何(he)承天(370年~447年),東(dong)海郡郯縣(今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)省郯城縣)人,南朝(chao)宋著名的(de)思想(xiang)家、天文學家。西晉(jin)右(you)衛將(jiang)軍何(he)倫侄(zhi)孫(sun)。
何承(cheng)天五(wu)歲喪父,由母親撫養,師(shi)從(cong)舅父徐廣,東晉末年先后(hou)任輔(fu)國府參軍、潯陽太守(shou)等職(zhi)。南朝(chao)任尚書載丞。因觸犯權貴遭到(dao)誣陷罷官;后(hou)宋文帝下密(mi)旨(zhi)改授吏部(bu)郎,何承(cheng)天因泄密(mi)旨(zhi)被(bei)罷。之后(hou)死于家(jia)中(zhong),享年七十八歲。
何承天(tian)曾奏(zou)改《元嘉歷(li)》,訂正舊歷(li)所訂的冬至(zhi)時刻和冬至(zhi)時日所在(zai)位置,一直通行于宋、齊及(ji)梁天(tian)監中葉,在(zai)我國天(tian)文律歷(li)史上占有重要地位。其論(lun)周天(tian)度(du)數和兩極(ji)距(ju)離相當于給出(chu)圓(yuan)周率的近似值約為(wei)3.1429,對后世(shi)歷(li)法影響很大。能彈箏,復(fu)擅弈棋,著作有《達性論(lun)》、《與宗居士書(shu)》、《答顏(yan)光祿(lu)》、《報應問》等。曾奉命撰(zhuan)修《宋書(shu)》,書(shu)未成而卒。
何承(cheng)天,東(dong)(dong)海郡郯城(今山東(dong)(dong)省郯城縣(xian))人,叔(shu)伯祖父(fu)何倫,是(shi)西晉(jin)時右(you)衛將軍,何承(cheng)天五歲時父(fu)親(qin)就去(qu)世了,母親(qin)徐(xu)氏,是(shi)徐(xu)廣的姐姐,生性(xing)聰(cong)慧(hui)學(xue)識廣博,所以何承(cheng)天小時候(hou)便開始接受教義,經史百家,沒有不詳盡通(tong)習(xi)的。其叔(shu)父(fu)何月(yue)兮是(shi)益陽縣(xian)令,他跟隨何月(yue)兮一起(qi)去(qu)任所。
晉隆安四年(nian)(400),南蠻(man)校尉(wei)桓偉任(ren)命何(he)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)為(wei)(wei)參(can)軍(jun)(jun),當(dang)時(shi)殷仲(zhong)堪、桓玄等人(ren)相(xiang)繼舉(ju)兵(bing)反(fan)抗(kang)朝(chao)廷,何(he)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)懼怕禍亂不息,遂棄職還于益(yi)陽(yang)。起義之(zhi)初,長(chang)沙(sha)公陶延(yan)壽任(ren)命何(he)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)為(wei)(wei)他的(de)輔國府參(can)軍(jun)(jun),派(pai)人(ren)通報以(yi)尊奉宋高祖,于是(shi)任(ren)命何(he)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)為(wei)(wei)瀏陽(yang)縣(xian)令,不久(jiu)他便離(li)職還于京(jing)都,撫軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)劉毅鎮守(shou)姑孰城,授(shou)官何(he)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)為(wei)(wei)兼代參(can)軍(jun)(jun)。劉毅曾經外出行走,鄢(yan)陵信史陳滿用弓(gong)箭射(she)(she)鳥(niao),箭誤中了值勤的(de)將(jiang)領,雖然沒有射(she)(she)死人(ren),但是(shi)處以(yi)棄市(shi)之(zhi)刑。何(he)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)提議輕微處罰一下就行了。何(he)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)被補任(ren)為(wei)(wei)宛陵縣(xian)令,趙惔為(wei)(wei)寧蠻(man)校尉(wei)、尋陽(yang)太守(shou),拜請(qing)何(he)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)為(wei)(wei)司(si)馬(ma)。不久(jiu)何(he)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)離(li)職。
宋高祖劉(liu)裕以何承天(tian)為太尉行參軍。高祖討伐劉(liu)毅,留下諸(zhu)葛(ge)長民為監軍,隨后,何承天(tian)被任命為太學博士(shi),
義熙十(shi)一年(415),何(he)承(cheng)天為(wei)世子征(zheng)虜參(can)軍,隨后遷(qian)職為(wei)西中(zhong)郎中(zhong)軍參(can)軍,錢塘縣(xian)令。宋高祖劉裕在壽(shou)陽,宋臺(tai)建立(li),召何(he)承(cheng)天為(wei)尚書祠部郎,與傅亮一起共同撰修朝儀。永初末(mo)年委(wei)任(ren)何(he)承(cheng)天為(wei)南臺(tai)治書侍御(yu)史。
謝晦鎮守(shou)江陵(ling),拜請何承天(tian)為(wei)南蠻長(chang)史(shi),當(dang)時有一個叫尹(yin)嘉的(de)人,家境貧寒,其(qi)母(mu)親熊氏以自(zi)己為(wei)典質替尹(yin)嘉償還債務(wu)。尹(yin)嘉因不孝獲罪當(dang)處死刑,何承天(tian)提議認為(wei)免除尹(yin)嘉的(de)死刑,尹(yin)嘉之事沒有判(pan)決,恰逢大赦,得以釋(shi)免。
謝(xie)晦(hui)薦(jian)舉何(he)(he)承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)為(wei)(wei)衛將軍(jun),后遷(qian)職咨議參軍(jun),兼做記室。宋(song)元嘉三(san)年(426),謝(xie)晦(hui)將被討(tao)伐,他的(de)(de)弟弟黃門(men)郎謝(xie)嚼用(yong)密信通報于他,命令何(he)(he)承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)擬(ni)造征討(tao)檄文,謝(xie)晦(hui)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)湘(xiang)州(zhou)刺史張(zhang)邵(shao)與(yu)自(zi)己(ji)不(bu)是(shi)同道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),準備派(pai)遣一千(qian)人(ren)馬(ma)(ma)去(qu)偷襲他。何(he)(he)承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)不(bu)知(zhi)道(dao)張(zhang)邵(shao)的(de)(de)意(yi)圖趨向,不(bu)宜隨便征討(tao)。當時張(zhang)邵(shao)的(de)(de)哥(ge)張(zhang)茂度為(wei)(wei)益州(zhou)縣令,與(yu)謝(xie)晦(hui)一向友好,所(suo)以謝(xie)晦(hui)受何(he)(he)承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)的(de)(de)勸阻中(zhong)止了(le)(le)派(pai)兵。