朱(zhu)檀(tan)墓,又稱(cheng)魯荒(huang)王墓,坐落在鄒城市區北九龍山南(nan)麓(lu)。朱(zhu)檀(tan)為(wei)明太祖朱(zhu)元(yuan)璋(zhang)第(di)十子。洪武三(san)年(1370年),出(chu)生(sheng)兩個(ge)月受(shou)封魯王,15歲就藩兗州(zhou)。他“好文禮士,善詩(shi)歌”,篤(du)信道教。為(wei)求長生(sheng)不老藥(yao),終(zhong)日焚香誦經,燒煉“仙丹”,結(jie)果“餌金石(shi)藥(yao),毒發發傷目”,洪武二十二年薨,年僅19歲。朱(zhu)元(yuan)璋(zhang)惡其荒(huang)唐,謚為(wei)“荒(huang)”。墓坐北面南(nan),依(yi)山建造,有巨大(da)的(de)封土堆,占地1.3萬余平方米。
歷史(shi)魯王(wang)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)檀陵墓,座落在(zai)鄒城東北(bei)12公里的(de)九龍山(shan)南麓,紅墻護圍,松柏掩映(ying),為(wei)埋葬(zang)和祭祀朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)檀的(de)地方。據《明史(shi)》記(ji)載,朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)檀,系明太祖第十子,洪武(wu)三年(nian)(1370年(nian))生(sheng)。生(sheng)兩月而封為(wei)魯王(wang)。洪武(wu)十八(ba)年(nian)(1385年(nian))15歲(sui)(sui)時(shi)就藩兗(yan)州,轄(xia)四州二十三縣。朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)檀“謙恭下士(shi),博學多識,好文禮士(shi),善(shan)詩歌(ge)”,甚為(wei)朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)元(yuan)璋(zhang)所(suo)喜(xi)愛。但(dan)住進兗(yan)州魯王(wang)府(fu)后,誤入邪路(lu),信奉道教,終日焚(fen)香誦經(jing),燒(shao)煉(lian)“仙丹”,求不老之藥,希冀(ji)長生(sheng),結果卻“餌金石藥,毒發傷目(mu)”,僅活了19歲(sui)(sui)。朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)元(yuan)璋(zhang)獲悉后十分(fen)惱怒(nu),認為(wei)他的(de)行為(wei)實在(zai)荒唐,遂賜惡(e)謚曰“荒王(wang)”。 [2]
明魯(lu)荒(huang)王(wang)墓未(wei)經盜掘(jue),經過清理,共(gong)出(chu)土遺物1100余件,其(qi)中珍品(pin)文物有織金緞(duan)龍(long)袍、九(jiu)旒冕、九(jiu)縫(feng)皮(pi)弁(biàn,古代男子(zi)戴(dai)的帽子(zi))、“魯(lu)王(wang)之寶”貼金木印、金鑲玉(yu)透雕玉(yu)帶、唐代“天(tian)風海濤”琴、宋高宗題詩扇面、元代錢選白(bai)蓮手卷(juan)、元版古籍、戧金云(yun)(yun)龍(long)紋漆箱、青白(bai)釉云(yun)(yun)龍(long)紋罐、等等。
擇(ze)選風水寶地不惜人力(li)(li)財(cai)力(li)(li),大(da)興土木(mu),為(wei)其修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)了這處規(gui)模宏(hong)(hong)大(da)的陵(ling)(ling)(ling)墓。荒(huang)王陵(ling)(ling)(ling),背依(yi)九(jiu)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(為(wei)九(jiu)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)第(di)一(yi)(yi)峰,號稱“龍頭”,又名(ming)“玄武(wu)(wu)”),東有(you)臥虎山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),西有(you)玉皇山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(又名(ming)曰“青龍”、“白(bai)虎”),南(nan)與朱雀山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)遙遙相對,按古(gu)代“四(si)(si)(si)神方位”定穴。《禮(li)(li)記·曲禮(li)(li)上》:“行前朱鳥而后玄武(wu)(wu)”。下有(you)白(bai)馬(ma)泉,為(wei)白(bai)馬(ma)河(he)源頭。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)居(ju)高臨下,向陽瀕水,四(si)(si)(si)望山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)川回環,林木(mu)葳蕤,風景如畫。不僅是一(yi)(yi)處人間(jian)勝(sheng)境,還(huan)是一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)典(dian)型(xing)的明代親王陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)區原(yuan)占地面積7萬(wan)平方米(mi),規(gui)模宏(hong)(hong)大(da),氣(qi)勢(shi)莊嚴,分(fen)為(wei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)和(he)地宮兩(liang)部分(fen)。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan):陵(ling)(ling)(ling)區分(fen)內城(cheng)和(he)外城(cheng),修(xiu)有(you)內外護(hu)城(cheng)河(he)。進入神道(dao)的第(di)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)門(men)(men)(men)(men)坊是午朝(chao)門(men)(men)(men)(men),前為(wei)單拱(gong)(gong)石橋(qiao)(qiao),名(ming)“御(yu)橋(qiao)(qiao)”。石橋(qiao)(qiao)攔(lan)板(ban)上飾有(you)透雕的寶瓶(ping)靈芝等(deng)圖案。橋(qiao)(qiao)東西兩(liang)側(ce)既(ji)是白(bai)馬(ma)二泉,泉水明澈(che),常年不涸(he),號稱“龍泉”。過“御(yu)橋(qiao)(qiao)”便(bian)是內城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。