共工(gong)怒(nu)觸不(bu)周(zhou)山是一個著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)的上古神(shen)話傳說。又名(ming)共工(gong)觸山,且與女媧補(bu)天、后(hou)羿射日、嫦(chang)娥奔月并稱中國古代著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)的四(si)大(da)神(shen)話。
共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong),又稱(cheng)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏,是(shi)中國古代神話(hua)中的(de)水(shui)神,掌控(kong)洪水(shui)。在西晉張湛《列子·湯問》中記(ji)載,傳說共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)素(su)來與顓頊(xu)不合,發生驚(jing)天動地的(de)大戰,最后以共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)失敗(bai)而憤怒(nu)地撞(zhuang)上不周山而告終。
另一個版(ban)本:共(gong)工制定了水利工程計劃,顓頊不(bu)支持,顓頊與(yu)共(gong)工之間發生了大戰(zhan),共(gong)工不(bu)能得到民(min)眾的(de)支持,他(ta)決心撞斷(duan)不(bu)周山,以示決心。
這(zhe)一傳(chuan)說反映了遠古(gu)部族間的斗(dou)爭(zheng),同時涉(she)及到古(gu)代天(tian)文學上的“蓋天(tian)說”。
共工,炎(yan)帝(di)裔。據《山(shan)海經·海內經》:“炎(yan)帝(di)之妻(qi)、赤水(shui)之子聽訞(yāo)生炎(yan)居,炎(yan)居生節(jie)并(bing),節(jie)并(bing)生戲器(qi),戲器(qi)生祝融,祝融降處于江水(shui),生共工。“
《路史·后紀(ji)二(er)》注引(yin)《歸藏(zang)·啟筮》:“共工人面(mian)蛇身(shen)朱發。”
相傳(chuan)共(gong)工為(wei)水(shui)(shui)神。《左(zuo)傳(chuan)·昭(zhao)公十七年(nian)》:“共(gong)工氏(shi)以水(shui)(shui)紀,故為(wei)水(shui)(shui)師而水(shui)(shui)名。
《管子·揆度》:“共工(gong)之(zhi)王,水處什工(gong)與顓頊之(zhi)戰。
《淮南(nan)子·天文(wen)訓(xun)》:“昔(xi)者共工與顓頊爭為帝(di),怒(nu)而觸不周之山,天柱折,地維絕,天傾西北,故日月星辰(chen)移焉;地不滿東南(nan),故水潦塵埃(ai)歸焉。”
此戰又或傳為共(gong)工(gong)(gong)與(yu)高辛(《淮南子·原道》),神農(《雕玉集·壯力》),祝融(rong)(rong)(《史記·補(bu)三(san)皇(huang)本紀》),女媧(《路史·太吳紀》)之爭。其他如禹逐共(gong)工(gong)(gong),禹殺共(gong)工(gong)(gong)之臣相柳等傳說,由(you)禹為黃帝系統人物,當亦系黃炎戰爭之余緒。今河南杞縣流傳的“女媧補(bu)天(tian)”傳說則(ze)謂:共(gong)工(gong)(gong)、祝融(rong)(rong)、女媧、棺人為兄妹。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)與(yu)祝融(rong)(rong)因(yin)吃天(tian)鵝蛋相爭,共(gong)工(gong)(gong)怒觸不(bu)周山,天(tian)塌洪水泛濫,女媧乃有補(bu)天(tian)之舉,似(si)更原始。
《史(shi)記(ji)·補三皇本紀》:“諸侯有共工氏,任智(zhi)刑以(yi)強霸而不王;以(yi)水(shui)乘(cheng)木,乃(nai)與祝融戰。不勝而怒,乃(nai)頭(tou)觸(chu)不周山崩,天柱折(zhe),地維絕(jue)。”此戰或又傳(chuan)說為顓(zhuan)頊,神農,女媧,高辛與共工之爭。
《國語(yu)·魯語(yu)上》載:“共工氏(shi)(shi)之伯九(jiu)(jiu)有。”“伯九(jiu)(jiu)有”也就是霸九(jiu)(jiu)州。實際上是說(shuo)共工氏(shi)(shi)一(yi)度是九(jiu)(jiu)州的(de)(de)伯(霸)主,即中(zhong)原部(bu)落聯盟的(de)(de)一(yi)個首領(ling)。這(zhe)(zhe)反映了九(jiu)(jiu)個氏(shi)(shi)族住(zhu)在九(jiu)(jiu)個地(di)方,共工氏(shi)(shi)在其中(zhong)居(ju)于首要地(di)位。徐旭生說(shuo)共工氏(shi)(shi)居(ju)住(zhu)地(di)在今河(he)(he)南(nan)省輝(hui)縣。郭沫若(ruo)說(shuo):共工氏(shi)(shi)長期(qi)活動的(de)(de)地(di)方是今河(he)(he)南(nan)西部(bu)的(de)(de)伊水(shui)和洛水(shui)流域(yu)。這(zhe)(zhe)個地(di)方古(gu)代(dai)稱為(wei)九(jiu)(jiu)州,可能來源于共工氏(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)九(jiu)(jiu)個氏(shi)(shi)。后來,這(zhe)(zhe)里往西的(de)(de)山區中(zhong)還有九(jiu)(jiu)州之戎,大概是共工氏(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)余部(bu)延續下來的(de)(de)。
共工(gong)是古代(dai)傳(chuan)說中神(shen)農氏的(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai),屬于炎(yan)帝(di)一族,身為水神(shen),共工(gong)有人的(de)(de)面孔、手足和蛇(she)的(de)(de)身體。在黃(huang)帝(di)的(de)(de)繼承人顓頊治(zhi)世的(de)(de)時代(dai)反叛(pan),被顓頊擊敗,共工(gong)怒而頭撞不(bu)(bu)周山(傳(chuan)說中支撐世界(jie)的(de)(de)支柱),造成世界(jie)向西(xi)北傾斜。之后(hou)共工(gong)仍不(bu)(bu)斷地作亂(代(dai)表洪水的(de)(de)爆發),最后(hou)被禹殺死(指治(zhi)水成功)。
《淮(huai)南(nan)子·天文訓》:“昔者共工與(yu)顓頊爭為帝,怒而觸不周(zhou)之山,天柱(zhu)折,地維絕。天傾(qing)西北,故日月星辰移焉(yan)(yan);地不滿東(dong)南(nan),故水潦(liao)塵埃歸焉(yan)(yan)。”