是(shi)時益州(zhou)前任刺史蕭(xiao)摹之(zhi)(zhi),巴西前任太守劉道(dao)產(chan)離官還于江(jiang)陵,謝(xie)晦(hui)想殺掉他們(men),何(he)(he)承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)竭力營救,所(suo)有的(de)(de)人(ren)得以幸免。謝(xie)晦(hui)被攻克,何(he)(he)承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)留在城府(fu)中(zhong)不(bu)隨行,等到到彥之(zhi)(zhi)到馬(ma)(ma)頭(tou)時,何(he)(he)承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)戴罪(zui)晉見,到彥之(zhi)(zhi)因為(wei)(wei)他有誠(cheng)意(yi),寬恕了(le)(le)他,命他兼作南(nan)蠻(man)府(fu)事。
元嘉七年(nian)(430),到(dao)(dao)彥(yan)之(zhi)出師北伐,拜請何(he)承天為右軍(jun)錄事,等到(dao)(dao)到(dao)(dao)彥(yan)之(zhi)戰(zhan)敗(bai)潰退(tui),何(he)承天因才能(neng)不適于軍(jun)旅,得以免除刑罰,而任(ren)命為尚書殿(dian)中郎,并兼左丞。吳興余(yu)杭人薄道舉(ju)有(you)補(bu)兵之(zhi)禍,依照法律(lv)須是同籍的(de)(de)(de)其(qi)月(yue)親(其(qi)月(yue)親,服喪(sang)(sang)一年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)親屬(shu))補(bu)充(chong)軍(jun)隊,薄道舉(ju)的(de)(de)(de)堂弟(di)薄代公、薄道生都是大(da)功親(大(da)功,喪(sang)(sang)服五服之(zhi)一,服期為九月(yue)),不應(ying)在補(bu)充(chong)的(de)(de)(de)條例之(zhi)內(nei),法律(lv)以薄代公的(de)(de)(de)母(mu)親活著為期親,那么兒(er)子應(ying)跟隨母(mu)親補(bu)充(chong)軍(jun)隊。何(he)承天提(ti)議(yi)將薄代公母(mu)子一起寬恕了。已(yi)故司徒孔邈有(you)奏說沒被(bei)進用(yong)(yong),孫邈已(yi)下葬。議(yi)論的(de)(de)(de)人說不應(ying)該仍(reng)用(yong)(yong)孔邈的(de)(de)(de)名字,而應(ying)用(yong)(yong)現(xian)任(ren)官的(de)(de)(de)名義去啟奏,何(he)承天又提(ti)議(yi)盛明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)世道,凡事應(ying)該從簡(jian)。
何(he)承天(tian)本性剛直,不(bu)能(neng)曲意逢迎(ying)上司,常以自己所長輕慢同行,為仆射殷景(jing)仁所不(bu)滿,出任為衡陽(yang)內史,以前(qian)在(zai)西(xi)部與官(guan)員大多不(bu)融洽(qia),在(zai)郡里又不(bu)太公正清廉(lian),被(bei)州司舉發(fa),拘禁于(yu)牢獄,遇到大赦(she)得免(mian)。
元嘉十(shi)六年(439),任命為(wei)著作(zuo)佐(zuo)郎(lang),編撰國史,何承(cheng)天(tian)年事已高(gao),而其他佐(zuo)郎(lang)都出自名門(men)且年輕有(you)為(wei),潁川荀伯子譏諷何承(cheng)天(tian),常把(ba)他稱作(zuo)乳母,何承(cheng)天(tian)說:“你應當說鳳凰生了(le)九個兒(er)子,乳母又有(you)什么可說的呢!”不(bu)久遷職,為(wei)太子率更(geng)令(ling),著作(zuo)佐(zuo)郎(lang)不(bu)變。
當時丹陽丁況等人死了很久卻(que)還沒安(an)葬,何承天(tian)提議認為丁況等三(san)家(jia),暫且(qie)可(ke)不再過問。
元嘉十(shi)九年(442),設立(li)了(le)國子(zi)學,何承(cheng)天以本職領(ling)國子(zi)博士,皇太子(zi)講授(shou)《孝經》,何承(cheng)天與中庶(shu)子(zi)顏延之(zhi)一起為他手執書(shu)經,從師授(shou)業。不(bu)久(jiu),遷(qian)為御史中丞,當時(shi)北魏侵(qin)擾邊境(jing),宋太祖(zu)向群(qun)臣征求威(wei)懾戎敵抵御入侵(qin)的策(ce)略,何承(cheng)天上書(shu)說(shuo)了(le)自己意見。
何承(cheng)天向來喜歡下棋,對正事常有損害,宋太祖以弈具賞(shang)(shang)(shang)賜給(gei)他,何承(cheng)天上表(biao)陳述謝意說:“賞(shang)(shang)(shang)賜弈具很好(hao),為什(shen)么一(yi)定要像(xiang)張(zhang)武那樣賞(shang)(shang)(shang)金呢(ni)?”何承(cheng)天還善于彈箏,皇(huang)上又賞(shang)(shang)(shang)賜他用銀裝飾的箏一(yi)面,何承(cheng)天與尚書左丞謝元一(yi)向關(guan)系不(bu)好(hao),二人互(hu)相窺伺對方轄臺的過失,幾次互(hu)相上書彈劾。太尉江夏王義(yi)恭一(yi)年給(gei)何承(cheng)天資產:錢幣三千萬(wan),布帛五萬(wan)匹(pi),糧米七萬(wan)斛(hu)。義(yi)恭一(yi)向鋪張(zhang),用度經常不(bu)夠。
元(yuan)(yuan)嘉二(er)(er)十一年(444)轉向(xiang)尚書要求索(suo)取(qu)第二(er)(er)年資費。舊制(zhi)度規定支(zhi)出錢(qian)幣(bi)二(er)(er)十萬,布(bu)(bu)帛五百匹以上,應向(xiang)朝廷啟奏(zou)。謝(xie)元(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)提出以錢(qian)幣(bi)二(er)(er)百萬給(gei)太尉(wei),事情敗露后,謝(xie)元(yuan)(yuan)于是命(ming)令(ling)殺了仆射孟靑。后謝(xie)元(yuan)(yuan)新任太尉(wei)咨議參軍(jun),還沒正(zheng)式(shi)授命(ming),被何(he)(he)承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)揭(jie)發(fa)了,皇上大怒,貶謫謝(xie)元(yuan)(yuan)歸(gui)鄉,且禁(jin)錮終身,謝(xie)元(yuan)(yuan)這(zhe)時又揭(jie)發(fa)何(he)(he)承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)賣綾茭四百七十束給(gei)官屬(shu),索(suo)取(qu)高價。何(he)(he)承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)被貶為(wei)布(bu)(bu)衣。謝(xie)元(yuan)(yuan),字(zi)有宗(zong),陳(chen)郡陽夏人(ren),臨川內史謝(xie)靈運族(zu)祖(zu)的弟弟,以學識才(cai)智聞名,死于禁(jin)錮。
