庭(ting)前芍藥妖無格,池上芙蕖凈少情。
唯有牡丹真國(guo)色(se),花(hua)開時節動(dong)京城。
牡(mu)丹:著(zhu)名的觀賞植物。古無牡(mu)丹之名,統稱芍藥,后(hou)以(yi)木芍藥稱牡(mu)丹。一(yi)般謂牡(mu)丹之稱在(zai)唐以(yi)后(hou),但在(zai)唐前,已見(jian)于記載。
庭(ting)前芍(shao)(shao)藥(yao):喻指宦官、權貴。芍(shao)(shao)藥(yao),多年生草本植物(wu),屬毛茛科(ke),初夏(xia)開花(hua),形(xing)狀與牡丹相似。妖無格:妖嬈美麗,但缺乏標格,格調(diao)不高。妖,艷麗、嫵媚。格,品質、格調(diao)。鄭(zheng)虔《胡本草》:“芍(shao)(shao)藥(yao),一名沒(mei)骨花(hua)。”牡丹別名“木芍(shao)(shao)藥(yao)”,芍(shao)(shao)藥(yao)為草本,又稱“沒(mei)骨牡丹”,故(gu)作者(zhe)稱其“無格”。
芙蕖(qú):荷花的別名(ming)。《爾(er)雅(ya)·釋草》:“荷,芙渠(qu)。其(qi)莖茄,其(qi)葉蕸,其(qi)本蔤,其(qi)華(hua)菡(han)萏,其(qi)實蓮(lian),其(qi)根(gen)藕,其(qi)中菂,菂中薏。”郭璞注:“(芙渠(qu))別名(ming)芙蓉,江東呼荷。”凈:潔(jie)凈。情(qing)(qing):情(qing)(qing)趣。
國色(se):傾國傾城之(zhi)美色(se)。原意為(wei)(wei)一國中姿容最美的女子(zi),此指(zhi)牡(mu)丹富貴美艷、儀態(tai)萬千。李(li)濬《松窗雜錄》:“上頗(po)好詩(shi),因(yin)問(wen)脩(xiu)(xiu)己(ji)(ji)曰(yue):‘今(jin)京邑(yi)傳唱牡(mu)丹花詩(shi),誰為(wei)(wei)首(shou)出(chu)?’脩(xiu)(xiu)己(ji)(ji)對曰(yue):‘臣嘗聞公(gong)卿(qing)間多吟(yin)賞中書舍人(ren)李(li)正封詩(shi)曰(yue):“天(tian)香夜染衣,國色(se)朝(chao)酣(han)酒。”’上聞之(zhi),嗟賞移時。”吳鋼、張(zhang)天(tian)池《劉禹錫詩(shi)文(wen)選(xuan)注》認為(wei)(wei)此為(wei)(wei)作者用來喻指(zhi)革新人(ren)士。
“花開”句:說明唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)觀(guan)賞(shang)(shang)牡(mu)丹(dan)風氣極盛。李肇《唐(tang)國(guo)史補》卷中(zhong)(zhong):“京城貴游尚牡(mu)丹(dan),三(san)十(shi)余(yu)年矣。每春暮,車馬若狂,以不耽(dan)玩(wan)為(wei)恥。執金吾(wu)鋪官圍外(wai),寺觀(guan)種以求(qiu)利,一本(ben)有直數(shu)萬者。元和末,韓令始至長安,居第有之,遽(ju)命劚(zhu)去,曰:‘吾(wu)豈效兒女(nv)子耶!’”動,震動,轟動。京城,一般認(ren)為(wei)是(shi)指長安,如(ru)陶敏(min)等(deng)校注的(de)(de)《劉禹錫全(quan)集編(bian)年校注》、瞿蛻(tui)園箋證的(de)(de)《劉禹錫集箋證》、吳鋼等(deng)選注的(de)(de)《劉禹錫詩(shi)(shi)(shi)文選注》等(deng);但劉錟編(bian)的(de)(de)《詠花古詩(shi)(shi)(shi)欣賞(shang)(shang)》、鮑思陶等(deng)編(bian)的(de)(de)《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)名(ming)勝詩(shi)(shi)(shi)聯精(jing)鑒》以及(ji)謝明等(deng)編(bian)的(de)(de)《歷(li)代(dai)(dai)詠物詩(shi)(shi)(shi)選讀》認(ren)為(wei)此詩(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)京城是(shi)指洛陽(yang)。
庭院中的(de)(de)芍藥花艷(yan)麗雖艷(yan)麗,但(dan)格調不高;池面上的(de)(de)荷花明凈(jing)倒是明凈(jing),卻缺(que)少(shao)熱情。
只(zhi)有牡丹(dan)花才是真正的(de)國色,是最美(mei)的(de)花,當它(ta)開花的(de)時候,其盛(sheng)況轟動(dong)了整個(ge)京城。
牡(mu)丹(dan)是(shi)中國特產的(de)(de)名花(hua),春末開(kai)花(hua),花(hua)大(da)(da)而(er)美。唐(tang)代高宗、武(wu)后時(shi)始從汾(fen)晉(今(jin)山西汾(fen)河流域(yu))移(yi)植于(yu)京城(cheng),玄宗時(shi)猶視為(wei)(wei)珍品(pin)。此(ci)(ci)詩(shi)即寫(xie)唐(tang)人(ren)賞牡(mu)丹(dan)的(de)(de)盛況。關(guan)于(yu)此(ci)(ci)詩(shi)的(de)(de)創作時(shi)間(jian)與地點,由陶(tao)敏(min)、陶(tao)紅雨(yu)校(xiao)(xiao)注的(de)(de)《劉禹錫(xi)全集編(bian)年(nian)(nian)校(xiao)(xiao)注》根(gen)據詩(shi)中用李正(zheng)封(feng)“國色(se)”之語推(tui)測(ce)此(ci)(ci)詩(shi)為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)和二年(nian)(nian)(828)至五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(831)作者在(zai)長安(an)所作;瞿蛻園的(de)(de)《劉禹錫(xi)集箋證》認為(wei)(wei),此(ci)(ci)詩(shi)作于(yu)唐(tang)大(da)(da)和年(nian)(nian)間(jian)作者重(zhong)入(ru)長安(an)之時(shi);高志忠(zhong)的(de)(de)《劉禹錫(xi)詩(shi)編(bian)年(nian)(nian)校(xiao)(xiao)注》認為(wei)(wei),此(ci)(ci)詩(shi)與《渾(hun)侍中宅牡(mu)丹(dan)》作于(yu)同時(shi);吳鋼、張天池《劉禹錫(xi)詩(shi)文選注》疑此(ci)(ci)詩(shi)為(wei)(wei)永貞革新(xin)時(shi)所作。
劉禹錫(xi)(772—842),唐(tang)代文學(xue)家、哲學(xue)家。字夢得,洛陽(今(jin)(jin)屬河南)人,自(zi)言系出中(zhong)山(shan)(治今(jin)(jin)河北定(ding)縣)。貞(zhen)元(唐(tang)德宗年號,785—805)間(jian)擢進士第,登博學(xue)宏詞科。授監察御史(shi)。曾參加王叔文集團(tuan),反對宦官和(he)藩鎮割據勢力,被貶朗州(zhou)司馬,遷(qian)連州(zhou)刺(ci)史(shi)。后以(yi)裴度(du)力薦,任太子賓(bin)客,加檢校禮部尚書。世稱劉賓(bin)客。其詩通俗清新,善用(yong)比興(xing)手(shou)法寄托政(zheng)治內容。《竹枝詞》、《柳枝詞》和(he)《插田歌》等詩,富有民歌特色,為唐(tang)詩中(zhong)別(bie)開生面之(zhi)作(zuo)。有《劉夢得文集》。