意思(si)是:從前,共工與(yu)顓頊爭奪為帝,失敗了,于是共工發(fa)怒(用(yong)頭)去(qu)撞不周(zhou)山,支撐天的(de)柱子折了,系掛地的(de)繩(sheng)子斷(duan)了。天向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)北(bei)方向(xiang)(xiang)傾斜,所以(yi)太陽、月亮、星星都(dou)朝西(xi)北(bei)方移動;地的(de)東南角陷(xian)塌了,所以(yi)江湖流水都(dou)朝東南方向(xiang)(xiang)流去(qu)。
這則神(shen)話反映了遠古部族間(jian)的斗爭同(tong)時(shi)涉及到古代天(tian)文學上(shang)的“蓋天(tian)說(shuo)”,來(lai)解(jie)釋(shi)“日月星辰都(dou)朝(chao)(chao)西北方移動”“江(jiang)河泥(ni)沙都(dou)朝(chao)(chao)東南方向流去”的現(xian)象。
《淮南子·天文訓》云:昔(xi)者,共(gong)工與顓頊爭為(wei)帝(di),怒而觸不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)之山(shan),天柱折,地維絕。天傾(qing)西北,故日月星辰移焉;地不(bu)(bu)滿東南,故水潦(liao)塵埃歸焉。
這里記載的(de)故事是顓頊(xu)與(yu)共工爭帝位而戰,那(nei)么時間就是顓頊(xu)時期,據說也就是因為這樣,才有女媧(wa)補(bu)天(tian)的(de)故事。
依據(ju)《山(shan)海經》記(ji)載(zai),共工(gong)為炎帝后裔。《史(shi)記(ji)·補三皇本紀》云:諸侯(hou)有共工(gong)氏,任(ren)智(zhi)刑以強霸而不王(wang);以水乘木,乃(nai)與祝融戰。不勝而怒,乃(nai)頭觸不周山(shan)崩,天柱折(zhe),地維缺。
霸道的共工,又和祝融打起來了。傳說祝融為顓頊帝孫重(zhong)黎,高辛氏火(huo)正之官,黃帝賜他姓(xing)“祝融氏”。
神農氏代替燧(sui)人氏
公元(yuan)(yuan)前5800年(nian)開(kai)始,南(nan)方杭(hang)(hang)州(zhou)河(he)姆渡褐色人種伏(fu)羲(xi)女媧朱(zhu)雀祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)就(jiu)(jiu)想要進入(ru)中(zhong)原,那時(shi)玄(xuan)(xuan)武(wu)顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)還(huan)是他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)下,通過排干南(nan)陽盆地終(zhong)于突(tu)入(ru)了(le)中(zhong)原,華(hua)(hua)朝主家共工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)領導下的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)九(jiu)州(zhou)聯盟(meng)(meng)對入(ru)侵加以抗爭失敗后,之后又堅守黃河(he)防(fang)線(xian)繼(ji)續(xu)(xu)抗戰(zhan),擔任祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)先鋒的(de)(de)(de)玄(xuan)(xuan)武(wu)顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)攻破了(le)黃河(he)防(fang)線(xian)后,又退守陜西防(fang)線(xian)。公元(yuan)(yuan)前5000年(nian),擔任祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)先鋒的(de)(de)(de)玄(xuan)(xuan)武(wu)顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),與(yu)共工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)領導下的(de)(de)(de)九(jiu)州(zhou)聯盟(meng)(meng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)陜西不(bu)周之山附近展開(kai)最后的(de)(de)(de)決戰(zhan)。就(jiu)(jiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)時(shi),隕石墜落引發大(da)海(hai)嘯(xiao),甚至連南(nan)陽盆地和淮(huai)河(he)流域都受(shou)到洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)影響(xiang)而(er)與(yu)南(nan)方斷絕了(le)聯系。祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)老巢(chao)杭(hang)(hang)州(zhou)更(geng)是被洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)損失慘重,無力(li)北上作(zuo)戰(zhan)。被隔(ge)絕在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)北方的(de)(de)(de)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤踞在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)山東(dong)(dong),玄(xuan)(xuan)武(wu)顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)女媧的(de)(de)(de)指引下投降(jiang)了(le)河(he)南(nan)的(de)(de)(de)華(hua)(hua)朝分(fen)支家夏族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)神龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),定(ding)居在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)他(ta)們(men)附近,并幫助他(ta)們(