元(yuan)嘉二十四年(447),何承(cheng)天(tian)遷職為廷尉(wei),還(huan)沒有授命(ming),皇上準(zhun)備任他為吏部(bu),已下達了密令,何承(cheng)天(tian)泄密,因此被(bei)免官,死在家(jia)中,享年七十八(ba)歲(sui)。
有文集(ji)三(san)(san)十(shi)二卷,又刪并《禮(li)論(lun)》八百卷為三(san)(san)百卷,著《分明士制》三(san)(san)卷、《孝經(jing)注》一(yi)卷、《歷術》一(yi)卷、《驗日食法》三(san)(san)卷、《漏刻經(jing)》一(yi)卷、《陸機連珠注》一(yi)卷,今皆不傳(chuan)。
《重答顏光祿》
何承天(tian)(tian)曾上表指出沿用(yong)的(de)(de)景初(chu)乾象歷(li)(li)(li)法疏漏不當。奏(zou)請改歷(li)(li)(li),稱《元嘉歷(li)(li)(li)》,訂(ding)正舊(jiu)歷(li)(li)(li)所(suo)訂(ding)的(de)(de)冬至時刻和冬至時日所(suo)在位置,一直通行于(yu)宋、齊及梁天(tian)(tian)監中葉(xie),在我國天(tian)(tian)文律歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)上占有重(zhong)要地位。其論(lun)(lun)周(zhou)天(tian)(tian)度數和兩(liang)極距(ju)離相(xiang)當于(yu)給(gei)出圓周(zhou)率的(de)(de)近(jin)似值約為3.1429,對(dui)后世(shi)的(de)(de)歷(li)(li)(li)法影響很大。能(neng)彈(dan)箏,復(fu)擅弈棋,著作有《達性(xing)論(lun)(lun)》、《與宗居(ju)士書》、《答顏光(guang)祿》、《報應問》等。他運用(yong)當時所(suo)能(neng)達到的(de)(de)自然科學水平(ping),進行反(fan)佛的(de)(de)理論(lun)(lun)斗爭(zheng),在形神問題上批判“神不滅”的(de)(de)唯心(xin)主義理論(lun)(lun),反(fan)對(dui)因果報應說(shuo)。《報應問》、《達性(xing)論(lun)(lun)》等這些著作記錄(lu)了他和佛教徒宗炳、顏延之等的(de)(de)辯(bian)論(lun)(lun),見于(yu)《弘(hong)明(ming)集(ji)(ji)》與《廣弘(hong)明(ming)集(ji)(ji)》。《宋書》、《南(nan)史(shi)》均有傳。宣揚無神論(lun)(lun)。他還熟(shu)知歷(li)(li)(li)代朝典,曾奉命撰(zhuan)修《宋書》,書未成而卒(zu)。
五歲喪(sang)父,聰慧好學,儒史(shi)(shi)百家,莫不該(gai)覽。仕晉(jin),起家南(nan)蠻校尉(wei)桓偉參(can)(can)軍,歷(li)(li)(li)長(chang)沙公陶延壽輔國府參(can)(can)軍、瀏陽(yang)令(ling)。撫軍將(jiang)軍劉毅版為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)行(xing)參(can)(can)軍,出補(bu)宛陵令(ling)。趙恢為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寧(ning)蠻校尉(wei)、尋陽(yang)太(tai)守,請為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)司(si)馬。后(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)尉(wei)劉裕行(xing)參(can)(can)軍,除太(tai)學博(bo)士。義熙十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(415),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)世(shi)子(zi)征虜(lu)參(can)(can)軍,轉(zhuan)西中郎中軍參(can)(can)軍、錢(qian)唐令(ling)。宋臺(tai)初建,召為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尚書(shu)祠部郎,與傅亮共撰(zhuan)朝儀。入宋,補(bu)南(nan)臺(tai)治書(shu)侍御史(shi)(shi)。謝(xie)(xie)晦鎮江陵,請為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)蠻長(chang)史(shi)(shi),轉(zhuan)咨議(yi)參(can)(can)軍,領記室,行(xing)南(nan)蠻府事(shi)(shi)。元(yuan)(yuan)嘉(jia)七(qi)年(nian)(430),到彥(yan)之北伐,請為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)右軍錄事(shi)(shi)。后(hou)(hou)補(bu)尚書(shu)殿中郎、兼左丞(cheng)(cheng),出為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)衡陽(yang)內(nei)史(shi)(shi),后(hou)(hou)世(shi)因稱(cheng)“何衡陽(yang)”。十(shi)(shi)六年(nian),除著作佐(zuo)郎,撰(zhuan)國史(shi)(shi),轉(zhuan)太(tai)子(zi)率更令(ling)。十(shi)(shi)九年(nian),立國子(zi)學,領國子(zi)博(bo)士,遷(qian)御史(shi)(shi)中丞(cheng)(cheng)。承(cheng)天為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)性剛愎,頗以所長(chang)侮同列,與尚書(shu)左丞(cheng)(cheng)謝(xie)(xie)元(yuan)(yuan)交惡而累(lei)相(xiang)糾(jiu)奏,坐白衣領職(zhi)。二(er)十(shi)(shi)四年(nian),遷(qian)廷(ting)尉(wei),未拜,文帝欲用為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吏部,坐宣漏(lou)密旨,免官。承(cheng)天博(bo)通經史(shi)(shi),精律歷(li)(li)(li),曾上表指出沿用的景初乾象歷(li)(li)(li)法(fa)疏(shu)漏(lou)不當,撰(zhuan)歷(li)(li)(li)二(er)卷,奏請改歷(li)(li)(li),稱(cheng)《元(yuan)(yuan)嘉(jia)歷(li)(li)(li)》,對后(hou)(hou)世(shi)歷(li)(li)(li)法(fa)影響很(hen)大。能彈箏,復擅弈棋。嘗撰(zhuan)《報應問(wen)》、《達性論》,就當時熱衷談論的形神(shen)(shen)關系問(wen)題提出個人見解(jie),宣揚無神(shen)(shen)論思想。
《宋書·列傳第二十四》
何承天,東海郯人也(ye)。從祖(zu)倫,晉右衛將軍。承天五歲(sui)失父,母徐氏,廣(guang)之姊(zi)也(ye),聰明博學,故承天幼漸訓議,儒史百家(jia),莫不(bu)該覽。叔父肹(xi)(xi)為(wei)益陽令,隨(sui)肹(xi)(xi)之官。
