孫(sun)承宗(zong)(zong),字稚(zhi)繩,生于明嘉靖四(si)十(shi)二年(nian)(1563年(nian))正月(yue)(yue)二十(shi)五日(ri)(ri)(2月(yue)(yue)17日(ri)(ri))(另一(yi)說:正月(yue)(yue)初(chu)八(ba)即1月(yue)(yue)31日(ri)(ri)),相(xiang)貌(mao)奇偉,胡須張開像戟一(yi)樣,聲音渾(hun)厚。孫(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)曾(ceng)先后(hou)(hou)在大(da)理寺(si)右丞姜壁和(he)(he)兵備(bei)道房守士等朝廷官(guan)員的家中,做家庭教師.后(hou)(hou)來,因房守士升任大(da)同巡(xun)撫,孫(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)隨行。大(da)同是當時明朝的邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)城重(zhong)鎮,承宗(zong)(zong)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)境教書時,對軍(jun)事有(you)著濃厚興趣。喜歡(huan)和(he)(he)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)關老兵和(he)(he)低級軍(jun)官(guan)交談,詢問(wen)(wen)一(yi)些關于邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)關防(fang)務的問(wen)(wen)題,慢慢的對邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)關的軍(jun)務有(you)所了(le)解。
萬歷三十二年(1604年),孫承宗中進士第二名,授(shou)翰(han)林院編修(xiu),而后轉拜中允(yun)。
萬歷四十(shi)三年(nian)(1615年(nian)),張(zhang)差手執木棍,闖進太(tai)子(zi)住的(de)慈慶宮(gong)(gong),打傷(shang)守(shou)門太(tai)監(jian),被抓(zhua)住后自稱是(shi)受鄭貴(gui)妃指使,朝中大(da)(da)臣懷疑是(shi)鄭貴(gui)妃想謀害太(tai)子(zi),但(dan)明神宗(zong)(zong)與太(tai)子(zi)都不愿(yuan)深究,以(yi)瘋癲奸徒罪將張(zhang)差處死。大(da)(da)學士(shi)吳道南詢(xun)問孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)這事該怎么處理(li),孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)說(shuo):“這件事關系(xi)到(dao)東宮(gong)(gong),不能放任不理(li),但(dan)是(shi)又涉(she)及到(dao)后宮(gong)(gong),不能追查(cha)的(de)太(tai)徹底(di)。龐(pang)保、劉(liu)成(cheng)以(yi)下的(de)小人物(wu)要(yao)追查(cha)到(dao)底(di),龐(pang)保、劉(liu)成(cheng)上(shang)面的(de)人物(wu)牽(qian)扯太(tai)多(duo),應當(dang)適可而止。”吳道南于是(shi)按孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)所說(shuo)的(de)去(qu)做,將此事平息了(le)下來(lai)。
同(tong)年(1615年),孫(sun)承(cheng)宗主持應天鄉(xiang)試(shi)(shi),因為試(shi)(shi)題上寫了孫(sun)承(cheng)宗的(de)(de)語錄(lu),而(er)遭到黨人的(de)(de)忌恨,黨人試(shi)(shi)圖利用官員每三(san)年一次(ci)的(de)(de)考核將(jiang)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗逐出京師,學(xue)士劉(liu)一燝力保孫(sun)承(cheng)宗,孫(sun)承(cheng)宗得以豁(huo)免。
萬歷(li)四十八年(nian)(1620年(nian)),明(ming)熹宗朱由校(xiao)即位,孫承宗以左庶子充當日講官。
天啟元年(nian)(1621年(nian)),孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)官升少(shao)詹事(shi)。同年(nian),后金(jin)進攻(gong)遼(liao)東,沈陽(yang)(yang)、遼(liao)陽(yang)(yang)先(xian)后被(bei)攻(gong)陷,遼(liao)東經略袁應泰自殺。御史(shi)方震(zhen)孺奏(zou)請(qing)熹宗(zong)(zong)朱(zhu)由校以孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)代替崔景榮為兵部(bu)尚書,朝中大臣也認為孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)知曉兵事(shi),推舉孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)為兵部(bu)添設侍郎,主(zhu)持(chi)遼(liao)東防務,但(dan)明熹宗(zong)(zong)不想讓孫(sun)(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)離(li)開講席,二次上疏都不被(bei)同意。天啟二年(nian)(1622)提拔為禮部(bu)右侍郎,協助管理詹事(shi)府。
不久,清(qing)兵(bing)(bing)進(jin)逼廣寧,王化貞棄城逃跑(pao),熊廷弼跟他(ta)(ta)一起進(jin)入關內。兵(bing)(bing)部(bu)(bu)尚(shang)書張鶴(he)鳴害(hai)怕獲罪,外出巡視(shi)邊防(fang)(fang)。皇帝(di)對東邊的(de)(de)戰局也很著急,于是任命孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)為兵(bing)(bing)部(bu)(bu)尚(shang)書兼(jian)東閣(ge)大學(xue)士,入朝(chao)辦事(shi)(shi)。過了幾天(tian),命令他(ta)(ta)以(yi)閣(ge)臣身份掌管兵(bing)(bing)部(bu)(bu)事(shi)(shi)務(wu)。孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)上疏請求重(zhong)視(shi)武將,并奏上安(an)撫(fu)西部(bu)(bu)、救濟遼陽的(de)(de)難(nan)民(min)、檢(jian)查(cha)京師部(bu)(bu)隊、增設永平大帥、修筑薊(ji)鎮的(de)(de)道路、開辟京東地區的(de)(de)屯田等對策。皇帝(di)高興地采納了。這時邊防(fang)(fang)多次告急,內閣(ge)大臣只(zhi)希望暫時相安(an)無(wu)事(shi)(shi),而議論(lun)卻一天(tian)比一天(tian)紛擾(rao)起來。孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)于是參劾熊廷弼、給事(shi)(shi)中明時舉(ju)、御史(shi)李達、遼東巡撫(fu)方震(zhen)孺、登萊(lai)監軍梁之垣、薊(ji)州兵(bing)(bing)備邵(shao)可立等人(ren),諸(zhu)人(ren)皆受處(chu)分,而那些仇視(shi)他(ta)(ta)、怨恨(hen)孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)人(ren)也很多。