men)防(fang)御東(dong)(dong)面的(de)(de)(de)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),和幫助神龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)取代共工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)為九(jiu)州(zhou)聯盟(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)(de)首領,共工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)從此定(ding)居在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)陜西成(cheng)為了(le)公元(yuan)(yuan)前6000-前2000年(nian)甘肅(su)大(da)地灣馬家窯文(wen)化。神龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)為了(le)神農氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)公元(yuan)(yuan)前4800─前4300年(nian)河(he)南(nan)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)半坡(po)文(wen)化。殘余的(de)(de)(de)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)退去后下山與(yu)神龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)成(cheng)為了(le)公元(yuan)(yuan)前4500—前2500年(nian)山東(dong)(dong)大(da)汶口文(wen)化。玄(xuan)(xuan)武(wu)顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)之后被封在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)東(dong)(dong)北繼(ji)續(xu)(xu)對抗山東(dong)(dong),成(cheng)為了(le)公元(yuan)(yuan)前4000~前3000年(nian)遼寧紅山文(wen)化。
盤古開天(tian)(tian)辟地(di)(di)女媧造(zao)人之后,水(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工一(yi)(yi)(yi)向(xiang)與火(huo)神(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)不(bu)(bu)合,他(ta)(ta)(ta)向(xiang)火(huo)神(shen)(shen)發動(dong)進攻。擔當先(xian)鋒的(de)大將(jiang)(jiang)相柳、浮游,猛撲火(huo)神(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏(shi)居住的(de)光(guang)明(ming)宮(gong),把光(guang)明(ming)宮(gong)四周長年不(bu)(bu)熄(xi)的(de)神(shen)(shen)火(huo)弄(nong)滅(mie)了(le)。大地(di)(di)頓時一(yi)(yi)(yi)片漆(qi)黑(hei)。火(huo)神(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)駕著(zhu)(zhu)遍身冒著(zhu)(zhu)烈(lie)(lie)焰的(de)火(huo)龍(long)出來迎戰(zhan)。所到之處,云(yun)霧(wu)廓清(qing),雨水(shui)(shui)齊收;黑(hei)暗悄悄退去,大地(di)(di)重現光(guang)明(ming)。水(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工惱羞(xiu)成怒,命(ming)令相柳和浮游將(jiang)(jiang)三江五(wu)海(hai)的(de)水(shui)(shui)汲上來,往祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)那里(li)(li)(li)傾去。剎時間長空(kong)中濁浪飛瀉(xie),黑(hei)濤翻(fan)騰(teng),白(bai)云(yun)被淹(yan)沒,神(shen)(shen)火(huo)又被澆熄(xi)了(le)。可是(shi)大水(shui)(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)退,神(shen)(shen)火(huo)又燒(shao)了(le)起來,加上祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)請來風(feng)神(shen)(shen)幫忙,風(feng)助火(huo)威,火(huo)乘風(feng)勢,熾熾烈(lie)(lie)烈(lie)(lie)地(di)(di)直撲共(gong)(gong)(gong)工。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)想(xiang)留住大水(shui)(shui)來御(yu)火(huo),可是(shi)水(shui)(shui)瀉(xie)千里(li)(li)(li),哪里(li)(li)(li)留得住。火(huo)焰又長舌般地(di)(di)卷來,共(gong)(gong)(gong)工他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)被燒(shao)得焦(jiao)頭(tou)(tou)爛額,東(dong)倒(dao)西(xi)歪。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工率領(ling)水(shui)(shui)軍且戰(zhan)且退,逃回大海(hai)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)滿以為祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)遇(yu)到大水(shui)(shui),肯定會知難而退。因(yin)此立在水(shui)(shui)宮(gong),得意起來。不(bu)(bu)料祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)這次下了(le)必(bi)勝的(de)決心(xin),他(ta)(ta)(ta)全(quan)速追擊。