隆安四年,南蠻校尉(wei)桓偉命為參(can)(can)軍(jun)。時殷(yin)仲堪、桓玄等互舉兵以向朝(chao)廷,承(cheng)天懼禍難(nan)未已,解(jie)職還益陽(yang)(yang)。義旗初,長沙公(gong)陶(tao)延(yan)壽以為其(qi)輔國府參(can)(can)軍(jun),遣通敬于高祖,因除瀏陽(yang)(yang)令(ling),尋(xun)(xun)去職還都。撫軍(jun)將軍(jun)劉毅鎮(zhen)姑孰(shu),版為行參(can)(can)軍(jun)。毅嘗出行,而(er)鄢(yan)陵縣史陳(chen)滿射鳥,箭誤中直(zhi)帥,雖不傷(shang)人,處法棄市。承(cheng)天議曰:「獄貴情斷,疑則從輕。昔驚漢文(wen)帝乘(cheng)輿(yu)馬(ma)者,張釋之(zhi)劾以犯蹕,罪止罰(fa)金。何者?明其(qi)無心于驚馬(ma)也(ye)。故(gu)不以乘(cheng)輿(yu)之(zhi)重,加(jia)以異制。今滿意在(zai)射鳥,非有(you)心于中人。按律過誤傷(shang)人,三歲刑(xing),況不傷(shang)乎(hu)?微罰(fa)可也(ye)。」出補(bu)宛(wan)陵令(ling)。趙惔為寧(ning)蠻校尉(wei)、尋(xun)(xun)陽(yang)(yang)太守,請為司馬(ma)。尋(xun)(xun)去職。
高祖(zu)以為(wei)(wei)太尉行參(can)軍(jun)。高祖(zu)討劉(liu)(liu)(liu)毅,留(liu)諸葛長民為(wei)(wei)監軍(jun)。長民密懷(huai)異志,劉(liu)(liu)(liu)穆之屏人(ren)問承天曰:「公今行濟否云何(he)?」承天曰:「不(bu)(bu)憂西(xi)不(bu)(bu)時(shi),別有一(yi)慮爾。公昔年自左里還(huan)(huan)入石(shi)頭,甚脫爾,今還(huan)(huan),宜加重復。」穆之曰:「非(fei)君不(bu)(bu)聞此言。頃(qing)日愿丹徒(tu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)郎,恐不(bu)(bu)復可得也。」除太學博士。義熙十(shi)一(yi)年,為(wei)(wei)世(shi)子征(zheng)虜(lu)參(can)軍(jun),轉西(xi)中(zhong)郎中(zhong)軍(jun)參(can)軍(jun),錢唐令。高祖(zu)在(zai)壽陽,宋臺建,召為(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書祠部郎,與(yu)傅亮共撰(zhuan)朝儀(yi)。永(yong)初末(mo),補南臺治書侍(shi)御史。
謝晦鎮江陵,請(qing)為南蠻長(chang)史。時(shi)有尹嘉(jia)(jia)者,家(jia)貧,母熊自以(yi)(yi)(yi)身貼錢,為嘉(jia)(jia)償責(ze)(ze)。坐(zuo)不孝當死。承天議曰:「被府宣令,普(pu)議尹嘉(jia)(jia)大(da)辟事,稱(cheng)法吏葛滕簽,母告子(zi)不孝,欲殺者許之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。法云,謂(wei)違犯(fan)教(jiao)令,敬恭有虧(kui),父母欲殺,皆(jie)許之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)所告惟取(qu)信于(yu)所求而(er)許之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。謹尋事原(yuan)心,嘉(jia)(jia)母辭(ci)自求質(zhi)錢,為子(zi)還(huan)責(ze)(ze)。嘉(jia)(jia)雖虧(kui)犯(fan)教(jiao)義,而(er)熊無請(qing)殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辭(ci)。熊求所以(yi)(yi)(yi)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)今(jin)(jin)殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),非隨所求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)。始以(yi)(yi)(yi)不孝為劾(he),終于(yu)和(he)賣結(jie)刑(xing),倚(yi)旁兩端,母子(zi)俱罪,滕簽法文(wen),為非其(qi)條。嘉(jia)(jia)所存者大(da),理(li)在難(nan)申,但明教(jiao)爰發,矜其(qi)愚蔽。夫明德(de)慎罰,文(wen)王所以(yi)(yi)(yi)恤下(xia);議獄緩死,《中孚》所以(yi)(yi)(yi)垂化。言(yan)情則母為子(zi)隱,語敬則禮所不及(ji)。今(jin)(jin)舍乞宥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)評,依請(qing)殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條,責(ze)(ze)敬恭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節,于(yu)饑寒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隸,誠(cheng)非罰疑從輕,寧(ning)失有罪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)也。愚以(yi)(yi)(yi)謂(wei)降(jiang)嘉(jia)(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)死,以(yi)(yi)(yi)普(pu)春澤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恩;赦熊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愆,以(yi)(yi)(yi)明子(zi)隱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜。則蒲亭雖陋,可比(bi)德(de)于(yu)盛明;豚(tun)魚微物,不獨遺于(yu)今(jin)(jin)化。」事未(wei)判,值(zhi)赦,并免。
晦(hui)進號衛將(jiang)軍,轉(zhuan)咨議參軍,領記室。元嘉三年(nian),晦(hui)將(jiang)見討,其(qi)弟黃門郎?爵(jue)密(mi)信報(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),晦(hui)問(wen)承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)曰(yue):「若果爾,卿令(ling)我(wo)云何?」承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)曰(yue):「以(yi)王者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)重,舉(ju)天(tian)(tian)下以(yi)攻一州(zhou)(zhou),大小既(ji)殊,逆順又(you)異,境外(wai)求全,上計也(ye)。其(qi)次(ci),以(yi)腹心領兵(bing)戍于義陽(yang),將(jiang)軍率眾于夏口一戰(zhan),若敗(bai),即趨義陽(yang)以(yi)出北境,其(qi)次(ci)也(ye)。」晦(hui)良久曰(yue):「荊楚用武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo),兵(bing)力有(you)余,且當決戰(zhan),走不晚也(ye)。」使承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)造立表檄。