內城(cheng)分(fen)為(wei)環以四(si)(si)(si)周的紅墻高3.70米(mi),寬0.70米(mi),為(wei)冰盤檐(yan)式磚石結構,陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)分(fen)前后兩(liang)進院(yuan)落,布(bu)局嚴謹,建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)典(dian)雅富麗。南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)三座(zuo),中門(men)(men)(men)(men)獨高,旁門(men)(men)(men)(men)稍矮,翼然并(bing)列,系(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)洞(dong)式斗拱(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。雕梁畫棟,色彩絢麗,重檐(yan)斗拱(gong)(gong),凌空欲飛,中門(men)(men)(men)(men)坊額上書“荒(huang)王陵(ling)(ling)(ling)”三個鎏金大(da)字。第(di)二道(dao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)與南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)在(zai)同一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)中軸(zhou)線上,為(wei)四(si)(si)(si)柱三楹(ying)(ying)式歇山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)飛檐(yan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。后部有(you)享殿,殿七(qi)楹(ying)(ying),歇山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)重檐(yan)飛角,是當年祭祀魯王朱檀的殿宇。據說當年內城(cheng)墻的四(si)(si)(si)角上還(huan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)角樓。
地(di)(di)宮:出陵園后(hou)門(men)(men)便(bian)是方(fang)城(cheng)明(ming)樓,是地(di)(di)下宮殿(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要標(biao)志。方(fang)城(cheng)高(gao)7.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),周圍建有(you)(you)(you)2.70米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回廊,供(gong)游人(ren)飽(bao)覽陵區風光(guang)。方(fang)城(cheng)上(shang)(shang)建有(you)(you)(you)明(ming)樓,為(wei)歇山式(shi)(shi)飛檐(yan)斗拱建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),氣勢雄偉。方(fang)城(cheng)后(hou)便(bian)是地(di)(di)宮。地(di)(di)宮距(ju)地(di)(di)表深(shen)26米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),由(you)墓(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、前(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)、后(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)部(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng),依(yi)山鑿石(shi)開擴,青(qing)磚(zhuan)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi),上(shang)(shang)為(wei)高(gao)大(da)(da)封土。地(di)(di)宮建有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)石(shi)門(men)(men),墓(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)全(quan)長(chang)50余米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),并筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)用石(shi)灰(hui)和(he)(he)(he)糯米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)汁(zhi)混合澆鑄而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)擋土墻(qiang)。墓(mu)門(men)(men)前(qian)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)高(gao)8.86米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封土墻(qiang),墻(qiang)后(hou)便(bian)是高(gao)8.20米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)5.35米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)色金剛墻(qiang),墻(qiang)沿飾綠(lv)色琉璃瓦和(he)(he)(he)吻獸。第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)位(wei)于入(ru)洞口1.50米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)中,為(wei)雙扉樞軸式(shi)(shi)。門(men)(men)以巨石(shi)制(zhi)成(cheng),高(gao)2.40米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)1.30米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),厚0.18—0.20米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),每(mei)扇重約(yue)2噸,門(men)(men)樞鑲有(you)(you)(you)重約(yue)15公斤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合金銅(tong)套。門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正面(mian)雕(diao)有(you)(you)(you)縱橫九排門(men)(men)釘和(he)(he)(he)鐵質涂金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋪(pu)首銜(xian)環。