朱檀墓(mu),又稱魯(lu)荒王(wang)墓(mu),坐落在鄒(zou)城市區北(bei)九龍山南麓。朱檀為(wei)明太祖朱元璋第十子。洪武(wu)三年(nian)(1370年(nian)),出生(sheng)兩個月(yue)受(shou)封(feng)魯(lu)王(wang),15歲(sui)就藩兗州(zhou)。他“好文禮士,善詩(shi)歌”,篤信道(dao)教(jiao)。為(wei)求長(chang)生(sheng)不(bu)老(lao)藥(yao),終(zhong)日焚(fen)香(xiang)誦經(jing),燒煉“仙丹”,結(jie)果(guo)“餌金(jin)石藥(yao),毒(du)發發傷目”,洪武(wu)二十二年(nian)薨,年(nian)僅19歲(sui)。朱元璋惡其荒唐,謚(shi)為(wei)“荒”。墓(mu)坐北(bei)面南,依山建造,有(you)巨大的封(feng)土堆,占地1.3萬余平方米。
歷史魯王朱檀(tan)陵墓(mu),座落在鄒城(cheng)東北12公(gong)里的(de)九龍山南麓,紅墻護(hu)圍,松柏掩映,為埋葬和祭祀朱檀(tan)的(de)地(di)方。據《明史》記載,朱檀(tan),系明太(tai)祖第十子,洪武(wu)三年(1370年)生(sheng)。生(sheng)兩月而(er)封為魯王。洪武(wu)十八年(1385年)15歲(sui)(sui)時就藩兗州(zhou),轄(xia)四州(zhou)二(er)十三縣。朱檀(tan)“謙恭下士(shi),博學多識,好文禮士(shi),善詩歌”,甚為朱元璋(zhang)所喜愛。但住進兗州(zhou)魯王府后(hou)(hou),誤入(ru)邪路,信(xin)奉道教,終日焚香誦經,燒煉“仙(xian)丹”,求不老之(zhi)藥,希冀長生(sheng),結果(guo)卻“餌金石藥,毒發傷目”,僅活(huo)了19歲(sui)(sui)。朱元璋(zhang)獲(huo)悉(xi)后(hou)(hou)十分惱怒,認為他(ta)的(de)行為實(shi)在荒唐,遂賜惡謚曰“荒王”。 [2]
明魯(lu)荒王墓未經盜掘,經過清理(li),共出土遺物1100余件,其中珍品(pin)文(wen)物有(you)織金(jin)緞(duan)龍(long)袍、九(jiu)旒(liu)冕(mian)、九(jiu)縫皮弁(biàn,古代(dai)男子戴的帽子)、“魯(lu)王之寶”貼金(jin)木印、金(jin)鑲玉透雕玉帶、唐代(dai)“天(tian)風(feng)海濤(tao)”琴、宋高宗(zong)題詩(shi)扇面、元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)錢選白(bai)蓮手卷、元(yuan)(yuan)版古籍、戧金(jin)云龍(long)紋(wen)漆(qi)箱、青白(bai)釉云龍(long)紋(wen)罐、等等。
擇(ze)選風水(shui)寶地(di)(di)不惜人(ren)(ren)力財力,大興(xing)土木,為(wei)(wei)其修(xiu)建了這處規模(mo)宏大的(de)(de)(de)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓。荒王陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),背依(yi)九龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(為(wei)(wei)九龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)第一峰,號稱“龍(long)頭”,又(you)名“玄武”),東有(you)(you)(you)臥虎(hu)山(shan)(shan)(shan),西有(you)(you)(you)玉皇(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(又(you)名曰(yue)“青龍(long)”、“白(bai)虎(hu)”),南(nan)與朱(zhu)雀山(shan)(shan)(shan)遙(yao)遙(yao)相(xiang)對(dui),按古(gu)代“四(si)神方位”定穴。《禮記·曲(qu)禮上》:“行前(qian)(qian)朱(zhu)鳥而(er)后(hou)玄武”。下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)白(bai)馬(ma)泉(quan),為(wei)(wei)白(bai)馬(ma)河(he)源頭。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園居高臨下(xia),向陽瀕水(shui),四(si)望山(shan)(shan)(shan)川回環,林木葳蕤,風景如畫。不僅是(shi)一處人(ren)(ren)間勝境,還是(shi)一座典型的(de)(de)(de)明代親王陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu)(qu)原占地(di)(di)面積(ji)7萬(wan)平方米,規模(mo)宏大,氣勢莊嚴,分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園和地(di)(di)宮兩(liang)部分(fen)(fen)。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園:陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu)(qu)分(fen)(fen)內(nei)城和外城,修(xiu)有(you)(you)(you)內(nei)外護城河(he)。進(jin)入神道的(de)(de)(de)第一座門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)坊是(shi)午朝(chao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),前(qian)(qian)為(wei)(wei)單(dan)拱(gong)石(shi)(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao),名“御(yu)橋(qiao)(qiao)”。石(shi)(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)攔板上飾有(you)(you)(you)透雕的(de)(de)(de)寶瓶靈芝等圖案。橋(qiao)(qiao)東西兩(liang)側既是(shi)白(bai)馬(ma)二(er)泉(quan),泉(quan)水(shui)明澈,常年(nian)不涸(he),號稱“龍(long)泉(quan)”。過(guo)“御(yu)橋(qiao)(qiao)”便是(shi)內(nei)城門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。內(nei)城分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)環以四(si)周的(de)(de)(de)紅墻(qiang)高3.70米,寬(kuan)0.70米,為(wei)(wei)冰盤檐(yan)式(shi)磚石(shi)(shi)結構,陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園分(fen)(fen)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)兩(liang)進(jin)院落(luo),布局嚴謹,建筑(zhu)典雅富麗。