晦(hui)以(yi)湘州(zhou)(zhou)刺(ci)史張邵(shao)(shao)必不同(tong)己,欲遣千(qian)人襲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)以(yi)為(wei)邵(shao)(shao)意趨未可知,不宜便討。時邵(shao)(shao)兄茂(mao)度(du)為(wei)益州(zhou)(zhou),與(yu)晦(hui)素(su)善,故晦(hui)止(zhi)不遣兵(bing)。前益州(zhou)(zhou)刺(ci)史蕭(xiao)摹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、前巴(ba)西(xi)太守劉道產去職還江(jiang)陵,晦(hui)將(jiang)殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)盡力營救,皆得(de)全免。晦(hui)既(ji)下,承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)留府不從。及到(dao)彥(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至馬頭,承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)自詣歸罪,彥(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)其(qi)有(you)誠,宥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使行南蠻府事。
七年(nian),彥之(zhi)(zhi)北(bei)伐(fa),請為(wei)(wei)(wei)右軍錄事。及彥之(zhi)(zhi)敗退,承天(tian)以(yi)才(cai)非軍旅(lv),得免刑責。以(yi)補(bu)(bu)(bu)尚(shang)書殿中(zhong)郎(lang),兼左丞。吳(wu)興(xing)余杭民薄道舉為(wei)(wei)(wei)劫(jie)。制(zhi)同籍(ji)期親(qin)補(bu)(bu)(bu)兵。道舉從(cong)弟代公、道生(sheng)(sheng)等并為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)功(gong)親(qin),非應(ying)在(zai)補(bu)(bu)(bu)謫(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)例(li)(li),法以(yi)代公等母(mu)(mu)存(cun)(cun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)期親(qin),則(ze)子(zi)(zi)(zi)宜(yi)隨母(mu)(mu)補(bu)(bu)(bu)兵。承天(tian)議(yi)(yi)曰:「尋(xun)劫(jie)制(zhi),同籍(ji)期親(qin)補(bu)(bu)(bu)兵,大(da)功(gong)不在(zai)此例(li)(li)。婦人(ren)三(san)從(cong),既嫁從(cong)夫,夫死從(cong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。今(jin)道舉為(wei)(wei)(wei)劫(jie),若(ruo)其叔尚(shang)存(cun)(cun),制(zhi)應(ying)補(bu)(bu)(bu)謫(zhe),妻子(zi)(zi)(zi)營居,固其宜(yi)也。但為(wei)(wei)(wei)劫(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)時,叔父已(yi)沒(mei),代公、道生(sheng)(sheng)并是從(cong)弟,大(da)功(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)親(qin),不合補(bu)(bu)(bu)謫(zhe)。今(jin)若(ruo)以(yi)叔母(mu)(mu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)期親(qin),令代公隨母(mu)(mu)補(bu)(bu)(bu)兵,既違大(da)功(gong)不謫(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi),又失婦人(ren)三(san)從(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)道。由(you)于(yu)主(zhu)者(zhe)守期親(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)文,不辨男女(nv)之(zhi)(zhi)異,遠嫌(xian)畏負,以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)此疑,懼非圣朝恤刑之(zhi)(zhi)旨。謂代公等母(mu)(mu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)并宜(yi)見(jian)原。」故司徒掾(yuan)孔(kong)邈奏(zou)事未(wei)御,邈已(yi)喪殯,議(yi)(yi)者(zhe)謂不宜(yi)仍用邈名,更(geng)以(yi)見(jian)官奏(zou)之(zhi)(zhi)。承天(tian)又議(yi)(yi)曰:「既沒(mei)之(zhi)(zhi)名不合奏(zou)者(zhe),非有(you)它義(yi),正嫌(xian)于(yu)近不祥耳。奏(zou)事一(yi)卻(que),動經歲(sui)時,盛(sheng)明之(zhi)(zhi)世,事從(cong)簡易,曲(qu)嫌(xian)細忌(ji),皆應(ying)蕩除。」
承(cheng)天(tian)為(wei)性剛愎(bi),不(bu)(bu)能屈意朝(chao)右,頗以所長(chang)侮同列,不(bu)(bu)為(wei)仆射殷景仁(ren)所平,出為(wei)衡陽(yang)內史(shi)。昔在(zai)西(xi)與士人(ren)多不(bu)(bu)協,在(zai)郡(jun)又不(bu)(bu)公(gong)清,為(wei)州司所糾,被收(shou)系獄,值赦免。十(shi)六年,除著(zhu)作(zuo)佐郎,撰國史(shi)。承(cheng)天(tian)年已老,而諸佐郎并名家(jia)年少(shao),潁川荀伯子嘲之,常呼為(wei)奶母。承(cheng)天(tian)曰:「卿(qing)當云鳳凰將九子,奶母何言(yan)邪(xie)!」尋(xun)轉太子率更令,著(zhu)作(zuo)如故(gu)。
時(shi)丹陽丁(ding)(ding)況等(deng)久喪不(bu)(bu)(bu)葬,承天議曰(yue):「禮(li)所云還葬,當(dang)謂(wei)荒儉一(yi)時(shi),故許其(qi)稱財而不(bu)(bu)(bu)求(qiu)備。丁(ding)(ding)況三(san)(san)家,數年(nian)中,葬輒無(wu)棺櫬,實由淺情薄恩(en),同于(yu)(yu)禽獸者耳。竊以為(wei)丁(ding)(ding)寶等(deng)同伍積(ji)年(nian),未(wei)嘗(chang)勸之以義,繩(sheng)之以法(fa)。十六年(nian)冬,既無(wu)新(xin)科,又未(wei)申明舊制,有何嚴切,欻(hu)然相(xiang)糾。或由鄰(lin)曲分(fen)爭,以興此(ci)言(yan)。如聞在東(dong)諸處,此(ci)例(li)既多(duo),江西淮(huai)北尤為(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)少。若但謫此(ci)三(san)(san)人,殆無(wu)整肅。開(kai)其(qi)一(yi)端,則(ze)互相(xiang)恐動,里伍縣司,競為(wei)奸利。財賂既逞,獄訟必(bi)繁,懼虧圣明烹鮮之美。臣(chen)愚謂(wei)況等(deng)三(san)(san)家,且可勿問,因(yin)此(ci)附定制旨,若民人葬不(bu)(bu)(bu)如法(fa),同伍當(dang)即糾言(yan),三(san)(san)年(nian)除服(fu)之后(hou),不(bu)(bu)(bu)得追相(xiang)告(gao)列,于(yu)(yu)事為(wei)宜。」