熊廷弼被罷免后(hou)(hou),朝廷以王(wang)在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)為遼東(dong)經略。王(wang)在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)上任后(hou)(hou)打算襲取廣(guang)寧,但總督王(wang)象乾認為就算能(neng)攻取廣(guang)寧,但也不容(rong)易守住,還不如重守山海關防(fang)衛京都(dou)。于是王(wang)在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)在(zai)(zai)山海關外八里(li)鋪修筑重關,留四萬(wan)人馬去守。袁崇(chong)煥認為王(wang)在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)此(ci)舉不是好(hao)的(de)策略,與王(wang)在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)爭辯無果后(hou)(hou),上書給(gei)首輔葉(xie)向高。葉(xie)向高卻(que)認為不能(neng)憑主觀猜測,于是孫承宗請求親自前往遼東(dong)決斷(duan)。朱由校非常高興,加封(feng)孫承宗為太子太保,并賞(shang)賜蟒袍、玉帶、銀幣等。
孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)到達山(shan)海關(guan)后(hou),巡(xun)行(xing)邊塞(sai),袁(yuan)崇煥向(xiang)孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)請示道:“在寧遠(yuan)駐扎五(wu)千(qian)兵(bing)(bing)力(li),以壯(zhuang)十(shi)三山(shan)的(de)聲勢,然后(hou)派遣將領(ling)帶(dai)兵(bing)(bing)去(qu)救(jiu)援十(shi)三山(shan)。寧遠(yuan)距離十(shi)三山(shan)只有兩百里(li),可以輕易占據錦州,如果(guo)不行(xing)再退守寧遠(yuan),怎(zen)么(me)能放棄十(shi)萬難(nan)民(min)?”孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)于(yu)是與(yu)總督(du)王象(xiang)乾(qian)商議,王象(xiang)乾(qian)認為(wei)駐扎關(guan)上的(de)軍隊(dui)(dui)剛剛打(da)了敗仗(zhang),士氣沮喪,不如調動插部護關(guan)的(de)軍隊(dui)(dui)三千(qian)人前(qian)往寧遠(yuan),孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)同(tong)意后(hou)一方(fang)面調兵(bing)(bing)前(qian)往寧遠(yuan),一方(fang)面去(qu)救(jiu)難(nan)民(min),救(jiu)援失敗,十(shi)萬難(nan)民(min)只救(jiu)回六千(qian)人。
孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)對此詢(xun)問王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin):“新(xin)(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)修(xiu)筑好以(yi)后,是(shi)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)要將(jiang)舊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)馬移四萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)來(lai)駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)?”王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin)說(shuo)(shuo):“應該另(ling)外(wai)設立一(yi)支四萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)的(de)(de)軍隊。”孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)說(shuo)(shuo):“這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)來(lai),八(ba)里(li)鋪就有(you)八(ba)萬(wan)(wan)兵(bing)(bing)了,可(ke)(ke)是(shi)一(yi)片石(shi)西北(bei)不(bu)(bu)派兵(bing)(bing)駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)嗎(ma)?在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)八(ba)里(li)鋪內修(xiu)筑重關(guan)(guan)(guan),新(xin)(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后面就是(shi)舊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),舊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)前(qian)面埋的(de)(de)地雷是(shi)用(yong)來(lai)對付(fu)敵(di)(di)人(ren)的(de)(de),還是(shi)用(yong)來(lai)對付(fu)自己新(xin)(xin)(xin)兵(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)?新(xin)(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)守(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)話,還用(yong)得(de)著(zhu)舊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)嗎(ma)?新(xin)(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)要是(shi)不(bu)(bu)能守(shou)(shou)(shou),四萬(wan)(wan)守(shou)(shou)(shou)兵(bing)(bing)倒戈(ge),你(ni)(ni)是(shi)打算(suan)開關(guan)(guan)(guan)放敵(di)(di)人(ren)進來(lai),還是(shi)閉關(guan)(guan)(guan)投降敵(di)(di)人(ren)?”王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin)說(shuo)(shuo):“關(guan)(guan)(guan)外(wai)有(you)三道關(guan)(guan)(guan)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)進入。”孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)說(shuo)(shuo):“如果這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)話,敵(di)(di)人(ren)兵(bing)(bing)臨城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)下,士兵(bing)(bing)像先前(qian)那(nei)樣(yang)逃跑(pao),哪里(li)還用(yong)得(de)上重關(guan)(guan)(guan)?”王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin)說(shuo)(shuo):“準備在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)山上建(jian)三座營寨,防止士兵(bing)(bing)潰逃。”孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)說(shuo)(shuo):“士兵(bing)(bing)沒(mei)有(you)潰敗就修(xiu)筑營寨等待(dai)他(ta)們(men),你(ni)(ni)這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)教士兵(bing)(bing)逃跑(pao)嗎(ma)?況且(qie)逃跑(pao)的(de)(de)士兵(bing)(bing)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)進來(lai),敵(di)(di)人(ren)也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)尾隨他(ta)們(men)進來(lai)。你(ni)(ni)現在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)為(wei)恢復做打算(suan),卻(que)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)閉關(guan)(guan)(guan)自守(shou)(shou)(shou),把關(guan)(guan)(guan)外(wai)防線全(quan)部撤(che)離,還天天在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)朝廷爭斗,京都(dou)以(yi)東(dong)還有(you)安寧之日嗎(ma)?”王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin)無(wu)話可(ke)(ke)說(shuo)(shuo)。(《三朝遼事實錄》的(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)法與此不(bu)(bu)同,參見(jian)“相關(guan)(guan)(guan)爭議”部分)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)于(yu)是(shi)召集(ji)諸將(jiang)商(shang)議關(guan)(guan)(guan)外(wai)防守(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)問題。袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥主(zhu)張守(shou)(shou)(shou)寧遠,閻鳴泰(tai)主(zhu)張守(shou)(shou)(shou)覺(jue)華島,王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin)主(zhu)張守(shou)(shou)(shou)中前(qian)所(suo)。孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)采(cai)用(yong)袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥的(de)(de)建(jian)議,并親自鎮守(shou)(shou)(shou)關(guan)(guan)(guan)門(men)。而后明熹宗(zong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)的(de)(de)建(jian)議下罷免了王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)晉(jin)的(de)(de)遼東(dong)經略之職。
天啟二年(nian)(1622年(nian))八(ba)月,孫(sun)承宗(zong)自請為督師(shi),還讓(rang)薊、遼(liao)等原(yuan)來的將領監管各處,見機行事時不必(bi)受到(dao)其(qi)他人的限制。孫(sun)承宗(zong)用閻鳴泰(tai)為遼(liao)東巡撫,又用鹿善繼、王則古為贊畫,并(bing)請求(qiu)從國庫帶(dai)走八(ba)十(shi)萬錢。皇帝(di)朱由校同意后,親自將孫(sun)承宗(zong)送出(chu)宮門(men),并(bing)賜(si)給孫(sun)承宗(zong)尚(shang)方寶(bao)劍、坐(zuo)蟒等,內閣大臣(chen)將孫(sun)承宗(zong)直(zhi)送到(dao)崇文門(men)外。
孫承宗(zong)上(shang)任后(hou),讓江應(ying)詔制定軍事(shi)編(bian)制,讓袁(yuan)崇煥建(jian)造(zao)營房,李(li)秉誠(cheng)訓(xun)練(lian)火器裝備,鹿善繼、王(wang)則古處理軍需物資,沈棨、杜應(ying)芳維修甲仗,孫元化修筑炮(pao)臺(tai),宋獻、程侖(lun)購買軍馬,萬有孚采伐(fa)樹木,祖大壽輔助(zhu)(zhu)金冠守覺華島,陳諫(jian)助(zhu)(zhu)趙率教守前屯,魯(lu)之甲拯救(jiu)難民,楊(yang)應(ying)乾招募遼人編(bian)制成軍隊。
孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)發現先前關上的(de)(de)士兵(bing)沒有(you)(you)紀律(lv),而且有(you)(you)大量的(de)(de)不(bu)符合(he)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)人冒(mao)領軍餉,于是孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)閱(yue)兵(bing)后,將河(he)南、真(zhen)定等地不(bu)符合(he)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)士兵(bing)全部遣(qian)回。將魯(lu)之甲所拯救(jiu)出的(de)(de)難民征召七千人出來去駐守(shou)(shou)前屯,楊應乾招募的(de)(de)遼人軍隊去鎮守(shou)(shou)寧(ning)遠,請求朝鮮聲援遼東,又犒賞東江鎮的(de)(de)毛文龍,讓他四面防衛。并傳令給沈(shen)有(you)(you)容進(jin)據廣(guang)鹿島。而后江應詔被彈劾,孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)請求讓馬世(shi)龍代替,并讓尤世(shi)祿、王世(shi)欽為南北帥,聽馬世(shi)龍調遣(qian)。朱由校聽從(cong)孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)的(de)(de)建議并賜(si)給馬世(shi)龍尚方寶(bao)劍。
登萊巡(xun)撫袁(yuan)(yuan)可立與(yu)孫承宗(zong)(zong)同為(wei)天啟(qi)二年(nian)殿試同考官,共同主遼期(qi)間(jian)滿(man)人(ren)蜷伏(fu)。孫承宗(zong)(zong)將遼海防務委之于袁(yuan)(yuan)可立,十(shi)分倚(yi)重。他說道:“讀后先(xian)大疏,皎皎揭日月(yue),行中天而底(di)里(li)洞徹(che),殊令人(ren)可味,可展布四體,仰(yang)酬(chou)國恩(en)”(孫承宗(zong)(zong)《高陽(yang)集·答袁(yuan)(yuan)節寰登撫》)。
朝(chao)廷有(you)(you)人重山海輕沿海,甚(shen)至有(you)(you)人請求(qiu)裁撤登萊巡撫。但孫(sun)承宗認(ren)為“恢遼全著,必(bi)資于海。”請求(qiu)“皇上敕該部分部兩(liang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)汛地,酌(zhuo)給登鎮(zhen)(zhen)(沈有(you)(you)容)兵(bing)丁(ding),敕登萊撫臣(袁可立)用心料理(li),仍令節制兩(liang)鎮(zhen)(zhen),凡一(yi)應兵(bing)馬錢糧、徵收調遣、防(fang)剿功罪盡歸經(jing)理(li)。”