南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)三(san)座,中(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)獨高,旁門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)稍矮,翼然并列,系門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)洞式(shi)斗拱(gong)建筑(zhu)。雕梁畫棟,色彩絢麗,重檐(yan)斗拱(gong),凌(ling)空欲(yu)飛,中(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)坊額上書(shu)“荒王陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”三(san)個鎏金大字。第二(er)道門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)與南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)建筑(zhu)在同一條(tiao)中(zhong)軸(zhou)線上,為(wei)(wei)四(si)柱(zhu)三(san)楹式(shi)歇(xie)山(shan)(shan)(shan)飛檐(yan)建筑(zhu)。后(hou)部有(you)(you)(you)享殿(dian),殿(dian)七(qi)楹,歇(xie)山(shan)(shan)(shan)重檐(yan)飛角(jiao)(jiao),是(shi)當年(nian)祭祀魯(lu)王朱(zhu)檀的(de)(de)(de)殿(dian)宇。據說當年(nian)內(nei)城墻(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)四(si)角(jiao)(jiao)上還建有(you)(you)(you)角(jiao)(jiao)樓。
地(di)宮(gong)(gong):出(chu)陵園后(hou)門(men)(men)(men)便是方(fang)(fang)(fang)城(cheng)明樓,是地(di)下宮(gong)(gong)殿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)標志。方(fang)(fang)(fang)城(cheng)高(gao)(gao)7.2米(mi),周圍建有(you)(you)(you)2.70米(mi)寬(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回廊,供游人(ren)飽(bao)覽陵區風光。方(fang)(fang)(fang)城(cheng)上建有(you)(you)(you)明樓,為(wei)(wei)(wei)歇山式(shi)飛檐斗拱建筑(zhu),氣勢雄偉(wei)。方(fang)(fang)(fang)城(cheng)后(hou)便是地(di)宮(gong)(gong)。地(di)宮(gong)(gong)距地(di)表深(shen)26米(mi),由(you)墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)、前(qian)室、后(hou)室三部分(fen)組(zu)成,依山鑿石(shi)開擴,青磚筑(zhu)室,上為(wei)(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)大(da)封(feng)土。地(di)宮(gong)(gong)建有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)道(dao)石(shi)門(men)(men)(men),墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)全長(chang)(chang)50余米(mi),并筑(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)用石(shi)灰和(he)糯米(mi)汁混合(he)澆鑄而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三道(dao)擋土墻(qiang)。墓(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)前(qian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)高(gao)(gao)8.86米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封(feng)土墻(qiang),墻(qiang)后(hou)便是高(gao)(gao)8.20米(mi)、寬(kuan)(kuan)5.35米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)色(se)金(jin)(jin)(jin)剛墻(qiang),墻(qiang)沿飾綠色(se)琉(liu)璃瓦和(he)吻獸。第一(yi)(yi)道(dao)門(men)(men)(men)位于入洞口1.50米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬(yong)道(dao)中(zhong),為(wei)(wei)(wei)雙扉(fei)樞軸式(shi)。門(men)(men)(men)以(yi)巨(ju)石(shi)制(zhi)成,高(gao)(gao)2.40米(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)1.30米(mi),厚0.18—0.20米(mi),每扇重(zhong)約(yue)2噸,門(men)(men)(men)樞鑲有(you)(you)(you)重(zhong)約(yue)15公斤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)銅(tong)套。門(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正面雕有(you)(you)(you)縱橫九排(pai)門(men)(men)(men)釘和(he)鐵(tie)質涂金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋪首銜環。石(shi)門(men)(men)(men)涂紅(hong)漆,釘貼金(jin)(jin)(jin),六(liu)百年(nian)(nian)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)今天,色(se)澤仍十分(fen)鮮艷。這第一(yi)(yi)道(dao)門(men)(men)(men)即為(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)室,為(wei)(wei)(wei)拱券(quan)式(shi)磚結構,磨光方(fang)(fang)(fang)磚鋪地(di)。南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)長(chang)(chang)8.25米(mi),東(dong)西寬(kuan)(kuan)5.25米(mi),高(gao)(gao)4米(mi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)西向券(quan)頂(ding)。