十九年,立國(guo)子(zi)(zi)學,以本官領(ling)國(guo)子(zi)(zi)博士。皇(huang)太子(zi)(zi)講《孝經》,承天(tian)與中(zhong)庶子(zi)(zi)顏延(yan)之同為執(zhi)經。頃之,遷御史中(zhong)丞。時(shi)索虜(lu)侵邊,太祖(zu)訪(fang)群(qun)臣(chen)威戎御遠之略(lve),承天(tian)上表曰:
伏見北(bei)籓上(shang)事(shi),虜犯青、兗,天(tian)慈降鑒,矜此黎元,博逮(dai)群策(ce),經綸戎(rong)政,臣以(yi)愚陋,預聞訪(fang)及(ji)。竊尋獫(xian)狁告難(nan),爰自上(shang)古,有周之(zhi)盛,南(nan)仲出車,漢氏方隆,衛(wei)、霍宣力。雖(sui)飲馬(ma)瀚(han)海,揚旍祁(qi)連,事(shi)難(nan)役繁,天(tian)下騷動,委(wei)興負海,貲及(ji)舟車。兇狡倔(jue)強,未(wei)肯受弱,得(de)失報復,裁不相補。宣帝末年,值其乖(guai)亂,推亡固存,始(shi)(shi)獲(huo)稽(ji)服。自晉喪中原,戎(rong)狄侵擾,百余(yu)年間,未(wei)暇以(yi)北(bei)虜為念。大(da)宋啟(qi)祚,兩耀(yao)靈武(wu),而懷(huai)德畏威,用自款(kuan)納。陛下臨御以(yi)來,羈縻遵養,十(shi)余(yu)年中,貢譯不絕。去歲三(san)王出鎮(zhen),思振遠圖,獸心易駭(hai),遂生猜懼,背(bei)違信約,深構攜隙。貪禍恣毒,無(wu)因自反,恐烽燧之(zhi)警,必自此始(shi)(shi)。臣素庸懦,才不經武(wu),率其管窺,謹撰《安邊論》。意及(ji)淺末,懼無(wu)可采(cai)。若得(de)詢之(zhi)朝列,辨核同異,庶(shu)或開引群慮,研盡眾(zhong)謀(mou),短長畢陳,當否可見。其論曰:
漢世言備(bei)匈奴之(zhi)(zhi)策,不(bu)過二科,武(wu)夫盡征(zheng)伐之(zhi)(zhi)謀(mou),儒生講和親(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)約,課其(qi)所言,互有遠志(zhi)(zhi)。加塞漠(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)外,胡(hu)敵掣肘,必未(wei)能(neng)摧鋒引日(ri),規(gui)自(zi)開張。當由往年(nian)冀土(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)民,附(fu)化者眾(zhong),二州(zhou)臨境,三王(wang)出籓(fan),經略既張,宏圖將(jiang)舉,士(shi)女延望,華、夷(yi)慕義。故(gu)昧于(yu)小利,且(qie)自(zi)矜侈,外示余力,內堅偽眾(zhong)。今(jin)若(ruo)務存遵養,許(xu)其(qi)自(zi)新,雖未(wei)可羈致(zhi)北闕,猶足鎮靜邊境。然(ran)和親(qin)(qin)事重(zhong),當盡廟算,誠非(fei)愚短,所能(neng)究言。若(ruo)追蹤衛(wei)、霍瀚海之(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)(zhi),時(shi)事不(bu)等,致(zhi)功(gong)亦(yi)殊。寇雖習戰未(wei)久,又(you)全據(ju)燕、趙(zhao),跨帶秦、魏,山河(he)之(zhi)(zhi)險(xian),終(zhong)古如一。自(zi)非(fei)大田淮(huai)、泗,內實青(qing)、徐,使(shi)民有贏儲,野有積谷,然(ran)后分命方、召,總率虎旅,精(jing)卒(zu)十萬(wan),使(shi)一舉蕩(dang)夷(yi),則(ze)不(bu)足稍勤(qin)王(wang)師,以勞天下。何以言之(zhi)(zhi)?今(jin)遺黎(li)習亂,志(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)偷安,非(fei)皆恥為左衽,遠慕冠冕,徒以殘害剝辱(ru),視息無(wu)寄(ji),故(gu)繦負歸國,先后相尋。虜既不(bu)能(neng)校勝循(xun)理,攻城略地,而輕兵掩襲,急在(zai)驅殘,是其(qi)所以速怨召禍,滅亡(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)。今(jin)若(ruo)遣軍(jun)追討(tao),報其(qi)侵暴,大翦(jian)幽、冀,屠城破(po)(po)邑(yi),則(ze)圣朝愛育黎(li)元,方濟之(zhi)(zhi)以道(dao)。若(ruo)但欲撫(fu)其(qi)歸附(fu),伐罪吊民,則(ze)駿馬奔走,不(bu)肯來征(zheng),徒興巨(ju)費(fei),無(wu)損于(yu)彼(bi)。復奇兵深入,殺敵破(po)(po)軍(jun),茍陵患未(wei)盡,則(ze)困獸思斗,報復之(zhi)(zhi)役,將(jiang)遂無(wu)已。斯秦、漢之(zhi)(zhi)末策,輪臺之(zhi)(zhi)所悔也。
安邊(bian)固守(shou),于計(ji)為(wei)長。臣以(yi)(yi)安邊(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計(ji),備在史策,李牧言其(qi)(qi)端,嚴尤申(shen)其(qi)(qi)要,大略舉(ju)矣。曹、孫(sun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)霸,才均智敵(di),江、淮(huai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,不(bu)居各數百(bai)里。魏舍合肥,退保新城(cheng),江陵(ling)移(yi)民南(nan)涘,濡須(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戍,家(jia)停羨溪。及表陵(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屯(tun),民夷散(san)雜,晉宣(xuan)王以(yi)(yi)為(wei)宜(yi)從江南(nan)以(yi)(yi)北(bei)岸,曹爽不(bu)許,果(guo)亡柤中,此(ci)皆前代之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殷(yin)鑒也。何者?斥候之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郊,非(fei)(fei)畜牧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,非(fei)(fei)耕桑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邑。故堅壁(bi)清野,以(yi)(yi)俟其(qi)(qi)來,整甲繕兵,以(yi)(yi)乘其(qi)(qi)敝(bi)。雖(sui)時有古今,勢有強弱(ruo),保民全境,不(bu)出此(ci)涂。要而歸(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有四:一曰(yue)(yue)(yue)移(yi)遠(yuan)就(jiu)近;二(er)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)浚復城(cheng)隍;三曰(yue)(yue)(yue)纂偶車牛;四曰(yue)(yue)(yue)計(ji)丁課仗。