石(shi)門(men)(men)涂紅(hong)漆,釘貼金,六百年(nian)(nian)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)今天,色澤仍十分(fen)鮮(xian)艷。這第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)即為(wei)前(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)拱券式(shi)(shi)磚(zhuan)結構,磨光(guang)方(fang)磚(zhuan)鋪(pu)地(di)(di)。南北長(chang)8.25米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),東(dong)西寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)5.25米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)4米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),為(wei)東(dong)西向券頂。墓(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)規模(mo)宏偉,高(gao)大(da)(da)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)敞,堅固嚴密,防水性(xing)強,在建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藝術上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)獨到之處。前(qian)部(bu)當中置一(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)瓷缸,直徑1.70米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),內(nei)(nei)裝鐵燈芯座、豆油,稱(cheng)為(wei)長(chang)明(ming)燈,又叫萬年(nian)(nian)燈。后(hou)部(bu)中間設有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)張朱紅(hong)御案,案上(shang)(shang)放盝頂寶(bao)匣(xia)三(san)只。內(nei)(nei)裝木(mu)(mu)(mu)制(zhi)帖(tie)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“魯(lu)王之寶(bao)”金印(yin)。室(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)還(huan)隨葬(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)(you)龐大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)(mu)雕(diao)彩繪俑(yong)群(qun),共432件(jian),分(fen)別為(wei)儀(yi)(yi)仗(zhang)俑(yong)和(he)(he)(he)樂(le)俑(yong)。木(mu)(mu)(mu)俑(yong)雕(diao)刻精細,刀法簡練(lian),神態各(ge)異(yi),手持各(ge)種儀(yi)(yi)仗(zhang)和(he)(he)(he)樂(le)器(qi),其中有(you)(you)(you)拱手而立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)官和(he)(he)(he)身材(cai)魁偉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侍衛(wei)。尤為(wei)引(yin)人(ren)注目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是一(yi)(yi)匹(pi)高(gao)頭(tou)大(da)(da)馬(ma),昂首而立,是出土24匹(pi)馬(ma)中最(zui)為(wei)健壯(zhuang)肥大(da)(da)華(hua)麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)匹(pi)。第(di)(di)二道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)石(shi)門(men)(men)與前(qian)門(men)(men)基本相(xiang)同,兩(liang)室(shi)(shi)(shi)間有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。后(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)棺室(shi)(shi)(shi),東(dong)西長(chang)8.20米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),南北寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)5.45米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)5.50米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。中部(bu)砌有(you)(you)(you)南北3.85米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、東(dong)西3.10米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)0.50米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)須彌座式(shi)(shi)棺床(chuang),朱漆楠木(mu)(mu)(mu)棺槨置于棺床(chuang)上(shang)(shang)。棺內(nei)(nei)朱檀身著(zhu)龍袍,腰束玉(yu)(yu)帶(dai)(dai),頭(tou)貫(guan)金簪,身下鋪(pu)19枚金錢。棺床(chuang)兩(liang)邊各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)張木(mu)(mu)(mu)桌和(he)(he)(he)兩(liang)個(ge)描金木(mu)(mu)(mu)箱(xiang)。箱(xiang)內(nei)(nei)裝有(you)(you)(you)冠(guan)、袍、靴、衣(yi)、帽(mao)、玉(yu)(yu)圭、玉(yu)(yu)帶(dai)(dai)和(he)(he)(he)梳妝(zhuang)具等。桌上(shang)(shang)擺放著(zhu)文(wen)房四寶(bao)和(he)(he)(he)琴棋(qi)詩(shi)畫等物。東(dong)西兩(liang)壁并擺著(zhu)葬(zang)(zang)儀(yi)(yi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匾牌。其它隨葬(zang)(zang)品為(wei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)、竹、銅(tong)、錫制(zhi)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些小冥器(qi)和(he)(he)(he)瓷器(qi)等。