墓(mu)(mu)室建筑(zhu)規模宏(hong)偉(wei),高(gao)(gao)大(da)寬(kuan)(kuan)敞(chang),堅固(gu)嚴密,防(fang)水性(xing)強,在建筑(zhu)藝(yi)術上有(you)(you)(you)獨到之處。前(qian)部當中(zhong)置一(yi)(yi)大(da)瓷缸,直徑(jing)1.70米(mi),內裝(zhuang)鐵(tie)燈芯(xin)座、豆油,稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)長(chang)(chang)明燈,又叫萬(wan)年(nian)(nian)燈。后(hou)部中(zhong)間設有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)張朱(zhu)紅(hong)御案,案上放(fang)盝頂(ding)寶(bao)匣三只(zhi)。內裝(zhuang)木(mu)(mu)(mu)制(zhi)帖金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“魯王之寶(bao)”金(jin)(jin)(jin)印。室內還隨葬有(you)(you)(you)龐大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)(mu)雕彩(cai)繪俑(yong)群,共432件,分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)儀仗俑(yong)和(he)樂俑(yong)。木(mu)(mu)(mu)俑(yong)雕刻精細,刀(dao)法簡練,神態(tai)各異,手(shou)持各種儀仗和(he)樂器(qi),其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)拱手(shou)而立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文官和(he)身(shen)材魁偉(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侍衛。尤(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)引人(ren)注目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是一(yi)(yi)匹高(gao)(gao)頭大(da)馬(ma),昂首而立,是出(chu)土24匹馬(ma)中(zhong)最為(wei)(wei)(wei)健壯肥大(da)華麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)匹。第二(er)道(dao)石(shi)門(men)(men)(men)與前(qian)門(men)(men)(men)基本相同,兩(liang)(liang)室間有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)甬(yong)道(dao)。后(hou)室為(wei)(wei)(wei)棺室,東(dong)西長(chang)(chang)8.20米(mi),南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬(kuan)(kuan)5.45米(mi),高(gao)(gao)5.50米(mi)。中(zhong)部砌(qi)有(you)(you)(you)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)3.85米(mi)、東(dong)西3.10米(mi),高(gao)(gao)0.50米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)須彌座式(shi)棺床(chuang),朱(zhu)漆楠木(mu)(mu)(mu)棺槨置于棺床(chuang)上。棺內朱(zhu)檀身(shen)著(zhu)龍袍,腰束玉(yu)帶,頭貫(guan)金(jin)(jin)(jin)簪(zan),身(shen)下鋪19枚(mei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)錢(qian)。棺床(chuang)兩(liang)(liang)邊各有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)張木(mu)(mu)(mu)桌和(he)兩(liang)(liang)個描金(jin)(jin)(jin)木(mu)(mu)(mu)箱(xiang)。箱(xiang)內裝(zhuang)有(you)(you)(you)冠(guan)、袍、靴、衣、帽、玉(yu)圭、玉(yu)帶和(he)梳妝(zhuang)具等(deng)。桌上擺(bai)(bai)放(fang)著(zhu)文房四寶(bao)和(he)琴棋詩(shi)畫等(deng)物。東(dong)西兩(liang)(liang)壁并擺(bai)(bai)著(zhu)葬儀用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匾牌。其(qi)它隨葬品為(wei)(wei)(wei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)、竹(zhu)、銅(tong)、錫(xi)制(zhi)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些小冥器(qi)和(he)瓷器(qi)等(deng)。
出(chu)土(tu)(tu)珍貴(gui)文(wen)物:朱檀墓共(gong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)各類(lei)文(wen)物1100余件,保(bao)存基本完好,這(zhe)批豐(feng)富(fu)寶貴(gui)文(wen)物的(de)(de)出(chu)土(tu)(tu),對研究明初社會政治(zhi)、經(jing)濟、文(wen)化以及官制、輿服、紡織、書法、繪(hui)畫等提供了(le)極為(wei)珍貴(gui)的(de)(de)資(zi)料。朱檀墓文(wen)物曾(ceng)在我國(guo)北京和日本展出(chu),引(yin)起人們(men)極大(da)的(de)(de)興趣。