皇帝朱由校喜(xi)歡視察邊關(guan),經常派東(dong)廠的(de)人到關(guan)門(men),然后將(jiang)邊關(guan)的(de)事(shi)情上(shang)報給(gei)朝廷。魏(wei)忠(zhong)賢掌權后派遣自(zi)己的(de)黨羽劉朝、胡(hu)良輔(fu)、紀用(yong)(yong)等(deng)四(si)十五人帶著數萬(wan)武器裝(zhuang)備(bei)來(lai)到關(guan)門(men),供給(gei)邊關(guan)軍(jun)隊,又用(yong)(yong)白(bai)金(jin)十萬(wan),蟒、麒麟、獅子、虎、豹(bao)等(deng)銀幣賞賜將(jiang)士,賜給(gei)孫承宗(zong)(zong)蟒服、白(bai)金(jin)等(deng),表面上(shang)是慰勞軍(jun)隊,實際(ji)上(shang)是窺(kui)探軍(jun)情。孫承宗(zong)(zong)出關(guan)巡視寧遠(yuan),聽(ting)到這個消(xiao)息立刻上(shang)書給(gei)朱由校,說不能讓宦官(guan)監(jian)軍(jun),但朱由校卻(que)回(hui)復說這沒(mei)什(shen)么(me)。使者到邊關(guan)后,孫承宗(zong)(zong)只用(yong)(yong)茶水招待。
天啟三年(nian)(1623年(nian))孫(sun)承宗(zong)推薦閻(yan)鳴泰當遼東(dong)巡(xun)撫以后(hou),認為他沒有實際才能,所(suo)以軍事上的事很多(duo)(duo)都不跟他商議(yi),閻(yan)鳴泰因此(ci)感到(dao)不高(gao)興(xing)(xing),朝廷議(yi)論后(hou),將閻(yan)鳴泰罷免,用(yong)張(zhang)鳳翼接替(ti),但(dan)張(zhang)鳳翼膽小,又主張(zhang)退(tui)守山(shan)海(hai)關(guan)。孫(sun)承宗(zong)對此(ci)感到(dao)不高(gao)興(xing)(xing),出關(guan)巡(xun)視寧(ning)遠,召集眾(zhong)將開會,多(duo)(duo)數將領(ling)都想退(tui)守山(shan)海(hai)關(guan),馬(ma)世龍建(jian)議(yi)守中后(hou)所(suo),袁崇煥(huan)(huan)等主張(zhang)守寧(ning)遠。孫(sun)承宗(zong)采用(yong)袁崇煥(huan)(huan)的主張(zhang),于是讓(rang)祖(zu)大壽修建(jian)防御工(gong)事,令袁崇煥(huan)(huan)、滿桂駐守寧(ning)遠。
孫承(cheng)宗擔心自(zi)(zi)(zi)己的(de)權利受到限制,上書朱(zhu)由校(xiao)說(shuo)督(du)師和(he)總督(du)不(bu)能(neng)同時(shi)設(she)立,請求將自(zi)(zi)(zi)己罷免。朱(zhu)由校(xiao)于是(shi)(shi)終止(zhi)總督(du)的(de)推選,令遼東巡撫移駐寧遠,張(zhang)鳳(feng)翼(yi)覺(jue)得這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)置自(zi)(zi)(zi)己于死地,與(yu)萬(wan)有孚(fu)等(deng)詆毀馬世龍(long)。沒(mei)過(guo)多(duo)久,萬(wan)有孚(fu)被薊州巡撫岳和(he)聲(sheng)彈(dan)劾,張(zhang)鳳(feng)翼(yi)于是(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)馬世龍(long)和(he)袁崇煥陷害,捏造謊話欺瞞朝(chao)廷,試圖阻(zu)撓出關(guan)的(de)計(ji)劃。給事(shi)中解學(xue)龍(long)也大力陳(chen)說(shuo)馬世龍(long)的(de)罪(zui)(zui)過(guo),孫承(cheng)宗非常生氣(qi),上書給朱(zhu)由校(xiao)說(shuo)邊關(guan)的(de)防守策略,說(shuo)寧遠、覺(jue)華不(bu)能(neng)放(fang)棄,并為馬世龍(long)辯解,又揭發萬(wan)有孚(fu)與(yu)張(zhang)鳳(feng)翼(yi)等(deng)勾(gou)結的(de)罪(zui)(zui)狀。
天啟四年(nian)(1624年(nian)),寧遠(yuan)城修(xiu)復,關外的守備器械也已建造完畢,孫承宗(zong)上(shang)書朱由(you)校請(qing)求發軍餉二十四萬,這(zhe)樣就(jiu)可(ke)以大(da)舉進攻了,但兵部和工部卻橫加阻撓(nao),向朱由(you)校進讒(chan)不能(neng)給錢,孫承宗(zong)上(shang)書催促無果,孫承宗(zong)大(da)軍因(yin)此沒有(you)出征。
孫(sun)承宗坐(zuo)鎮遼東(dong)的(de)(de)四年(nian),與天津(jin)巡撫李(li)邦華、登萊巡撫袁(yuan)可立遙相呼應,“關門息警,中(zhong)朝(chao)(chao)宴然,不(bu)(bu)復以(yi)邊事為(wei)慮矣(yi)。”在這樣相對安定(ding)的(de)(de)大(da)背景下(xia),按(an)照戰(zhan)功(gong)來(lai)衡量(liang),似(si)乎孫(sun)承宗有(you)些碌碌無為(wei)。然當(dang)時的(de)(de)兵(bing)部尚書(shu)王永光對孫(sun)承宗積(ji)極防御(yu)的(de)(de)一番作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)作(zuo)(zuo)過很中(zhong)肯的(de)(de)評(ping)價:“兵(bing)家有(you)云,善戰(zhan)者,無赫赫之功(gong)!”兩(liang)年(nian)下(xia)來(lai),孫(sun)閣老(lao)和袁(yuan)軍門一直(zhi)沒有(you)發(fa)動大(da)戰(zhan)役(yi)的(de)(de)機會,而(er)發(fa)動戰(zhan)略(lve)總反攻(gong)把(ba)后(hou)金趕出去的(de)(de)機會又(you)不(bu)(bu)成熟。但反過來(lai)說,孫(sun)閣老(lao)在無形中(zhong)為(wei)朝(chao)(chao)廷省下(xia)了(le)許(xu)多軍費,確保(bao)了(le)山海關安然無恙,使明(ming)朝(chao)(chao)有(you)了(le)更多的(de)(de)機會養(yang)精蓄銳,充分顯示了(le)天朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)戰(zhan)之威。”首輔孔貞運評(ping)價道:“公(gong)久歷(li)海上,凡地(di)形險易,軍儲(chu)盈縮,將吏(li)能否,虜情向背皆(jie)洞若燭照,故登萊終公(gong)(袁(yuan)可立)之任銷鋒臥鼓。”(《兵(bing)部尚書(shu)節寰(huan)袁(yuan)公(gong)墓志銘》)這也(ye)從另一方面(mian)肯定(ding)了(le)孫(sun)承宗和袁(yuan)可立積(ji)極防御(yu)之功(gong)。令(ling)人惋惜的(de)(de)是,正當(dang)孫(sun)、袁(yuan)二公(gong)積(ji)數(shu)年(nian)之力(li)準(zhun)備大(da)有(you)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)組織大(da)反攻(gong)之時,閹黨已全面(mian)掌控局勢,逼迫袁(yuan)可立和孫(sun)承宗先后(hou)去職。
孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)與(yu)袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)是很好的搭檔,但從后來柳(liu)河(he)之役的失敗(bai)來看(kan),袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)的離(li)(li)任對(dui)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)的軍事行動有(you)很大的影響。從戰爭結果看(kan),袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)的實戰能(neng)力(li)更強,在(zai)登萊(lai)缺糧少(shao)援的弱勢狀態下,竟然(ran)能(neng)在(zai)數月內組合優勢兵(bing)力(li)縱橫(heng)海上,戰線綿延上千里,調度(du)兩鎮(zhen)兵(bing)馬多次奇兵(bing)突襲,以反(fan)間(jian)計策(ce)反(fan)后金(jin)女婿劉愛塔(ta),連克金(jin)、復、蓋三(san)衛及旅順、紅嘴、望海、永寧等(deng)多堡要地,使后金(jin)數年間(jian)蜷縮(suo)一隅無(wu)以西(xi)窺。袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)的登萊(lai)戰區(qu)竟然(ran)成為了明(ming)清戰爭史上唯一主動出擊叫戰的正面(mian)戰場。袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)立(li)離(li)(li)任不久,孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)也因為柳(liu)河(he)之敗(bai)離(li)(li)職(zhi)了。