此(ci)詩乃贊頌(song)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作,其贊頌(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手法,乃用(yong)(yong)抑彼揚此(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反襯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法。詩一(yi)開始并沒(mei)有從正面(mian)描寫牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)姿態形色,而(er)(er)是(shi)把(ba)(ba)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)置于(yu)(yu)百花(hua)(hua)園中(zhong),從側(ce)面(mian)與“庭前芍(shao)藥(yao)(yao)”“池上芙蕖(qu)”這(zhe)(zhe)些花(hua)(hua)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)佼(jiao)佼(jiao)者相比(bi)。芍(shao)藥(yao)(yao)與芙蕖(qu)本是(shi)為(wei)人(ren)所喜(xi)愛的(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)卉(hui),然而(er)(er)詩人(ren)贊頌(song)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan),乃用(yong)(yong)“芍(shao)藥(yao)(yao)妖(yao)無(wu)格”和(he)“芙蕖(qu)凈少情(qing)”以襯托牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)標格和(he)富于(yu)(yu)情(qing)韻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美。“芍(shao)藥(yao)(yao)”,本來(lai)同樣(yang)是(shi)一(yi)種具有觀(guan)賞價值的(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)卉(hui),但據說(shuo)到(dao)了(le)唐代(dai)武則天以后,“牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)始盛而(er)(er)芍(shao)藥(yao)(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)艷(yan)(yan)衰”(王禹(yu)(yu)偁《芍(shao)藥(yao)(yao)詩序》),以至有人(ren)將牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)比(bi)為(wei)“花(hua)(hua)王”,把(ba)(ba)芍(shao)藥(yao)(yao)比(bi)作“近(jin)侍(shi)”。此(ci)處(chu)劉(liu)禹(yu)(yu)錫也懷(huai)著主觀(guan)感情(qing),把(ba)(ba)芍(shao)藥(yao)(yao)說(shuo)成芍(shao)藥(yao)(yao)花(hua)(hua)嬌艷(yan)(yan)美,但過于(yu)(yu)嫵媚而(er)(er)格調(diao)不(bu)高(gao)。“芙蕖(qu)”,是(shi)在詩文中(zhong)常(chang)以清高(gao)潔凈的(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)目出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)卉(hui),但劉(liu)禹(yu)(yu)錫大概因為(wei)她(ta)亭(ting)亭(ting)玉立于(yu)(yu)池面(mian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),令人(ren)只可(ke)遠觀(guan)而(er)(er)不(bu)可(ke)近(jin)玩的(de)(de)(de)(de)緣故,說(shuo)她(ta)雖(sui)潔凈淡(dan)雅,但過于(yu)(yu)清高(gao)而(er)(er)少了(le)一(yi)些情(qing)趣(qu)和(he)風致。這(zhe)(zhe)里暗(an)示了(le)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)兼具妖(yao)、凈、格、情(qing)四種資質,可(ke)謂花(hua)(hua)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)最美者。詩人(ren)并沒(mei)有為(wei)了(le)突(tu)出(chu)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)而(er)(er)將這(zhe)(zhe)芍(shao)藥(yao)(yao)和(he)芙蕖(qu)二花(hua)(hua)寫得一(yi)無(wu)是(shi)處(chu),而(er)(er)是(shi)把(ba)(ba)兩(liang)種花(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美和(he)不(bu)足之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)都(dou)點了(le)出(chu)來(lai)。這(zhe)(zhe)些此(ci)前備受人(ren)們青瞇的(de)(de)(de)(de)名花(hua)(hua)在牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)面(mian)前不(bu)免黯然失色,牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)愈發顯得氣質華(hua)貴(gui)、風姿卓(zhuo)絕。
前兩句用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是抑彼揚此的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手法,為牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現作鋪墊(dian),而(er)(er)第三句筆鋒一(yi)轉,從正面(mian)贊頌(song)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)。然而(er)(er)還(huan)(huan)是沒對牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)作更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)描述(shu),只用(yong)(yong)“真國(guo)色(se)”三字(zi)(zi)加(jia)以(yi)概括,表(biao)達精煉而(er)(er)又(you)到位。“唯有”一(yi)詞,突出(chu)強調了(le)只有牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)才(cai)配稱“真國(guo)色(se)”,表(biao)明了(le)詩人(ren)(ren)(ren)對牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏愛。在詩人(ren)(ren)(ren)眼(yan)里(li),婀娜多(duo)姿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)哪里(li)還(huan)(huan)是什么草木,只有把它比作“國(guo)色(se)”才(cai)能寫盡(jin)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美好。“國(guo)色(se)天(tian)香”則成了(le)當時(shi)對牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定評,也為后人(ren)(ren)(ren)所樂于接受和沿(yan)用(yong)(yong)。牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)是花中之王,“百般顏色(se)百般香”(邵雍《牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)吟(yin)》)。但此詩卻(que)只字(zi)(zi)未提牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)香,僅說“花開時(shi)節動(dong)(dong)京城(cheng)”。這句表(biao)現了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們傾城(cheng)而(er)(er)出(chu)觀(guan)賞牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱鬧景象,以(yi)此贊頌(song)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)為人(ren)(ren)(ren)賞愛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傾國(guo)之色(se)。牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)在詩人(ren)(ren)(ren)眼(yan)里(li),她姿色(se)超群(qun),是國(guo)中最(zui)佳“美人(ren)(ren)(ren)”,而(er)(er)且不止他(ta)一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)覺得(de)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)最(zui)美,不僅他(ta)一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)鐘(zhong)愛于牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)花盛(sheng)開的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)節人(ren)(ren)(ren)們轟(hong)動(dong)(dong)京城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賞花場(chang)面(mian)就足以(yi)證明牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)花容是如何傾城(cheng)傾國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)。最(zui)后一(yi)句生動(dong)(dong)地描述(shu)了(le)當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)尚,說出(chu)了(le)多(duo)數人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)聲。這里(li)“動(dong)(dong)”字(zi)(zi)用(yong)(yong)得(de)極妙(miao),仿佛(fo)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)看到了(le)當時(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們為了(le)觀(guan)賞牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)而(er)(er)萬人(ren)(ren)(ren)空巷、人(ren)(ren)(ren)頭(tou)攢動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生動(dong)(dong)場(chang)面(mian)。
這(zhe)短(duan)短(duan)四句詩(shi)(shi)(shi),寫(xie)了(le)三種名(ming)花,而(er)其中又深含了(le)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)豐富(fu)的審美思想。詩(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)沒有忘記對(dui)芍藥(yao)與芙(fu)蕖(qu)美好一面的贊譽(yu),卻(que)又突出了(le)牡(mu)丹的姿色,令人(ren)玩味無(wu)窮。作(zuo)為花木,本來無(wu)所謂(wei)格調高下和感情的多寡,但詩(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)用擬人(ren)化和烘托的手法,巧妙生動地把自然美變成(cheng)了(le)藝術美,給(gei)人(ren)留下了(le)難忘的印象(xiang)。
這(zhe)首詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)別致之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu),一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)于(yu)構(gou)思(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)巧。詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)帶著一(yi)(yi)(yi)種陶醉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)來寫(xie)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)類(lei),卻只字不提花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)色(se)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)絢麗、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)容之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)豐(feng)腴、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)姿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)婀娜、