出土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)量隨葬品(pin)(pin)大(da)致分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)冠服、儀(yi)仗、家(jia)具(ju)、和(he)文(wen)(wen)(wen)房四(si)寶(bao)(bao)、琴(qin)棋書(shu)(shu)畫(hua)幾類,其中(zhong)最突(tu)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)“王(wang)冠”。此冠通高(gao)(gao)(gao)18厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),長(chang)(chang)(chang)49.4厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)30厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。系(xi)藤(teng)篾編制(zhi),鑲(xiang)以金(jin)圈、金(jin)邊、冠兩(liang)側飾梅花(hua)穿,貫(guan)一(yi)金(jin)簪。九(jiu)旒、旒貫(guan)紅、白(bai)、青、黃(huang)、黑(hei)五色(se)(se)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)珠(zhu)。它體(ti)(ti)現了(le)魯王(wang)朱(zhu)(zhu)檀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)貴(gui)地(di)位。出土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)袍(pao)服衣著(zhu)之類,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)盤領(ling)窄(zhai)袖(xiu)金(jin)織(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)(long)袍(pao),中(zhong)紗單袍(pao)和(he)交領(ling)暗花(hua)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)袍(pao),織(zhi)(zhi)錦圖(tu)案(an)非(fei)常漂亮,大(da)多用(yong)金(jin)線織(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)。龍(long)(long)袍(pao)是(shi)朱(zhu)(zhu)檀在大(da)典(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi)里穿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),身長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.30米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),袖(xiu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)約1.10米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),交領(ling)窄(zhai)袖(xiu),米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)黃(huang)色(se)(se),兩(liang)肩及胸(xiong)(xiong)背(bei)上(shang)繡金(jin)織(zhi)(zhi)盤龍(long)(long)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen),袖(xiu)及膝(xi)欄飾行龍(long)(long)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)花(hua)草、胸(xiong)(xiong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)飾三(san)組九(jiu)行盤線,圖(tu)案(an)花(hua)色(se)(se)豐富多彩,對了(le)解和(he)研(yan)究(jiu)明代(dai)絲(si)織(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)重要(yao)參考價(jia)值。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)品(pin)(pin)在出土(tu)(tu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物中(zhong)占較大(da)比例(li),其中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)件玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帶,玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)質潤澤,刻(ke)工(gong)精美。它以25節(jie)羊(yang)脂(zhi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)組成(cheng),用(yong)金(jin)片(pian)鑲(xiang)嵌,雕(diao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)縷空靈芝圖(tu)案(an)。帶頭三(san)節(jie)用(yong)雙層透花(hua)金(jin)片(pian)鑲(xiang)嵌著(zhu)一(yi)顆(ke)(ke)藍(lan)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)、兩(liang)顆(ke)(ke)較小藍(lan)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)、十二(er)顆(ke)(ke)紅寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)、八粒(li)珍珠(zhu)、六顆(ke)(ke)綠(lv)松石(shi)、兩(liang)塊(kuai)長(chang)(chang)(chang)方(fang)形(xing)螢石(shi)(分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)呈綠(lv)色(se)(se),粉(fen)色(se)(se)),一(yi)顆(ke)(ke)祖母綠(lv)和(he)一(yi)顆(ke)(ke)稀有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貓眼寶(bao)(bao)石(shi),通體(ti)(ti)總(zong)計(ji)鑲(xiang)嵌各色(se)(se)寶(bao)(bao)石(shi)33顆(ke)(ke)。其工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之高(gao)(gao)(gao)超,實(shi)屬罕(han)見。此外,還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)只白(bai)釉(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)龍(long)(long)紋(wen)蓋(gai)罐,口(kou)徑24.4厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),底(di)徑21.2厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),通高(gao)(gao)(gao)37.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。圓(yuan)唇,直(zhi)口(kou),圓(yuan)鼓腹(fu),平底(di)。