而此時魏(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)企圖擴張權(quan)利,見(jian)(jian)到(dao)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)功勞非常高(gao),想要(yao)攀(pan)附,于是(shi)派(pai)劉應坤向孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)表明自己的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思。但孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)見(jian)(jian)到(dao)劉應坤之后(hou)與他一句(ju)話也不(bu)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),魏(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)因此記恨(hen)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)迫(po)害朝(chao)中大(da)(da)臣,將(jiang)楊漣、趙南星(xing)、高(gao)攀(pan)龍等驅逐(zhu)出京,孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)正在巡(xun)視薊州一帶,想到(dao)上(shang)反對(dui)奏(zou)書皇(huang)上(shang)未必會(hui)親自閱(yue)覽,于是(shi)以賀壽為由請求入朝(chao)面奏(zou),借(jie)機彈劾(he)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)廣(guang)微聽說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)后(hou)將(jiang)這個消息告(gao)訴(su)了(le)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian),說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)打算(suan)以清君(jun)側(ce)為由殺(sha)掉(diao)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian),魏(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)于是(shi)跑到(dao)皇(huang)帝朱由校(xiao)床前,哭(ku)著求情,顧(gu)秉謙(qian)也說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)沒(mei)有圣(sheng)旨(zhi)私自離開防守的(de)(de)地方,不(bu)合法度。于是(shi)朱由校(xiao)連(lian)夜召見(jian)(jian)兵部尚書,派(pai)三人騎快(kuai)馬阻(zu)止孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)又(you)假傳圣(sheng)旨(zhi)給九門的(de)(de)宦官,若孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)到(dao)了(le)齊化門,就將(jiang)他綁了(le)。孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)到(dao)達通(tong)州后(hou),接到(dao)朱由校(xiao)的(de)(de)旨(zhi)意(yi)(yi),只(zhi)好返回遼東。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)又(you)讓黨(dang)羽李蕃、崔(cui)呈(cheng)秀、徐大(da)(da)化上(shang)書詆(di)毀孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)于是(shi)請求罷官。
天啟五年(1625年),給(gei)事中(zhong)郭興治請(qing)求朝中(zhong)大臣討論(lun)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)的去留問題(ti),很多人(ren)都(dou)彈劾孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)說他冒(mao)領軍(jun)餉(xiang)(xiang),而(er)吏部尚書崔景(jing)榮(rong)支(zhi)持(chi)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong),朱由(you)校于(yu)是(shi)下(xia)詔(zhao)讓孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)繼續(xu)督師遼(liao)東(dong),卻讓孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)精兵簡將,減少軍(jun)餉(xiang)(xiang)。而(er)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)剛(gang)剛(gang)派(pai)遣(qian)諸將分別駐守(shou)錦州、大小凌(ling)河、松山、杏(xing)山、石屯等地(di),擴張(zhang)二百里,將尤世祿(lu)、李秉(bing)誠等將罷免,裁剪軍(jun)隊(dui)一萬七千人(ren),節省(sheng)開支(zhi)六十(shi)八(ba)萬。孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)利用自己穩扎穩打的策(ce)略(lve)逐(zhu)漸向前(qian)推進,努爾哈赤懾于(yu)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)的威力,竟(jing)然舍棄(qi)了新都(dou)城遼(liao)陽(yang),北(bei)遷首都(dou)于(yu)沈陽(yang)。
這(zhe)時(shi),有(you)(you)人懷疑孫承宗的堡壘戰(zhan)(zhan)術過于(yu)勞(lao)民傷財,不(bu)(bu)可(ke)久持。兵(bing)科給(gei)事(shi)中(zhong)李魯(lu)生言:“從古征戰(zhan)(zhan)未(wei)有(you)(you)陳師境上數(shu)年不(bu)(bu)進(jin)者,亦未(wei)有(you)(you)去敵既(ji)遠(yuan)虛(xu)設十余(yu)萬(wan)之眾坐(zuo)食(shi)自困(kun)者,有(you)(you)之則守戍之眾而非進(jin)取之旅(lv)也。戰(zhan)(zhan)守機宜專決于(yu)外,臣何敢遙(yao)度。但戰(zhan)(zhan)則有(you)(you)戰(zhan)(zhan)法,秣馬(ma)厲兵(bing),簡卒剋乘(cheng),刻期(qi)舉事(shi),即有(you)(you)大(da)費(fei),可(ke)期(qi)永省。守則有(you)(you)守法,遠(yuan)斥堠(hou),固(gu)營壘,高城深(shen)池,屯(tun)田積谷,以待事(shi)會。兵(bing)不(bu)(bu)須眾,馬(ma)不(bu)(bu)須多,庶堪持久。今(jin)以十四萬(wan)之眾,歲(sui)費(fei)六百萬(wan),雖言唯(wei)敵是求,其實百事(shi)不(bu)(bu)辦,戰(zhan)(zhan)固(gu)未(wei)能,守亦羞稱(cheng),虛(xu)糜自弊而不(bu)(bu)虞其后,臣所為中(zhong)夜彷(pang)徨,當(dang)食(shi)廢(fei)著也。樞(shu)輔當(dang)審時(shi)度勢(shi),知(zhi)彼量己(ji)。可(ke)戰(zhan)(zhan)則用戰(zhan)(zhan)法,可(ke)守則用守法。”(《熹宗實錄》卷六十)