出(chu)土(tu)珍(zhen)貴文(wen)(wen)物(wu):朱檀墓(mu)共出(chu)土(tu)各類(lei)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)1100余件,保(bao)存(cun)基(ji)本(ben)完好,這批豐富寶(bao)貴文(wen)(wen)物(wu)的(de)出(chu)土(tu),對研究明(ming)初社(she)會(hui)政(zheng)治、經濟、文(wen)(wen)化以及(ji)官制(zhi)、輿服、紡織(zhi)、書法、繪畫(hua)等提供了極為(wei)珍(zhen)貴的(de)資料(liao)。朱檀墓(mu)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)曾(ceng)在我國北京和日(ri)本(ben)展出(chu),引起人們極大(da)的(de)興趣。
出(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)量隨(sui)葬(zang)品大(da)(da)致分為(wei)冠(guan)服、儀(yi)仗、家(jia)(jia)具(ju)、和(he)(he)(he)(he)文(wen)房四寶(bao)、琴(qin)(qin)棋書畫(hua)幾(ji)類,其中(zhong)(zhong)最突(tu)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)“王冠(guan)”。此冠(guan)通(tong)高(gao)(gao)18厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),長(chang)(chang)49.4厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)30厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。系藤篾編制(zhi),鑲(xiang)以(yi)金(jin)圈、金(jin)邊、冠(guan)兩(liang)(liang)側飾梅花(hua)穿(chuan),貫(guan)一(yi)金(jin)簪(zan)。九旒、旒貫(guan)紅、白(bai)(bai)、青(qing)、黃(huang)、黑(hei)五色(se)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)珠(zhu)。它(ta)體(ti)現了魯(lu)王朱(zhu)檀的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)貴(gui)地位。出(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)袍(pao)(pao)服衣著(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)類,有(you)(you)(you)(you)盤領窄(zhai)袖金(jin)織龍(long)袍(pao)(pao),中(zhong)(zhong)紗單袍(pao)(pao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)交領暗花(hua)云(yun)(yun)紋袍(pao)(pao),織錦圖(tu)案(an)非常漂亮,大(da)(da)多用金(jin)線織成。龍(long)袍(pao)(pao)是(shi)朱(zhu)檀在(zai)大(da)(da)典的(de)(de)(de)(de)日子里穿(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de),身(shen)長(chang)(chang)1.30米(mi)(mi),袖長(chang)(chang)約(yue)1.10米(mi)(mi),交領窄(zhai)袖,米(mi)(mi)黃(huang)色(se),兩(liang)(liang)肩(jian)及胸背上(shang)繡金(jin)織盤龍(long)云(yun)(yun)紋,袖及膝欄(lan)飾行龍(long)云(yun)(yun)紋花(hua)草(cao)、胸下部飾三(san)組(zu)九行盤線,圖(tu)案(an)花(hua)色(se)豐富多彩(cai),對了解(jie)和(he)(he)(he)(he)研究(jiu)明代(dai)(dai)(dai)絲織品有(you)(you)(you)(you)重要參考價(jia)值。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)品在(zai)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)文(wen)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)占較大(da)(da)比(bi)例(li),其中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)件玉(yu)(yu)(yu)帶(dai),玉(yu)(yu)(yu)質潤澤,刻工(gong)(gong)(gong)精美。它(ta)以(yi)25節羊脂(zhi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)組(zu)成,用金(jin)片鑲(xiang)嵌(qian),雕有(you)(you)(you)(you)縷空靈芝圖(tu)案(an)。帶(dai)頭三(san)節用雙層透花(hua)金(jin)片鑲(xiang)嵌(qian)著(zhu)一(yi)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)藍(lan)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、兩(liang)(liang)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)較小(xiao)藍(lan)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、十二(er)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)紅寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、八粒(li)珍(zhen)珠(zhu)、六(liu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)綠松(song)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、兩(liang)(liang)塊長(chang)(chang)方形(xing)螢石(shi)(shi)(shi)(分別呈綠色(se),粉色(se)),一(yi)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)祖母綠和(he)(he)(he)(he)一(yi)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)稀有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貓(mao)眼(yan)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi),通(tong)體(ti)總計鑲(xiang)嵌(qian)各(ge)色(se)寶(bao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)33顆(ke)(ke)(ke)。