良守(shou)疆(jiang)其(qi)(qi)土田,驍(xiao)帥(shuai)振其(qi)(qi)風略。搜獵宣(xuan)其(qi)(qi)號令,俎豆訓其(qi)(qi)廉恥。縣爵以(yi)(yi)縻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),設禁以(yi)(yi)威(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。徭稅(shui)有程,寬猛相濟。比及十載,民知義(yi)方。然(ran)后簡將(jiang)授奇,揚旌云朔,風卷河冀,電掃(sao)嵩恒(heng),燕(yan)弧折卻,代馬摧足,秦首斬其(qi)(qi)右臂,吳蹄絕(jue)其(qi)(qi)左肩(jian),銘功于燕(yan)然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阿,饗徒(tu)于金(jin)微之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲。
寇雖亂亡有征,昧弱易取,若(ruo)(ruo)天時人事,或未(wei)盡(jin)符,抑(yi)銳俟機,宜審其(qi)算。若(ruo)(ruo)邊戍(shu)未(wei)增,星(xing)居(ju)布野,勤惰異教(jiao),貧富殊資,疆場之(zhi)(zhi)民,多(duo)懷彼此(ci),虜在去就(jiu),不根(gen)本業(ye),難可(ke)驅率,易在振蕩。又狡虜之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing),食肉衣(yi)皮(pi),以馳騁為儀容,以游獵為南畝,非有車輿之(zhi)(zhi)安,宮室之(zhi)(zhi)衛(wei)。櫛風沐雨,不以為勞;露宿草寢(qin),維(wei)其(qi)常性(xing);勝(sheng)則(ze)競(jing)利,敗(bai)不羞走,彼來(lai)或驟(zou),而此(ci)已(yi)奔疲。且今春逾(yu)濟,既(ji)獲其(qi)利,乘勝(sheng)忸忄(xin)犬,未(wei)虞天誅,比及秋末,容更送死。猋騎蟻聚,輕兵鳥集(ji),并踐禾稼,焚爇(ruo)閭井,雖邊將多(duo)略,未(wei)審何(he)以御(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)。若(ruo)(ruo)盛師連(lian)屯,廢農必眾,馳車奔驲,起役必遲,散(san)金行賞,損(sun)費必大(da),換土客戍(shu),怨曠必繁。孰(shu)若(ruo)(ruo)因民所居(ju),并修農戰(zhan),無動(dong)眾之(zhi)(zhi)勞,有捍(han)衛(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)實,其(qi)為利害,優劣相縣也。
一曰移遠就(jiu)(jiu)近,以實內(nei)地。今青、兗舊民(min),冀州新附,在(zai)界首者二萬家,此寇之資也(ye)。今悉可內(nei)徙,青州民(min)移東萊、平昌、北(bei)海諸郡(jun),泰山以南,南至下邳,左沭右沂,田良(liang)野沃,西阻蘭陵,北(bei)扼大(da)峴,四(si)塞之內(nei),其(qi)號險固。民(min)性重遷(qian),暗于圖始,無虜之時,喜生(sheng)咨(zi)怨。今新被(bei)鈔掠,余懼未息(xi),若(ruo)曉(xiao)示(shi)安危,居以樂(le)土,宜(yi)其(qi)歌抃就(jiu)(jiu)路,視遷(qian)如歸。
二(er)(er)曰浚復(fu)城(cheng)隍,以增阻防。舊秋冬收斂,民人入保,所(suo)以警備暴客,使防衛有素(su)也。古(gu)之(zhi)城(cheng)池(chi),處(chu)處(chu)皆(jie)有,今雖頹毀(hui),猶可修治。粗計(ji)戶數(shu),量其(qi)所(suo)容,新徙之(zhi)家(jia),悉著城(cheng)內,假(jia)其(qi)經用(yong),為之(zhi)閭伍,納稼筑場,還在(zai)一處(chu)。婦(fu)子守家(jia),長吏(li)為師,丁夫匹婦(fu),春(chun)夏佃牧。寇至之(zhi)時,一城(cheng)千(qian)(qian)(qian)室,堪戰之(zhi)士(shi),不(bu)下二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)(qian),其(qi)余羸弱,猶能登陴(pi)鼓噪。十則圍之(zhi),兵(bing)家(jia)舊說,戰士(shi)二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)(qian),足抗群虜三萬(wan)矣。
三曰纂(zuan)偶車牛,以飾戎械。計(ji)千家之(zhi)資(zi),不(bu)下五(wu)百耦牛,為車五(wu)百兩(liang)。參(can)合鉤連,以衛其眾。設使城不(bu)可固,平行趨(qu)險,賊所不(bu)能(neng)干。既已族居(ju),易可檢(jian)括(kuo)。號令先明,民知夙戒(jie)。有急征發,信宿可聚。
四曰(yue)計丁課仗(zhang),勿使有(you)闕。千家(jia)之邑,戰士二千,隨其(qi)便能(neng),各(ge)自(zi)有(you)仗(zhang),素所服習,銘刻由己,還保輸之于庫,出行請以自(zi)衛。弓(gong)干利鐵,民不辦得(de)者(zhe),官以漸充之,數(shu)年之內,軍用(yong)粗備矣。
臣聞軍(jun)國異容,施于(yu)封畿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內;兵農并修,在于(yu)疆場(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)表。攻守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜,皆(jie)因其習,任其怯勇。山陵川陸(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形,寒(han)暑(shu)溫(wen)涼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣,各由本性,易則(ze)害(hai)生。是(shi)故(gu)戍申作師,遠屯(tun)清濟(ji),功費既(ji)重,嗟怨亦(yi)深。以臣料之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),未若即(ji)用(yong)彼眾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)易也。管子治齊,寄令在民;商君為(wei)秦,設以耕戰(zhan)。終申威(wei)定霸(ba),行其志業,非茍任強,實由有數(shu)。梁用(yong)走卒,其邦自滅(mie);齊用(yong)技擊,厥眾亦(yi)離。漢(han)、魏以來,茲制漸絕,搜(sou)田非復先(xian)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禮,治兵徒逞耳目之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)欲(yu),有急之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日,民不知戰(zhan),至乃(nai)廣延賞募,奉以厚(hou)秩,發遽奔救,天下騷(sao)然。方伯刺史,拱手坐(zuo)聽,自無經略(lve),唯望(wang)朝廷遣軍(jun),此皆(jie)忘戰(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai),不教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)失也。