同年九月,馬世(shi)龍誤信降人降將劉伯漒,派魯之甲(jia)、李承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)先襲取(qu)耀州,中計身死,損失四百余人。于是(shi)魏忠(zhong)賢黨羽趁機彈劾馬世(shi)龍和孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong),孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)于是(shi)強烈(lie)請求辭官,十月,朱由(you)校同意孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)辭官,并(bing)給孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)加(jia)特進光祿大夫,兒子世(shi)襲中書舍人,又(you)賞賜蟒服、銀幣等,并(bing)派人保護孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)回家。而讓兵部(bu)尚書高第為遼東(dong)經略(lve)。沒過多久,安性也罷官,朱由(you)校于是(shi)不再設立巡撫。
天啟(qi)六年(nian)(1626年(nian)),高第(di)(di)上任后,將兩百里守兵(bing)(bing)全(quan)部撤回,退守山(shan)海(hai)關。而清(qing)努(nu)爾(er)哈赤得(de)知孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)辭職(zhi)后,率軍(jun)大(da)舉進攻。袁崇(chong)煥抗拒(ju)高第(di)(di)的(de)命令,不肯撤出寧(ning)遠城,與(yu)滿桂、祖(zu)大(da)壽等依靠昔(xi)日與(yu)孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)做的(de)軍(jun)事準備將清(qing)軍(jun)擊(ji)退,取得(de)寧(ning)遠大(da)捷。而高第(di)(di)卻試圖(tu)以(yi)寧(ning)遠被圍,關門兵(bing)(bing)只(zhi)有五萬(wan)彈劾孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong),孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)告(gao)訴戶部說:“高第(di)(di)到山(shan)海(hai)關時領了(le)十一萬(wan)七千(qian)人的(de)軍(jun)餉,現在只(zhi)給五萬(wan)人的(de)軍(jun)餉就可(ke)以(yi)了(le)。”于(yu)是(shi)高第(di)(di)以(yi)妄言被治罪。魏忠賢也想(xiang)陷害孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong),但也失敗。
孫承宗督師(shi)遼東(dong)四(si)年(nian),前(qian)后修復九座(zuo)大城,四(si)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)座(zuo)堡(bao)壘(lei),招練(lian)兵馬十(shi)(shi)一(yi)萬,建立十(shi)(shi)二個(ge)車(che)營、五(wu)個(ge)水營、兩個(ge)火器(qi)營,八個(ge)前(qian)鋒(feng)后勁營,制造甲胄、軍用器(qi)械、弓(gong)矢、炮石等打(da)仗用的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)備有幾百萬,開(kai)疆擴(kuo)土四(si)百里,屯田五(wu)千頃,年(nian)收入十(shi)(shi)五(wu)萬。朱由校記孫承宗大功,讓他(ta)的(de)(de)兒子世襲錦衣衛千戶。
崇禎元(yuan)年(nian)(1628年(nian)),明熹(xi)宗(zong)(zong)朱由校(xiao)駕崩,其弟明思宗(zong)(zong)朱由檢即位,王(wang)在晉得以入朝為兵部尚書。王(wang)在晉對(dui)孫(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)痛恨不已,堅(jian)持說馬世龍(long)和茅(mao)元(yuan)儀(yi)迷惑(huo)中樞,敗壞了邊關事,又唆使(shi)諫官等交口詆毀孫(sun)承宗(zong)(zong),來阻止他出(chu)來做官。極力(li)詆毀孫(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)以及馬世龍(long),阻攔孫(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)的出(chu)仕。
崇(chong)禎二(er)(er)年(nian)(1629年(nian))十(shi)一(yi)月,清軍大(da)舉(ju)進攻,從大(da)安口直(zhi)取遵化,快要直(zhi)逼(bi)(bi)都(dou)城(cheng)。朝中大(da)臣奏(zou)請朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)檢(jian)應該(gai)召(zhao)來孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)。于(yu)是朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)檢(jian)下(xia)詔(zhao)仍以(yi)(yi)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)原來的(de)官職兼任兵(bing)部(bu)尚書去(qu)(qu)駐(zhu)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)通(tong)(tong)(tong)州(zhou)。孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)入宮后,朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)檢(jian)在(zai)平臺召(zhao)見,問(wen)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)退敵策略,孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)說(shuo):”我聽(ting)說(shuo)袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)駐(zhu)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)薊州(zhou),滿(man)桂駐(zhu)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)順(shun)義,侯世(shi)祿駐(zhu)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)三(san)河,這是防守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)好(hao)(hao)策略。但又聽(ting)說(shuo)尤(you)(you)世(shi)威回昌平,侯世(shi)祿駐(zhu)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)通(tong)(tong)(tong)州(zhou),有些不(bu)合時宜(yi)。“朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)檢(jian)問(wen):”你打算守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)三(san)河是什么(me)意思(si)?“孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)說(shuo):”守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)三(san)河可以(yi)(yi)阻止敵人(ren)西奔(ben),遏(e)制(zhi)敵人(ren)南下(xia)。“朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)檢(jian)覺得孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)計策很好(hao)(hao),又問(wen):”那又要怎么(me)保(bao)衛京(jing)都(dou)。“孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)說(shuo):”在(zai)危急的(de)時刻,不(bu)能讓(rang)(rang)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)城(cheng)人(ren)忍受饑餓寒冷,整備好(hao)(hao)軍備,犒勞將士們,鞏固人(ren)心。“孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)計策朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)檢(jian)都(dou)覺得很好(hao)(hao),于(yu)是對孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)說(shuo):”你可以(yi)(yi)不(bu)去(qu)(qu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)州(zhou),就(jiu)在(zai)京(jing)城(cheng)總督(du)內外(wai)軍務(wu),運籌帷幄。“于(yu)是孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)讓(rang)(rang)首輔韓爌修筑關防,又親自(zi)到都(dou)城(cheng)各處巡(xun)防,第二(er)(er)天半夜,朱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)由(you)(you)檢(jian)突然(ran)傳旨讓(rang)(rang)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)去(qu)(qu)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)通(tong)(tong)(tong)州(zhou)。孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)于(yu)是領二(er)(er)十(shi)七名騎兵(bing)出東便門,直(zhi)奔(ben)通(tong)(tong)(tong)州(zhou),與保(bao)定巡(xun)撫解(jie)經傳、御史方(fang)大(da)任、總兵(bing)楊國棟固守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)通(tong)(tong)(tong)州(zhou)。但不(bu)久之后,清軍繞道直(zhi)逼(bi)(bi)京(jing)都(dou),孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)于(yu)是派(pai)(pai)遣尤(you)(you)岱率領三(san)千(qian)騎兵(bing)支援,派(pai)(pai)遣劉國柱(zhu)率領二(er)(er)千(qian)兵(bing)馬與尤(you)(you)岱回合,調(diao)三(san)千(qian)密云兵(bing)駐(zhu)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)東直(zhi)門,五千(qian)保(bao)定兵(bing)駐(zhu)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)廣寧門,又派(pai)(pai)人(ren)收復馬蘭(lan)、三(san)屯二(er)(er)城(cheng)。
同年十(shi)二月,袁崇(chong)煥(huan)因一(yi)系列罪行被下獄(yu),將領(ling)(ling)祖(zu)大(da)(da)(da)壽(shou)在城外與(yu)清軍作戰時被自(zi)家軍隊用炮(pao)石砸擊,祖(zu)大(da)(da)(da)壽(shou)進退兩難,與(yu)副(fu)將何可綱率領(ling)(ling)五(wu)千人往(wang)東(dong)潰(kui)走。孫承宗(zong)(zong)得知后(hou),急(ji)忙派(pai)遣賈登(deng)科帶(dai)著自(zi)己的(de)書信去(qu)撫(fu)慰(wei)祖(zu)大(da)(da)(da)壽(shou),又(you)派(pai)石柱(zhu)國撫(fu)慰(wei)其(qi)它將士。祖(zu)大(da)(da)(da)壽(shou)卻(que)不為所動。但孫承宗(zong)(zong)也認為袁崇(chong)煥(huan)有罪,但仍然上書朱(zhu)由(you)檢(jian)(jian),力保祖(zu)大(da)(da)(da)壽(shou),說(shuo)祖(zu)大(da)(da)(da)壽(shou)不會真(zhen)的(de)反叛。孫承宗(zong)(zong)又(you)派(pai)人讓祖(zu)大(da)(da)(da)壽(shou)上奏(zou)章說(shuo)明自(zi)己為什么往(wang)東(dong)潰(kui)逃(tao),祖(zu)大(da)(da)(da)壽(shou)于是向皇帝朱(zhu)由(you)檢(jian)(jian)上書,朱(zhu)由(you)檢(jian)(jian)非常高興,不怪罪祖(zu)大(da)(da)(da)壽(shou)。而(er)遼(liao)東(dong)將士大(da)(da)(da)多馬世(shi)(shi)龍部曲(qu),朱(zhu)由(you)檢(jian)(jian)命孫承宗(zong)(zong)移鎮關門,潰(kui)逃(tao)的(de)將領(ling)(ling)聽(ting)聞孫承宗(zong)(zong)與(yu)馬世(shi)(shi)龍到來,才安心回歸。
崇禎(zhen)三年(1630年),清軍(jun)占(zhan)據遵化、永平、遷安,又(you)分(fen)兵(bing)攻取撫寧,撫寧是祖可法在守,清軍(jun)攻取不下,又(you)轉攻山海(hai)關,又(you)攻不下,于是清軍(jun)又(you)攻撫寧及昌黎,可還是攻不下。而(er)孫承宗撫慰(wei)潰軍(jun),祖大壽等重歸(gui)于麾下,又(you)有馬(ma)世龍及四方(fang)援軍(jun),孫承宗又(you)招募大量(liang)死士沿海(hai)守衛直(zhi)達(da)京師。
京(jing)都戒嚴后(hou),全國各地來(lai)勤王的士兵(bing)多達二十萬,在薊門及(ji)京(jing)畿(ji)一(yi)帶駐扎。馬世(shi)(shi)龍于(yu)是(shi)建(jian)議孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)先收(shou)復遵化(hua),但孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)認為遵化(hua)在北,容易(yi)攻(gong)取卻很(hen)難守,不如收(shou)復灤(luan)州。計劃好后(hou),孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)于(yu)是(shi)令東西各營一(yi)起進兵(bing)。五月,祖大壽、尤世(shi)(shi)祿(lu)等攻(gong)克灤(luan)州,王維城等攻(gong)克遷安,孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)占據永平,謝尚政攻(gong)克遵化(hua),清軍(jun)潰敗(bai)而走。皇帝朱由檢于(yu)是(shi)加封(feng)孫(sun)承(cheng)(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)為太傅(fu),再賜蟒服(fu)、金幣等,子(zi)孫(sun)世(shi)(shi)襲錦衣衛指揮(hui)僉事(shi)。