其工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝之(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)(gao)超,實屬罕(han)見。此外,還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)只白(bai)(bai)釉(you)云(yun)(yun)龍(long)紋蓋罐(guan),口(kou)徑24.4厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),底徑21.2厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),通(tong)高(gao)(gao)37.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。圓唇,直口(kou),圓鼓(gu)腹,平(ping)底。胎體(ti)厚重,通(tong)體(ti)施青(qing)白(bai)(bai)色(se)釉(you)。蓋呈倒荷葉形(xing),脈絡清(qing)晰,寶(bao)珠(zhu)鈕。腹部刻暗雙龍(long)紋,昂首(shou)在(zai)云(yun)(yun)中(zhong)(zhong)遨游相逐,龍(long)紋上(shang)下間隔以(yi)卷草(cao)紋為(wei)飾。出(chu)土(tu)(tu)時罐(guan)內(nei)(nei)盛放梨(li)、棗、肉、米(mi)(mi)飯、雞(ji)蛋、菜(cai)葉等(deng)。和(he)(he)(he)(he)兩(liang)(liang)塊質地分別為(wei)碧玉(yu)(yu)(yu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)羊脂(zhi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)圭,以(yi)及玉(yu)(yu)(yu)硯、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)佩、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)筆管、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)筆架等(deng)。從這(zhe)批(pi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝水(shui)平(ping)看(kan),充分體(ti)現了我(wo)國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)勞動人(ren)(ren)(ren)民高(gao)(gao)超的(de)(de)(de)(de)技藝和(he)(he)(he)(he)聰明才智。“天風(feng)海濤”琴(qin)(qin)。桐木制(zhi)成,黑(hei)漆琴(qin)(qin)身(shen),裂似蛇蚹,背刻篆(zhuan)書“天風(feng)海濤”。琴(qin)(qin)腹有(you)(you)(you)(you)龍(long)池(chi)、鳳沼兩(liang)(liang)共鳴槽。龍(long)池(chi)內(nei)(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“圣宋隆興甲(jia)申口(kou)口(kou),大(da)(da)唐雷(lei)威親(qin)斫”兩(liang)(liang)行銘文(wen)。雷(lei)威為(wei)唐代(dai)(dai)(dai)制(zhi)琴(qin)(qin)大(da)(da)師(shi),以(yi)善制(zhi)蛇蚹琴(qin)(qin)而著(zhu)名(ming)。南宋大(da)(da)詩(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)陸游詩(shi)云(yun)(yun):“古(gu)琴(qin)(qin)蛇蚹評無價(jia),魚(yu)腸寶(bao)劍讬有(you)(you)(you)(you)靈”,可見雷(lei)威制(zhi)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蛇蚹琴(qin)(qin),在(zai)明代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)琴(qin)(qin)中(zhong)(zhong)實為(wei)傳世珍(zhen)品了。宋葵(kui)花(hua)蛺蝶(die)扇(shan)面(mian)。高(gao)(gao)24.3厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)25.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。絹(juan)本(ben)、金(jin)粉設色(se),畫(hua)上(shang)方鈐有(you)(you)(you)(you)“皇女市(shi)圖(tu)書”朱(zhu)印(yin),左(zuo)下方鈐有(you)(you)(you)(you)“司印(yin)”二(er)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)騎縫朱(zhu)印(yin)。背面(mian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)宋高(gao)(gao)宗趙構為(wei)葵(kui)花(hua)扇(shan)面(mian)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)字跋文(wen):“白(bai)(bai)露(lu)才過催八月,紫(zi)房紅葉共凄(qi)涼;黃(huang)花(hua)冷淡無人(ren)(ren)(ren)看(kan),獨自傾心向夕陽(yang)” 元(yuan)錢選(xuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)筆白(bai)(bai)蓮畫(hua)。紙本(ben)。高(gao)(gao)42厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),長(chang)(chang)90.3厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),下有(you)(you)(you)(you)錢選(xuan)自提七言詩(shi)一(yi)首(shou):“裊裊瑤池(chi)白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)花(hua),往(wang)來青(qing)島靜無嘩(hua);幽人(ren)(ren)(ren)不飲(yin)閑攜杖,但憶清(qing)香(xiang)伴(ban)月華。”錢選(xuan),宋末元(yuan)初(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。