火(huo)龍(long)所到之處,海(hai)水(shui)(shui)不(bu)(bu)由滾(gun)(gun)滾(gun)(gun)向(xiang)兩旁翻(fan)轉(zhuan),讓開了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)大路。祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)直逼(bi)水(shui)(shui)宮(gong),水(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)只(zhi)好硬(ying)著(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)皮出來迎戰(zhan)。代表光(guang)明(ming)的(de)火(huo)神(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)獲得了(le)全(quan)勝。浮游活(huo)活(huo)氣死,相柳逃之夭夭,共(gong)(gong)(gong)工心(xin)力交瘁,無(wu)法(fa)再戰(zhan),狼(lang)狽地(di)(di)向(xiang)天(tian)(tian)邊(bian)(bian)逃去。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工一(yi)(yi)(yi)直逃到不(bu)(bu)周山(shan),回頭(tou)(tou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)看,追兵已近。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工又羞(xiu)又憤,就(jiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)頭(tou)(tou)向(xiang)山(shan)腰撞(zhuang)去,“嘩啦(la)啦(la)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)聲巨響,不(bu)(bu)周山(shan)竟(jing)給共(gong)(gong)(gong)工撞(zhuang)折了(le)。不(bu)(bu)周山(shan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)倒(dao),大災難降臨了(le)。原來不(bu)(bu)周山(shan)是(shi)根撐天(tian)(tian)的(de)大柱(zhu),柱(zhu)子一(yi)(yi)(yi)斷,半邊(bian)(bian)天(tian)(tian)空(kong)就(jiu)坍塌下來,露出石骨嶙峋的(de)大窟窿,頓時天(tian)(tian)河傾瀉(xie),洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)泛濫。著(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)“水(shui)(shui)火(huo)不(bu)(bu)相容”典故即(ji)源于這場(chang)大戰(zhan)。后來才有了(le)女媧煉五(wu)彩石補(bu)天(tian)(tian)的(de)事跡,大地(di)(di)重回正常。
水神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)共工氏和火(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)祝融氏的(de)(de)這(zhe)場大戰,皆因“水火(huo)不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)容”而(er)發(fa)生,一方面(mian)說明(ming)了(le)水火(huo)相(xiang)(xiang)克的(de)(de)原理(li),即水火(huo)天生不(bu)(bu)睦;另一方面(mian)說明(ming)了(le)有些事物是(shi)自然(ran)界的(de)(de)基本本能,非人(ren)力(li)所(suo)(suo)能干擾(rao)。縱(zong)觀遠古(gu)時代水神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)和火(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)這(zhe)場驚天動地的(de)(de)大戰,沒有什么所(suo)(suo)謂正(zheng)義和公理(li),只(zhi)有大自然(ran)的(de)(de)力(li)量在搏擊(ji)。而(er)敗陣的(de)(de)水神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)共工因惱怒(nu)去撞不(bu)(bu)周山,女媧補(bu)天算(suan)是(shi)拯救了(le)自然(ran)世界。
伏羲時(shi)期,在(zai)華夏有(you)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)長(chang)(chang)于耍(shua)陰謀詭計的(de)部族叫做共(gong)工氏。共(gong)工氏在(zai)天(tian)上對應著一(yi)(yi)個(ge)壞(huai)水神,叫共(gong)工,它(ta)(ta)人面(mian)蛇身(shen)(shen),有(you)紅色的(de)頭(tou)發,性情(qing)十分兇惡(e),嗜殺成性。共(gong)工手下(xia)有(you)兩個(ge)惡(e)名昭彰的(de)惡(e)神:一(yi)(yi)個(ge)是(shi)長(chang)(chang)著九個(ge)腦袋的(de)相柳,它(ta)(ta)也是(shi)人面(mian)蛇身(shen)(shen),全身(shen)(shen)青(qing)色,性情(qing)殘(can)酷貪(tan)婪,專以殺戮為樂;另一(yi)(yi)個(ge)是(shi)長(chang)(chang)的(de)兇神惡(e)煞(sha)一(yi)(yi)般的(de)浮游,也是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)作惡(e)多端的(de)家伙。