胎體(ti)(ti)厚重,通體(ti)(ti)施青白(bai)色(se)(se)釉(you)(you)。蓋(gai)呈倒荷(he)葉(xie)形(xing),脈絡清晰,寶(bao)(bao)珠(zhu)鈕(niu)。腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)刻(ke)暗雙龍(long)(long)紋(wen),昂首在云(yun)(yun)中(zhong)遨游(you)相逐,龍(long)(long)紋(wen)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)間隔(ge)以卷草紋(wen)為(wei)飾。出土(tu)(tu)時罐內盛放梨、棗(zao)、肉、米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)飯、雞蛋、菜葉(xie)等。和(he)兩(liang)塊(kuai)質地(di)分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)為(wei)碧玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)和(he)羊(yang)脂(zhi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)圭,以及玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)硯、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)佩、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)筆管、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)筆架等。從這批玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)水平看,充分(fen)(fen)(fen)體(ti)(ti)現了(le)我國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)勞動人民(min)高(gao)(gao)(gao)超的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技藝(yi)(yi)和(he)聰(cong)明才智。“天風海濤(tao)”琴(qin)。桐(tong)木(mu)制(zhi)成(cheng),黑(hei)漆琴(qin)身,裂似蛇(she)蚹,背(bei)刻(ke)篆書(shu)(shu)“天風海濤(tao)”。琴(qin)腹(fu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)龍(long)(long)池、鳳(feng)沼兩(liang)共(gong)鳴槽。龍(long)(long)池內有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“圣宋(song)(song)(song)隆興甲申口(kou)口(kou),大(da)唐雷(lei)威(wei)親(qin)斫”兩(liang)行銘文(wen)(wen)(wen)。雷(lei)威(wei)為(wei)唐代(dai)制(zhi)琴(qin)大(da)師(shi),以善制(zhi)蛇(she)蚹琴(qin)而著(zhu)名。南(nan)宋(song)(song)(song)大(da)詩(shi)人陸游(you)詩(shi)云(yun)(yun):“古(gu)琴(qin)蛇(she)蚹評無價(jia),魚腸寶(bao)(bao)劍(jian)讬有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)靈”,可見雷(lei)威(wei)制(zhi)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蛇(she)蚹琴(qin),在明代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)琴(qin)中(zhong)實(shi)為(wei)傳(chuan)世珍品(pin)(pin)了(le)。宋(song)(song)(song)葵花(hua)蛺(jia)蝶扇面(mian)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)24.3厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)25.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。絹本(ben)、金(jin)粉(fen)設色(se)(se),畫(hua)上(shang)方(fang)鈐有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“皇女(nv)市(shi)圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)”朱(zhu)(zhu)印(yin)(yin)(yin),左下(xia)(xia)(xia)方(fang)鈐有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“司印(yin)(yin)(yin)”二(er)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)騎縫朱(zhu)(zhu)印(yin)(yin)(yin)。背(bei)面(mian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)宋(song)(song)(song)高(gao)(gao)(gao)宗(zong)趙構為(wei)葵花(hua)扇面(mian)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)字跋文(wen)(wen)(wen):“白(bai)露才過催八月,紫房紅葉(xie)共(gong)凄涼;黃(huang)花(hua)冷淡無人看,獨自(zi)傾心向(xiang)夕陽” 元(yuan)錢選(xuan)工(gong)筆白(bai)蓮畫(hua)。紙(zhi)本(ben)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)42厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),長(chang)(chang)(chang)90.3厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),下(xia)(xia)(xia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)錢選(xuan)自(zi)提七(qi)言詩(shi)一(yi)首:“裊(niao)裊(niao)瑤池白(bai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)花(hua),往來青島靜無嘩;幽人不(bu)飲(yin)閑攜杖,但憶清香伴月華。”錢選(xuan),宋(song)(song)(song)末元(yuan)初人。善畫(hua)山水花(hua)鳥人物,為(wei)元(yuan)初畫(hua)界八俊之一(yi)。