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)香之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馥郁,而是(shi)(shi)用芍藥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“妖無格(ge)”和芙蕖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“凈少情(qing)(qing)“的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美中(zhong)不足反(fan)襯出(chu)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風姿與多(duo)情(qing)(qing),用熱鬧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)場面、癡迷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賞花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)情(qing)(qing)景烘托(tuo)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美好(hao)。全(quan)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沒有一(yi)(yi)(yi)個字正(zheng)面描寫(xie)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美麗,但字字句句都(dou)在(zai)繪牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)美景、抒(shu)贊美之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)開(kai)時節牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)到底“國色(se)”如(ru)何,賞花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)人(ren)又是(shi)(shi)如(ru)何“動(dong)”京(jing)城的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)把無限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)想(xiang)(xiang)象和美感留(liu)給讀者(zhe)去豐(feng)富去延伸(shen)伸(shen)。這(zhe)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)劉(liu)禹(yu)錫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)妙(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu),也(ye)使得這(zhe)首詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)眾多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賞牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作中(zhong)不落俗套。二是(shi)(shi)在(zai)于(yu)立意之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妙(miao)。自古以來,詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)們往往很(hen)少為(wei)了(le)寫(xie)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)而寫(xie)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),而是(shi)(shi)重在(zai)托(tuo)物言志(zhi),即(ji)通過(guo)詠(yong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)來表達自己對社會生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感受和個人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)生理(li)想(xiang)(xiang)。這(zhe)首對牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贊美詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)顯示了(le)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)劉(liu)禹(yu)錫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)想(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)格(ge)。詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)認為(wei)芍藥格(ge)調不高(gao)、芙蕖缺情(qing)(qing)少趣(qu),因(yin)而不感興趣(qu),而對既有外(wai)在(zai)姿態、又有內在(zai)氣質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社丹(dan)如(ru)此鐘愛(ai),可見牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)象征了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種盡(jin)善盡(jin)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)想(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)格(ge)。劉(liu)禹(yu)錫幾十年(nian)來所走過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)生道路(lu),正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)對這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)想(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追求和實踐。
瞿蛻園:“禹錫(xi)于貞元(yuan)末尚未多見牡(mu)丹(dan),而今大(da)和中重入(ru)長安,牡(mu)丹(dan)又已不復為新奇之物矣。宜其不能已于詠嘆也。”(《劉禹錫(xi)集箋證(zheng)》)
聶言之:“這首詩未采用(yong)司空見慣的(de)正面描繪(hui)的(de)寫法,而是(shi)通過其他花卉的(de)陪襯烘托來(lai)突現(xian)牡(mu)丹的(de)‘國(guo)色’神韻。”(《中(zhong)國(guo)名勝詩聯精(jing)鑒》)