共(gong)工(gong)氏的(de)(de)(de)人說話(hua)好(hao)聽的(de)(de)(de)很,天(tian)花(hua)亂墜,但做起事來邪(xie)僻,表面上(shang)恭(gong)敬(jing),實際上(shang)無(wu)(wu)法無(wu)(wu)天(tian)。共(gong)工(gong)氏的(de)(de)(de)頭子叫(jiao)康回(hui),生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)髦身朱(zhu)發,鐵臂(bei)虬筋(jin),身高(gao)一(yi)丈有余,力大(da)無(wu)(wu)窮。康回(hui)為人表面恭(gong)敬(jing)但內(nei)心狡詐,陰謀百出,只是(shi)礙于(yu)伏羲的(de)(de)(de)大(da)威大(da)德(de)而暫時隱忍為上(shang)。伏羲離去(qu)后,華(hua)夏(xia)之(zhi)民尊奉女媧(wa),康回(hui)因此嫉(ji)恨(hen),倚仗自己(ji)封地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)勢高(gao)險,決(jue)滔(tao)天(tian)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)危害中原,致(zhi)使華(hua)夏(xia)天(tian)地(di)(di)間一(yi)片汪洋。女媧(wa)忍無(wu)(wu)可忍,決(jue)定(ding)引領(ling)華(hua)夏(xia)之(zhi)民鏟除共(gong)工(gong)。華(hua)夏(xia)堯帝時期(qi),天(tian)下洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)泛濫,在(zai)鯀(gun)治(zhi)水(shui)不成功的(de)(de)(de)情況下,堯派鯀(gun)的(de)(de)(de)兒子禹(yu)去(qu)治(zhi)理洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)。大(da)禹(yu)領(ling)著百姓治(zhi)水(shui),一(yi)直將黃河(he)治(zhi)理到邙山(shan)東頭,再向(xiang)東的(de)(de)(de)河(he)道就(jiu)不好(hao)治(zhi)了,因為有共(gong)工(gong)在(zai)作怪搗亂。
顓頊帝(di)(di)(di)為(wei)華夏上古時期五帝(di)(di)(di)(黃帝(di)(di)(di)、顓頊、帝(di)(di)(di)嚳、唐堯、虞舜)之一(yi),被稱為(wei)北方水德之帝(di)(di)(di)。顓頊帝(di)(di)(di)為(wei)人(ren)仁德、智慧,當(dang)時世(shi),四方慕德而服,鳥獸盡皆(jie)感化。顓頊帝(di)(di)(di)自幼受(shou)叔父少昊的(de)熏(xun)陶,特(te)別愛好音(yin)(yin)樂。當(dang)他聽(ting)到八方來風(feng)掠過大地發出(chu)(chu)熙熙凄凄鏘(qiang)鏘(qiang)的(de)聲音(yin)(yin)時,感覺(jue)十(shi)分悅耳,便讓(rang)八條飛龍仿效風(feng)聲而長吟,命名(ming)為(wei)《承云曲》,專門用(yong)來紀(ji)念黃帝(di)(di)(di)。他又突(tu)發異想,令揚子(zi)鱷(e)做音(yin)(yin)樂的(de)倡導者。揚子(zi)鱷(e)鳴聲如鼓,背上披有堅厚的(de)鱗甲(jia),成(cheng)天躺(tang)在池沼底(di)部的(de)洞穴內睡覺(jue),對音(yin)(yin)樂向來生疏。但它接令后不敢怠(dai)慢,立(li)刻翻轉笨(ben)重(zhong)的(de)身軀仰臥,揮動粗大的(de)尾(wei)巴敲打鼓凸的(de)灰肚皮,發出(chu)(chu)的(de)聲音(yin)(yin)果然嘹亮。人(ren)間受(shou)到顓頊帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)影響,用(yong)揚子(zi)鱷(e)的(de)皮來蒙鼓。這種鼓十(shi)分貴重(zhong),叫鼉鼓。
顓頊帝時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)已(yi)經發生(sheng)了(le)變化。顓頊帝直(zhi)屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北方三(san)十(shi)六州(zhou)(zhou)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)高尚,而(er)其他地(di)方道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)已(yi)經衰(shuai)微了(le)。“君(jun)臣富貴皆由德(de)(de)而(er)生(sheng)”,因(yin)此(ci),原本不(bu)(bu)停運轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽、月亮和星(xing)星(xing)開始被牢(lao)牢(lao)拴在天(tian)穹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北邊,固(gu)定在北方三(san)十(shi)六州(zhou)(zhou)上(shang)空。上(shang)古時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),華夏之民敬(jing)神拜天(tian),因(yin)此(ci)就有(you)很多人(ren)想象(xiang)不(bu)(bu)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)福(fu)分。伏羲時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),天(tian)、地(di)雖也分開,但(dan)距離較近,而(er)且還有(you)天(tian)梯(ti)相通,這(zhe)天(tian)梯(ti)即(ji)是各地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高山(shan)與大樹(shu)。天(tian)梯(ti)原為(wei)神、仙、巫(wu)而(er)設(she),但(dan)人(ren)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)者、勇士,卻能憑著智(zhi)謀和勇敢攀(pan)登天(tian)梯(ti),直(zhi)達天(tian)庭(ting)。那時(shi)(shi)候(hou),凡(fan)人(ren)有(you)了(le)冤苦之事,可以直(zhi)接到(dao)天(tian)上(shang)去向天(tian)帝申訴,神亦(yi)可以隨便至凡(fan)界游(you)山(shan)玩水,人(ren)與神的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)界限(xian)不(bu)(bu)是很明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。后(hou)來由于地(di)上(shang)蚩尤叛亂,對神不(bu)(bu)敬(jing),擾亂天(tian)庭(ting)。為(wei)此(ci)顓頊帝命令(ling)孫兒重和黎去把(ba)天(tian)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通路截斷,以維持(chi)宇宙秩(zhi)序。