善畫(hua)山水(shui)花(hua)鳥人(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu),為(wei)元(yuan)初(chu)畫(hua)界八俊之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。這(zhe)些(xie)宋、元(yuan)古(gu)畫(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)土(tu)(tu),為(wei)研究(jiu)我(wo)國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)書畫(hua)藝術提供了寶(bao)貴(gui)資料。隨(sui)葬(zang)品還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)各(ge)種書籍共7種21冊。有(you)(you)(you)(you)《朱(zhu)子訂定(ding)蔡氏集傳》、《增(zeng)入音注(zhu)括例(li)始末胡文(wen)定(ding)公春秋傳》、《四書集注(zhu)》、《少微家(jia)(jia)塾點(dian)校附音通(tong)簽節要》、《朱(zhu)文(wen)公校昌黎(li)先生文(wen)集》、《黃(huang)氏補(bu)千家(jia)(jia)注(zhu)紀年杜工(gong)(gong)(gong)部詩(shi)史》等(deng)。這(zhe)些(xie)宋元(yuan)版本(ben)已是(shi)傳世珍(zhen)品,有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)更是(shi)海內(nei)(nei)孤本(ben),實為(wei)瑰寶(bao)。
中(zhong)國(guo)歷代帝王(wang)為了顯示地位和尊貴,提倡“厚葬(zang)以明孝”,不惜(xi)動(dong)用大量人(ren)力物力修建巨(ju)大的(de)(de)陵墓(mu),朱檀陵園的(de)(de)建造,在當時實為一項浩大的(de)(de)系統(tong)工程。僅掘石開擴,填積封土,動(dong)用土石方量約計20余萬立(li)方米。這(zhe)座具(ju)有600多年歷史的(de)(de)古建筑群(qun),充分展示了古代勞動(dong)人(ren)民的(de)(de)智慧和力量。
1970年春至1971年,山東(dong)省、濟寧地區和鄒縣考古工作者在有(you)關部門配合下,對荒王陵地宮進行(xing)了發(fa)(fa)掘,出土文物1300余種,不(bu)僅是山東(dong)省至今發(fa)(fa)現最(zui)(zui)大的,而且是京南(nan)江北最(zui)(zui)大的地下宮殿。
從1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)始,鄒城市人(ren)(ren)民政府投(tou)入巨(ju)資對荒王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵進(jin)行(xing)修復建(jian)設(she),歷(li)時兩年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),今日(ri)的荒王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵重(zhong)現昔日(ri)雄姿。現已建(jian)立了朱檀(tan)墓(mu)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)管理所,復制文(wen)(wen)物(wu)近300件,按(an)墓(mu)內原貌布置陣列(lie),每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)都(dou)吸引著大批中(zhong)外游人(ren)(ren)來此覽(lan)勝,現已被(bei)公布為(wei)山東省重(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保護(hu)單位。附:魯荒王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)世襲(xi)(xi)表(biao)魯荒王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)檀(tan),太(tai)祖庶(shu)(shu)十(shi)(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),洪武(wu)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。十(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)就藩兗州(zhou)府。二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。靖王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)肇輝,荒庶(shu)(shu)一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),永樂(le)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。成(cheng)化(hua)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)泰堪(kan),靖嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),成(cheng)化(hua)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。莊王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陽(yang)鑄,惠嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),成(cheng)化(hua)十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),嘉靖二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。當(dang)漇,莊嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),成(cheng)化(hua)十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)世子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),弘(hong)(hong)治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。以(yi)孫觀(guan)(guan)火定 襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),追封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。溢(yi)曰懷。健木戈 ,懷嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),弘(hong)(hong)治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)世孫。