這些宋(song)(song)(song)、元(yuan)古(gu)畫(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出土(tu)(tu),為(wei)研(yan)究(jiu)我國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)書(shu)(shu)畫(hua)藝(yi)(yi)術提供了(le)寶(bao)(bao)貴(gui)資(zi)料。隨葬品(pin)(pin)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)各種書(shu)(shu)籍共(gong)7種21冊(ce)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)《朱(zhu)(zhu)子(zi)訂定(ding)蔡氏集(ji)傳(chuan)》、《增入音注(zhu)括例(li)始末胡文(wen)(wen)(wen)定(ding)公春秋傳(chuan)》、《四(si)書(shu)(shu)集(ji)注(zhu)》、《少微(wei)家(jia)塾點校(xiao)附音通簽節(jie)要(yao)》、《朱(zhu)(zhu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公校(xiao)昌黎先生文(wen)(wen)(wen)集(ji)》、《黃(huang)氏補千家(jia)注(zhu)紀年杜工(gong)部(bu)(bu)詩(shi)史(shi)》等。這些宋(song)(song)(song)元(yuan)版本(ben)已是(shi)傳(chuan)世珍品(pin)(pin),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)更(geng)是(shi)海內孤(gu)本(ben),實(shi)為(wei)瑰(gui)寶(bao)(bao)。
中國歷代帝(di)王(wang)為(wei)了(le)顯示地位和尊貴,提倡“厚(hou)葬以明(ming)孝”,不惜(xi)動用(yong)大(da)量人力(li)(li)物(wu)力(li)(li)修建巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)陵墓,朱檀陵園的(de)(de)(de)建造,在當時實為(wei)一項(xiang)浩大(da)的(de)(de)(de)系統工程。僅(jin)掘石開擴,填(tian)積封土(tu),動用(yong)土(tu)石方量約計20余萬立(li)方米(mi)。這座具(ju)有600多年(nian)歷史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)建筑群(qun),充分展示了(le)古(gu)代勞動人民的(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)慧和力(li)(li)量。
1970年(nian)(nian)春至1971年(nian)(nian),山東省(sheng)、濟寧(ning)地(di)區和鄒縣考古工作者在有(you)關部(bu)門配合下(xia),對(dui)荒(huang)王陵(ling)地(di)宮進行了(le)發掘,出(chu)土文物1300余種,不僅(jin)是山東省(sheng)至今發現最(zui)大(da)的,而(er)且是京南江北最(zui)大(da)的地(di)下(xia)宮殿。
從1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)始,鄒城(cheng)市(shi)人民政府投入巨(ju)資對荒王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵(ling)(ling)進行修復建(jian)設(she),歷(li)(li)時兩(liang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),今日的荒王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵(ling)(ling)重現(xian)昔日雄姿。現(xian)已建(jian)立了朱檀(tan)(tan)墓文物管理所,復制文物近300件,按墓內原貌布置陣(zhen)列,每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)都(dou)吸(xi)引著大批中外游人來此(ci)覽勝,現(xian)已被公布為山東省(sheng)重點文物保護(hu)單位。附:魯荒王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)世襲(xi)表魯荒王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)檀(tan)(tan),太祖庶(shu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),洪(hong)武三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)就藩(fan)兗州府。二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。靖(jing)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)肇輝(hui),荒庶(shu)一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),永(yong)樂元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。成化(hua)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。惠(hui)(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)泰堪,靖(jing)嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),成化(hua)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。莊王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陽鑄(zhu),惠(hui)(hui)嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),成化(hua)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),嘉靖(jing)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。當漇,莊嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),成化(hua)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)世子(zi)(zi)(zi),弘(hong)治十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。以孫觀火(huo)定(ding) 襲(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),追(zhui)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。溢(yi)曰(yue)懷。