共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)是(shi)個(ge)壞(huai)水(shui)神(shen)(shen),性情兇(xiong)狠,處(chu)事蠻橫,專與華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民(min)作對。它經常在心血來(lai)潮(chao)時(shi),施展神(shen)(shen)力(li)(li),呼風喚(huan)雨(yu),用洪水(shui)傷害天下的(de)百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing),把(ba)一(yi)個(ge)好(hao)端端的(de)華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)弄的(de)一(yi)片汪洋。百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)們(men)哭天叫地(di)(di),苦熬日月。大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)找到(dao)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong),勸(quan)說其不要(yao)再(zai)呼風喚(huan)雨(yu),發洪水(shui)坑(keng)害百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing),給華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民(min)留(liu)條(tiao)生路,積些德行(xing)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)根本不聽(ting)大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)的(de)好(hao)言相勸(quan),說:“我發我的(de)水(shui),和你有(you)啥(sha)關(guan)系?”大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)不愿(yuan)再(zai)理這號靈魂低劣之(zhi)壞(huai)神(shen)(shen),只好(hao)水(shui)里(li)(li)來(lai),水(shui)里(li)(li)去,頂風冒雨(yu),察看(kan)地(di)(di)形,尋找黃(huang)(huang)河(he)向東(dong)的(de)出(chu)路。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)一(yi)看(kan)大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)一(yi)心要(yao)治住洪水(shui),疏(shu)導(dao)黃(huang)(huang)河(he),讓(rang)華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民(min)過上正常的(de)生活,頓時(shi)火冒三(san)丈,幾乎將自(zi)(zi)己的(de)全部神(shen)(shen)力(li)(li)都使了(le)出(chu)來(lai),中(zhong)原一(yi)帶(dai)(dai)的(de)洪水(shui)于是(shi)四處(chu)漫(man)溢,到(dao)處(chu)橫流(liu),洪水(shui)更大(da)(da)(da)了(le)。大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)東(dong)奔西跑,費盡(jin)了(le)力(li)(li)氣,地(di)(di)上的(de)水(shui)卻越聚越多,黃(huang)(huang)河(he)水(shui)也是(shi)四處(chu)八方亂(luan)竄。有(you)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)搗亂(luan),黃(huang)(huang)河(he)沒法疏(shu)導(dao),大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)忍無可(ke)忍,決心帶(dai)(dai)領華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民(min)驅逐共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)。大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)把(ba)隨他治水(shui)的(de)應龍(long)、黃(huang)(huang)龍(long)、白龍(long)、蒼龍(long)都叫來(lai),并鼓(gu)勵華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民(min)一(yi)起(qi)出(chu)戰(zhan)(zhan)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)由(you)于四處(chu)作惡(e),早就聲名狼藉,百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)(xing)聽(ting)說大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)要(yao)趕走(zou)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong),紛(fen)紛(fen)前(qian)來(lai)參戰(zhan)(zhan)。大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)帶(dai)(dai)著(zhu)大(da)(da)(da)家在水(shui)中(zhong)攔(lan)住共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong),雙(shuang)方廝殺起(qi)來(lai)。