今(jin)移民實內(nei),浚治城隍,族居聚處(chu),課其(qi)騎(qi)射,長(chang)吏(li)簡試,差品能(neng)不,甲科(ke)上(shang)第,漸(jian)就優別,明其(qi)勛才,表言州郡。如此(ci)則屯部有常,不遷其(qi)業。內(nei)護老弱(ruo),外通官涂,朋曹(cao)素定(ding),同(tong)憂(you)等樂,情由習親(qin),藝因事著,晝戰見貌足相識,夜(ye)戰聞聲足相救,斯教戰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一隅(yu),先哲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺術。論者(zhe)必(bi)以(yi)(yi)古城荒毀(hui),難(nan)可修復(fu)。今(jin)不謂(wei)頓便加功,整麗如舊,但欲(yu)先定(ding)民,營其(qi)閭術,墉壑存者(zhe),因而(er)即之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)有毀(hui)缺,權時(shi)柵斷。足以(yi)(yi)御彼(bi)輕兵(bing),防遏游(you)騎(qi),假以(yi)(yi)方將,漸(jian)就只立。車牛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賦,課仗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi),攻守所資,軍國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要,今(jin)因民所利(li),導而(er)率之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。耕(geng)農(nong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器,為(wei)府庫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶,田蠶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氓(mang),兼(jian)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用,千(qian)家總(zong)倍旅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing),萬戶具全軍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾,兵(bing)強(qiang)而(er)敵不戒,國(guo)富而(er)民不勞(lao),比于優復(fu)隊伍(wu),坐食(shi)廩糧者(zhe),不可同(tong)年而(er)校矣。
今承平未久(jiu),邊令弛縱(zong),弓竿利鐵,既不都斷,往(wang)(wang)歲棄(qi)甲,垂二十年,課其所(suo)(suo)(suo)住(zhu),理(li)應消壞。謂(wei)宜(yi)(yi)申明(ming)舊科,嚴加(jia)禁塞(sai),諸商賈往(wang)(wang)來(lai),幢隊挾藏者,皆(jie)以(yi)軍法治(zhi)之(zhi)。又界(jie)上嚴立(li)(li)關候,杜廢間(jian)蹊。城保(bao)之(zhi)境(jing),諸所(suo)(suo)(suo)課仗,并(bing)加(jia)雕鐫,別造程式。若有(you)遺(yi)鏃亡刃(ren),及私(si)為竊盜(dao)者,皆(jie)可立(li)(li)驗,于事(shi)為長。又鉅野(ye)湖澤(ze)廣大,南通(tong)洙、泗,北連青(qing)、齊(qi),有(you)舊縣城,正在澤(ze)內(nei)。宜(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)式修復舊堵,利其埭(dai)遏,給(gei)輕艦百(bai)艘。寇若入境(jing),引艦出戰,左右隨宜(yi)(yi)應接,據(ju)其師津,毀其航漕。此以(yi)利制車,運我(wo)所(suo)(suo)(suo)長,亦微(wei)徹(che)敵之(zhi)要也。
承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)素(su)(su)好弈棋,頗用(yong)廢事。太祖賜以(yi)局(ju)子(zi),承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)奉表陳謝,上(shang)答:「局(ju)子(zi)之賜,何必非張武之金邪!」承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)又(you)能彈箏(zheng),上(shang)又(you)賜銀(yin)裝箏(zheng)一(yi)面(mian)。承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)與尚(shang)(shang)書左(zuo)丞(cheng)謝元素(su)(su)不相(xiang)(xiang)善,二人競(jing)伺(si)二臺(tai)之違(wei),累(lei)相(xiang)(xiang)糾奏。太尉江夏王義恭歲給資費(fei)錢三千(qian)萬(wan),布五(wu)萬(wan)匹(pi)(pi),米七萬(wan)斛。義恭素(su)(su)奢(she)侈,用(yong)常(chang)不充,二十一(yi)年,逆(ni)就尚(shang)(shang)書換明年資費(fei)。而舊制出錢二十萬(wan),布五(wu)百(bai)匹(pi)(pi)以(yi)上(shang),并應奏聞,元輒命議(yi)以(yi)錢二百(bai)萬(wan)給太尉。事發覺,元乃使令史取(qu)仆射孟顗(yi)命。元時新除(chu)太尉咨(zi)議(yi)參軍,未(wei)拜,為(wei)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)所糾。上(shang)大怒(nu),遣(qian)元長歸田里,禁錮(gu)終身(shen)。元時又(you)舉(ju)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)賣茭(jiao)四百(bai)七十束與官屬,求貴價。承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)坐(zuo)白衣(yi)領職。元字有宗,陳郡(jun)陽夏人,臨川內史靈運(yun)從祖弟也(ye)。以(yi)才學見知(zhi),卒于禁錮(gu)。
二(er)十四年,承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)遷廷尉(wei),未拜,上欲以(yi)為吏部,已受密旨,承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)宣(xuan)漏之(zhi),坐(zuo)免官(guan)。卒于(yu)家,年七(qi)十八(ba)。先是,《禮(li)論(lun)》有八(ba)百卷,承(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)刪減并(bing)(bing)合,以(yi)類(lei)相從,凡為三(san)百卷,并(bing)(bing)《前(qian)傳》、《雜語(yu)》、《纂文》、論(lun)并(bing)(bing)傳于(yu)世。又改定《元(yuan)嘉歷》,語(yu)在(zai)《律歷志》。