崇禎四(si)年(1631年),孫(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)巡視松(song)山、錦州(zhou)等,上書(shu)朱由檢(jian)關內(nei)外政事,朱由檢(jian)全部(bu)采納,又(you)加孫(sun)承宗(zong)(zong)太傅(fu),兼領尚書(shu)的封路,子孫(sun)世襲尚寶司丞,又(you)賞賜(si)蟒服錢(qian)幣等。
同(tong)年七月(yue),因先(xian)前高第盡(jin)撤寧錦(jin)防線,右(you)屯、大(da)凌(ling)河(he)等城(cheng)被毀,孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗派人對其進行重新修(xiu)(xiu)筑,但不久(jiu)之后(hou)(hou)清(qing)軍(jun)卻突然來圍攻(gong)。孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗趕赴(fu)錦(jin)州(zhou),派遣吳(wu)襄(xiang)、宋偉前往救援(yuan),而遼(liao)東巡(xun)撫邱禾(he)嘉多次改變(bian)出師(shi)的日(ri)期,導致(zhi)吳(wu)襄(xiang)、宋偉在(zai)長(chang)山被清(qing)軍(jun)大(da)敗(bai)。十月(yue),祖大(da)壽投降,大(da)凌(ling)河(he)剛被修(xiu)(xiu)好就被損毀。朝中大(da)臣于是(shi)責怪孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗修(xiu)(xiu)復舊城(cheng)導致(zhi)失敗(bai),喪師(shi)辱國。孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗于是(shi)以(yi)病請辭。而后(hou)(hou)孫承(cheng)(cheng)宗在(zai)高陽城(cheng)回鄉居住。
崇禎(zhen)十(shi)一年(nian)(1638年(nian)),清軍大舉進(jin)攻(gong),十(shi)一月,進(jin)攻(gong)高(gao)陽。賦閑(xian)在家的(de)孫(sun)(sun)承宗率全城(cheng)軍民(min)守城(cheng),城(cheng)破被擒,自縊而死(si)(《初學集》、《明(ming)史(shi)》及民(min)國版《高(gao)陽縣志》等均持此說)。他的(de)五個(ge)兒子(zi),六(liu)個(ge)孫(sun)(sun)子(zi),兩(liang)個(ge)侄子(zi),八(ba)個(ge)侄孫(sun)(sun)戰死(si),孫(sun)(sun)家百余人遇難(nan),孫(sun)(sun)承宗時(shi)年(nian)七十(shi)六(liu)歲。朱由檢(jian)聞訊(xun)后哀傷悲(bei)嘆,命有關官員從優撫恤(xu)。
弘(hong)(hong)光(guang)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1644年(nian)(nian))九(jiu)月十(shi)三日,南明弘(hong)(hong)光(guang)帝朱由崧追贈孫(sun)承宗太師(shi),謚號“文(wen)忠”。
清(qing)朝乾隆年(nian)間(jian),撰《欽定勝(sheng)朝殉(xun)節諸臣錄(lu)》,追謚孫(sun)承宗“忠(zhong)定”。
孫承宗(zong)于崇禎四年(nian)歸鄉,在高陽縣居住(zhu),將自己所作的詩賦收錄(lu)編成《高陽集》。
孫(sun)承(cheng)宗遺留的(de)軍事著作(zuo)有《車(che)營扣(kou)答(da)合編》。這是他在督師薊遼(liao),經(jing)營遼(liao)西防務時,籌劃(hua)反(fan)攻(gong)遼(liao)東與其屬下討論軍事問題(ti)的(de)記(ji)錄整(zheng)理(li)而成(cheng)的(de)。全書(shu)共一百零八個問答(da),由《車(che)營總說(shuo)》、《車(che)營百八扣(kou)》、《車(che)營百八答(da)》和(he)《車(che)營百八說(shuo)》等四部分組成(cheng),通過(guo)問、答(da)、說(shuo)、圖等對車(che)營編組方法、營陣(zhen)布(bu)列、行軍作(zuo)戰(zhan)、后(hou)勤(qin)保障等問題(ti),作(zuo)了詳(xiang)細的(de)分析和(he)解說(shuo)。在作(zuo)戰(zhan)指導(dao)思想上,很(hen)重(zhong)(zhong)視發揮火器的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)與各兵種的(de)協(xie)同動作(zuo)。如說(shuo):“用(yong)(yong)車(che)在用(yong)(yong)火”,“用(yong)(yong)火在疊(die)陣(zhen)”。所謂(wei)“用(yong)(yong)火”即是發揚火力(li);所謂(wei)疊(die)陣(zhen)即步、騎、炮重(zhong)(zhong)疊(die)配置(zhi),彼此協(xie)同,長短相補。
戰(zhan)斗隊形(xing)也(ye)要因(yin)地(di)制宜,靈活機(ji)動地(di)使用方、圓、曲、直(zhi)、銳等(deng)各種(zhong)(zhong)隊形(xing),向人們展示(shi)了(le)火器和冷兵器并用時代,步、騎、炮(pao)等(deng)諸兵種(zhong)(zhong)協同作戰(zhan)的雛形(xing),在軍(jun)事思想發展史(shi)上,具有重要的史(shi)料(liao)價(jia)值(zhi)。但《車營百八答(da)》則多(duo)出自(zi)贊畫鹿(lu)善繼(ji)、副總兵官茅元(yuan)儀等(deng)人之手。當時由于保(bao)密,未能全部刊行。清(qing)同治七年(1868)才匯刻成書,四卷(juan),7萬余字。
朱由檢(jian):①漢則(ze)孔明,唐則(ze)裴(pei)度。②舊(jiu)輔(fu)孫承宗前勞難泯,死義更烈(lie)。
夏(xia)允彝:自有(you)遼(liao)事,所用人(ren),鮮能有(you)勝任者(zhe)。當時(shi)所望成(cheng)功,惟熊廷弼、袁崇煥、孫承宗為庶(shu)幾;而武臣如劉綎、杜松、滿(man)桂(gui)、祖大壽、吳三桂(gui),其最著也(ye)。
錢謙益:惟公(gong)之立人本朝(chao)(chao),志(zhi)在于(yu)正朝(chao)(chao)廷(ting),清宮府,杜私門,破朋黨。譬諸青天白晝,橫目四(si)足,皆仰其清明,而(er)秋霜(shuang)夏日,善人君子,亦(yi)憚其凜烈。小夫壬人,不寒而(er)栗,視(shi)以為骨仇血怨,生擠而(er)死排之,固(gu)其宜也。
張(zhang)廷(ting)玉主編(bian)《明史(shi)》:承宗以(yi)宰相再視(shi)師,皆粗有成效矣,奄豎斗筲(shao),后先(xian)齮扼(e),卒屏諸(zhu)田野,至闔門膏斧(fu)钅(jin)質,而恤典不加。國是(shi)如(ru)此(ci),求無危(wei),安(an)可(ke)得(de)也。夫攻不足者守有余,度彼(bi)之才,恢復固未(wei)易言,令(ling)專任之,猶(you)足以(yi)慎固封守;而廷(ting)論紛(fen)呶,亟行(xing)翦除。蓋天(tian)眷有德,氣運將更,有莫之為而為者夫。
汪榮寶:明自用兵以(yi)來,督師(shi)者如熊(xiong)廷弼、袁崇煥、孫承(cheng)宗輩,皆以(yi)蓋世之才(cai),能(neng)稱(cheng)其(qi)職;而諸將委身許國,效死不屈(qu)者亦前后相(xiang)望(wang)。
蔡東(dong)藩:熊(xiong)廷(ting)弼(bi)、孫(sun)承宗二人,為明(ming)季良將(jiang),令久于(yu)其位,何患乎滿(man)洲?廷(ting)弼(bi)可殺,承宗可罷,鎮遼無(wu)人,滿(man)軍自乘間而入。明(ming)之禍,滿(man)洲之福也。雖(sui)曰(yue)天命,寧非(fei)人事?