整(zheng)(zheng)整(zheng)(zheng)大(da)(da)(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)了(le)一(yi)個(ge)月,大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)帶(dai)(dai)華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民(min)輪流(liu)上陣。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)漸漸疲憊不堪,敗下陣后,倉惶而逃,大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)窮(qiong)追不舍(she)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)看(kan)著(zhu)自(zi)(zi)己在劫難逃,便向大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)下跪,發誓永遠不再(zai)侵犯華(hua)夏(xia)(xia),再(zai)不發水(shui)行(xing)惡(e)了(le)。大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)心一(yi)軟,放走(zou)了(le)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)。大(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)率華(hua)夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)民(min)趕走(zou)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)后,一(yi)鼓(gu)作氣,把(ba)洪水(shui)排完,又(you)馬不停蹄地(di)(di)把(ba)黃(huang)(huang)河(he)疏(shu)導(dao)到(dao)東(dong)海,并用太行(xing)山的(de)石頭(tou),在黃(huang)(huang)河(he)兩邊筑起(qi)又(you)高又(you)厚,十分堅固(gu)的(de)堤(di)岸。
大(da)力(li)(li)神重(zhong)和(he)黎接旨,運足(zu)了(le)(le)(le)力(li)(li)氣,一個兩(liang)手托天(tian)(tian),一個雙掌按地(di),吆喝一聲,一齊發力(li)(li),托天(tian)(tian)的(de)盡力(li)(li)往上舉,按地(di)的(de)拼命向下壓(ya),天(tian)(tian)漸漸往上升(sheng),地(di)漸漸向下沉,本來相隔不(bu)遠(yuan)的(de)天(tian)(tian)地(di)就變成(cheng)現(xian)在這(zhe)樣(yang),遙(yao)遙(yao)而不(bu)可及了(le)(le)(le),高(gao)山、大(da)樹,再(zai)也(ye)起不(bu)到天(tian)(tian)梯(ti)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)。從此,托天(tian)(tian)的(de)重(zhong)為南正,專(zhuan)管(guan)天(tian)(tian)地(di)鬼神之事(shi)(shi);按地(di)的(de)黎為火正,專(zhuan)管(guan)人間(jian)之事(shi)(shi)。顓頊帝還制定出(chu)各種禮儀制度來維(wei)護社會道德(de)(de),規定婦女在路上遇見男人必須(xu)先(xian)回避(bi),不(bu)然要(yao)拉到十字(zi)大(da)街上示眾,還規定兄妹不(bu)準通婚,并讓百姓(xing)按時(shi)祭(ji)祀祖先(xian)和(he)天(tian)(tian)地(di)鬼神。顓頊帝的(de)為人道德(de)(de)、智慧,使(shi)四方慕德(de)(de)而服,鳥(niao)獸(shou)盡皆感化。
據《史記·五帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)本紀》記載,顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轄區非常(chang)大(da)(da)(da),“北(bei)至(zhi)于幽(you)靈,南至(zhi)于交阯,西(xi)(xi)至(zhi)于流沙,東至(zhi)于蟠木,動靜之(zhi)(zhi)物,大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)神(shen),日月所(suo)(suo)照(zhao),莫(mo)不(bu)(bu)砥屬(shu)。”但是(shi),林子(zi)大(da)(da)(da)了(le)(le),什么(me)鳥都有。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)德智慧,使善者從之(zhi)(zhi),卻使邪(xie)惡(e)及(ji)無法無天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共工(gong)恨(hen)之(zhi)(zhi),共工(gong)妒忌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡直發(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)狂,便糾集一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些同(tong)樣鼓吹無法無天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)而對顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)滿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壞(huai)神(shen)組(zu)建成一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)支軍(jun)隊,輕騎短(duan)刃,突(tu)襲天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)國京都。