小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)不等的(de)(de)自然石(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)壘成(cheng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)兩堵墻(qiang),再用土充填(tian)(tian)其(qi)間),并培(pei)土作護坡(po)(po)(po);內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)垣寬(kuan)1米(mi)(mi),是(shi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)皮(pi)石(shi)(shi)心墻(qiang)(以磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)兩堵墻(qiang),其(qi)間充填(tian)(tian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)),也培(pei)土作護坡(po)(po)(po)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(地(di)(di)(di)(di)宮)構筑在(zai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)塋(ying)園里的(de)(de)一(yi)座小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)山坡(po)(po)(po)上(shang),南北(bei)向(xiang),平(ping)面(mian)呈“中”字形(xing),屬崖洞磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),設(she)(she)有封(feng)土堆,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)南端有一(yi)條斜坡(po)(po)(po)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)豎穴式,其(qi)底(di)南高北(bei)低斜坡(po)(po)(po)狀,平(ping)長(chang)10.6、口最寬(kuan)4.3米(mi)(mi),北(bei)端底(di)距地(di)(di)(di)(di)表(biao)深(shen)7米(mi)(mi)。修筑墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)北(bei)端的(de)(de)垂直壁面(mian)向(xiang)北(bei)鑿巖(yan)掘(jue)進(jin),形(xing)成(cheng)隧洞,再在(zai)洞內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)用磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)(qi)成(cheng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),粘合(he)料(liao)是(shi)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)為(wei)前(qian)(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)后(hou)(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),橫前(qian)(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),雙(shuang)穹(qiong)窿頂(ding),前(qian)(qian)、后(hou)(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各設(she)(she)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)雙(shuang)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)門(men)和(he)(he)(he)一(yi)條甬道(dao)(dao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)空全長(chang)15.4、最寬(kuan)7.88、高5.3米(mi)(mi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)填(tian)(tian)土分(fen)五(wu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng):第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)精選運(yun)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)土,未夯;第(di)(di)(di)二和(he)(he)(he)四層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),第(di)(di)(di)三(san)和(he)(he)(he)五(wu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)則(ze)系(xi)原坑紅褚巖(yan),均經夯實。鑿洞為(wei)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)掏出的(de)(de)土石(shi)(shi),最后(hou)(hou)(hou)回填(tian)(tian)成(cheng)封(feng)土堆,高約(yue)9、底(di)徑約(yue)50米(mi)(mi)。門(men)洞為(wei)六層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)券,封(feng)門(men)墻(qiang)厚(hou)達1米(mi)(mi)。券洞頂(ding)之(zhi)上(shang),砌(qi)(qi)一(yi)堵擋土墻(qiang),直達第(di)(di)(di)二層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)底(di)。此(ci)墻(qiang)頭(tou)外(wai)(wai)(wai)加(jia)砌(qi)(qi)一(yi)堵高1.17米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)碑(bei)墻(qiang),碑(bei)墻(qiang)腳壓在(zai)第(di)(di)(di)四層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)上(shang)。此(ci)碑(bei)墻(qiang)嵌石(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志兩合(he),東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)并列:東(dong)(dong)(dong)邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志較大,是(shi)《梁(liang)莊(zhuang)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)》墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志;西(xi)(xi)(xi)邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志較小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),是(shi)《大明(ming)(ming)梁(liang)莊(zhuang)王(wang)妃(fei)壙志文(wen)》。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墻(qiang)體厚(hou)近(jin)1米(mi)(mi),以六層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)(qi)成(cheng),地(di)(di)(di)(di)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)則(ze)只平(ping)鋪一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。前(qian)(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi),但只有東(dong)(dong)(dong)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)門(men),西(xi)(xi)(xi)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)門(men)已佚,門(men)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)面(mian)有一(yi)個(ge)(ge)長(chang)方形(xing)凹坑,是(shi)用來(lai)(lai)支墊(dian)“自來(lai)(lai)石(shi)(shi)”的(de)(de)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)為(wei)漆木質(zhi)(zhi),已朽。后(hou)(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)有壁龕、棺(guan)床和(he)(he)(he)燈臺(tai):室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中砌(qi)(qi)兩座長(chang)方形(xing)棺(guan)床,中央(yang)用石(shi)(shi)條砌(qi)(qi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)一(yi)座是(shi)為(wei)王(wang)的(de)(de)棺(guan)床;其(qi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)側(ce)以磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)接砌(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)略小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)一(yi)座則(ze)系(xi)妃(fei)的(de)(de)棺(guan)床。甬道(dao)(dao)兩側(ce)各有一(yi)個(ge)(ge)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)(qi)燈臺(tai),東(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)、北(bei)壁各辟一(yi)個(ge)(ge)壁龕。后(hou)(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)穹(qiong)窿頂(ding)有一(yi)處被盜(dao)(dao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)子(zi)炸陷而未垮塌(ta)的(de)(de)盜(dao)(dao)洞,說明(ming)(ming)盜(dao)(dao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)子(zi)未曾進(jin)入(ru)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)。
明(ming)梁莊王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)是(shi)明(ming)仁宗朱高熾的(de)第九(jiu)個兒子朱瞻垍與魏妃的(de)合葬墓(mu)(mu),出土金器、玉器、瓷器等5300余件,出土文物各種鑲嵌的(de)寶(bao)石有700多顆,是(shi)中國已發掘明(ming)代(dai)親王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)中等級(ji)最高的(de)一次,隨葬物品(pin)的(de)豐富與精(jing)美僅(jin)次于明(ming)十三陵中的(de)定陵。
展出的(de)(de)金(jin)鑲(xiang)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)帶(dai)帶(dai)銙、云形金(jin)累絲鑲(xiang)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)簪、金(jin)累絲鑲(xiang)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)青玉鏤空雙鸞鳥牡(mu)丹簪、金(jin)鑲(xiang)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)絳(jiang)環等(deng),其上(shang)鑲(xiang)嵌的(de)(de)紅(hong)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、藍(lan)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、祖母綠(lv)、金(jin)綠(lv)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、金(jin)綠(lv)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)貓(mao)眼、石(shi)(shi)(shi)英貓(mao)眼等(deng)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)近百顆。在(zai)金(jin)鑲(xiang)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)帽頂上(shang),鑲(xiang)嵌一顆約(yue)200克拉的(de)(de)橄欖形無色藍(lan)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi),是目前發(fa)現最(zui)大的(de)(de)藍(lan)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)。
據初(chu)步(bu)統計,墓內(nei)的(de)(de)隨葬器(qi)(qi)物共計5340余件(jian),其中金、銀、玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)和珠飾(shi)寶(bao)石有4800余件(jian)粗略(lve)計算,這(zhe)些(xie)珍(zhen)寶(bao)所使用的(de)(de)金量(liang)達到(dao)16公斤,用銀量(liang)達到(dao)13公斤,用玉(yu)量(liang)達到(dao)14公斤,出土的(de)(de)寶(bao)石700多(duo)顆,它們保存完好(hao),燦燦生輝,可謂金玉(yu)滿堂,珠光寶(bao)氣。這(zhe)批(pi)金銀玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)既有單件(jian)成器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de),也有由多(duo)飾(shi)件(jian)組成一(yi)(yi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de),型式多(duo)樣。 梁莊王墓的(de)(de)發掘(jue),使大批(pi)珍(zhen)貴文物重(zhong)見天日(ri),也提出了一(yi)(yi)些(xie)新(xin)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)課題。目前,只(zhi)完成了室(shi)內(nei)整(zheng)理的(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)階段(duan)工作(zuo),即將開始全面的(de)(de)整(zheng)理工作(zuo)。