正德十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong),以(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)觀(guan)(guan)火定 襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。追封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),溢(yi)曰悼。端(duan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)觀(guan)(guan)火定 ,悼嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),嘉靖七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。恭(gong)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)頤坦,端(duan)一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),嘉靖三十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。萬歷(li)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。敬王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)壽增,恭(gong)庶(shu)(shu)六子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),初(chu)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)富平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。無子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。憲王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)壽钅(jin)宏,恭(gong)庶(shu)(shu)七子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),初(chu)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)常德王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。萬歷(li)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)九進(jin)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。崇禎九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。無子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。肅王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)壽鏞、恭(gong)庶(shu)(shu)九子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),初(chu)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)泰興王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。崇禎九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)進(jin)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。自朱檀(tan)始,共傳十(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)十(shi)(shi)三王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),前后(hou)延續達(da)283年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),貫穿整個(ge)明代(dai)(dai)。
1970年春(chun),山東(dong)省博(bo)物(wu)館組(zu)織發掘朱檀墓(mu)。墓(mu)室(shi)距地表深20余(yu)米,鑿石開(kai)壙,砌(qi)以(yi)磚室(shi),墓(mu)道居南側。墓(mu)室(shi)前(qian)有(you)封門(men)墻、金(jin)剛墻、墓(mu)室(shi)通長(chang)20.6米,有(you)兩重門(men),分前(qian)后(hou)兩室(shi),兩室(shi)間有(you)甬道相連,前(qian)室(shi)前(qian)部正(zheng)中置一大缸,內(nei)(nei)有(you)一盞萬年燈;后(hou)部中央設(she)一紅御(yu)案(an)(an),案(an)(an)面有(you)藍頂寶(bao)匣,內(nei)(nei)盛(sheng)“魯(lu)王(wang)之(zhi)寶(bao)”印;御(yu)案(an)(an)之(zhi)前(qian)有(you)木雕(diao)(diao)彩繪俑(yong)群,其中武士俑(yong)、儀仗俑(yong)、樂(le)俑(yong)、侍(shi)衛俑(yong)380個,馬(ma)俑(yong)24個,車2輛。后(hou)室(shi)正(zheng)中朱檀棺(guan)槨置磚雕(diao)(diao)棺(guan)床之(zhi)長(chang)。因墓(mu)室(shi)長(chang)年積水,隨(sui)葬品6000余(yu)件大多(duo)保存完好(hao),出土有(you)戧金(jin)漆箱(xiang)、南宋(song)(song)“天風海濤”琴、織金(jin)緞龍袍(pao)、雙(shuang)層透雕(diao)(diao)玉帶、冕(mian)旒(liu)等衣物(wu)。最珍貴的(de)(de)(de)是保存了(le)宋(song)(song)高宗題跋的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)粉“葵(kui)花蛺蝶”扇面、元(yuan) 錢選自跋的(de)(de)(de)白蓮手卷和無(wu)款(kuan)金(jin)碧山水絹(juan)畫(hua)三(san)件等均為國內(nei)(nei)罕見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)文物(wu)珍品。以(yi)及《四(si)書(shu)集(ji)注》、《通鑒節要》、《杜工部詩(shi)史(shi)》等七種(zhong)二十余(yu)冊元(yuan)刻本書(shu)籍(ji)。自1985年起,鄒縣(xian)(今鄒城市)人民(min)政府陸續修復了(le)墓(mu)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)陵(ling)園建筑,復原(yuan)了(le)墓(mu)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)列,并對外開(kai)放。