健木戈 ,懷嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),弘(hong)治十(shi)(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)世孫。正德十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong),以子(zi)(zi)(zi)觀火(huo)定(ding) 襲(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。追(zhui)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),溢(yi)曰(yue)悼(dao)。端王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)觀火(huo)定(ding) ,悼(dao)嫡一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),嘉靖(jing)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。恭(gong)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)頤坦,端一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),嘉靖(jing)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)襲(xi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。萬歷(li)(li)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。敬王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)壽增(zeng),恭(gong)庶(shu)六子(zi)(zi)(zi),初封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)富(fu)平王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。無子(zi)(zi)(zi)。憲王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)壽钅宏,恭(gong)庶(shu)七子(zi)(zi)(zi),初封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)常(chang)德王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。萬歷(li)(li)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)進封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。崇禎(zhen)(zhen)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。無子(zi)(zi)(zi)。肅王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)壽鏞、恭(gong)庶(shu)九(jiu)子(zi)(zi)(zi),初封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)泰興王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。崇禎(zhen)(zhen)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)進封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)薨(hong)(hong)。自朱檀(tan)(tan)始,共(gong)傳十(shi)(shi)(shi)代十(shi)(shi)(shi)三王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),前后(hou)延續達283年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),貫(guan)穿整(zheng)個明(ming)代。
1970年(nian)(nian)春,山東省博(bo)物館組織發掘朱檀墓(mu)。墓(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)距地表深20余米,鑿石開壙,砌以磚室(shi)(shi)(shi),墓(mu)道居南(nan)側。墓(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)前(qian)有封門墻、金(jin)剛墻、墓(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)長(chang)20.6米,有兩重門,分前(qian)后兩室(shi)(shi)(shi),兩室(shi)(shi)(shi)間有甬(yong)道相連,前(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)前(qian)部(bu)正中(zhong)(zhong)置一(yi)大缸,內有一(yi)盞萬(wan)年(nian)(nian)燈;后部(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)央設一(yi)紅御案(an),案(an)面有藍頂(ding)寶(bao)(bao)匣,內盛(sheng)“魯王之寶(bao)(bao)”印;御案(an)之前(qian)有木雕彩繪(hui)俑群,其中(zhong)(zhong)武(wu)士俑、儀(yi)仗俑、樂俑、侍(shi)衛俑380個,馬俑24個,車2輛。后室(shi)(shi)(shi)正中(zhong)(zhong)朱檀棺(guan)(guan)槨置磚雕棺(guan)(guan)床之長(chang)。因(yin)墓(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)年(nian)(nian)積水(shui),隨葬品6000余件(jian)大多(duo)保存完(wan)好(hao),出土有戧金(jin)漆箱、南(nan)宋(song)“天風海濤(tao)”琴、織金(jin)緞龍袍(pao)、雙層透雕玉帶、冕旒等衣(yi)物。最珍(zhen)貴的(de)(de)是保存了宋(song)高宗題跋的(de)(de)金(jin)粉“葵花蛺蝶”扇面、元(yuan) 錢選自(zi)跋的(de)(de)白蓮手卷(juan)和無款金(jin)碧(bi)山水(shui)絹畫三件(jian)等均為國內罕(han)見(jian)的(de)(de)文物珍(zhen)品。以及《四(si)書集(ji)注》、《通(tong)鑒節要》、《杜工部(bu)詩史》等七種二(er)十余冊元(yuan)刻本書籍。自(zi)1985年(nian)(nian)起,鄒縣(今鄒城市)人(ren)民政(zheng)府陸續(xu)修復了墓(mu)前(qian)的(de)(de)陵園建筑(zhu),復原了墓(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)陳列,并(bing)對外開放。