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)聞變,泰然自若,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)面點燃七十二座烽(feng)火臺,大(da)(da)(da)戰(zhan)開始后(hou),顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)率軍(jun)將共工(gong)部眾(zhong)從天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)追逐到(dao)(dao)凡(fan)(fan)界,再從凡(fan)(fan)界廝殺(sha)(sha)到(dao)(dao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang),幾(ji)個(ge)回合過(guo)去(qu)(qu)后(hou),顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部眾(zhong)越(yue)殺(sha)(sha)越(yue)多,長(chang)著兩個(ge)蜂窩腦袋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驕蟲領毒蜂由平(ping)逢山(shan)(shan)(shan)趕至(zhi);共工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部落被殺(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人仰馬(ma)翻,幾(ji)乎(hu)全軍(jun)覆沒。共工(gong)輾轉殺(sha)(sha)到(dao)(dao)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)周山(shan)(shan)(shan)下,身(shen)邊僅剩一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)十三騎。不(bu)(bu)周山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奇崛(jue)突(tu)兀,頂(ding)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)立地,擋住了(le)(le)這伙賊寇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)去(qu)(qu)路。這不(bu)(bu)周山(shan)(shan)(shan)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)根撐(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨柱,是(shi)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)維持(chi)宇宙秩序的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要憑藉之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。這時,顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)率軍(jun)從四面八(ba)方(fang)沖來,喊殺(sha)(sha)聲(sheng)(sheng)、勸降聲(sheng)(sheng)驚天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)動地,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)羅(luo)地網已經布(bu)成。共工(gong)到(dao)(dao)死還想壞(huai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把,不(bu)(bu)顧一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切后(hou)果發(fa)(fa)泄怨(yuan)恨(hen),他(ta)向不(bu)(bu)周山(shan)(shan)(shan)撞去(qu)(qu)。在(zai)轟隆隆、潑(po)喇(la)喇(la)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨響聲(sheng)(sheng)中,那撐(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)拄(zhu)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)周山(shan)(shan)(shan)竟被它攔腰撞斷(duan),橫塌下來。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱折斷(duan)后(hou),整個(ge)宇宙便隨(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)(fa)生了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)變動,西(xi)(xi)北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)穹失去(qu)(qu)撐(cheng)持(chi)而向下傾斜,使拴系在(zai)北(bei)方(fang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)頂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽、月亮和星(xing)星(xing)在(zai)原來位置(zhi)上(shang)再也站不(bu)(bu)住腳,身(shen)不(bu)(bu)由己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掙脫束縛,朝低(di)斜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)滑(hua)去(qu)(qu),成就了(le)(le)我們今天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所(suo)(suo)看(kan)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日月星(xing)辰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)路線。
不周(zhou)山被撞斷后,天就(jiu)塌下(xia)半邊來,還露出(chu)很多大(da)窟窿(long);地(di)(di)面也裂開了(le),出(chu)現(xian)一條條的(de)深坑裂縫。在(zai)天崩地(di)(di)裂的(de)情況下(xia),山林燃燒起熊熊大(da)火,地(di)(di)底噴出(chu)了(le)滔滔洪水,周(zhou)圍也竄(cuan)出(chu)了(le)各種(zhong)兇猛野獸,大(da)地(di)(di)就(jiu)象一個人(ren)間地(di)(di)獄。
天(tian)(tian)(tian)神女(nv)(nv)媧,看到自(zi)己創造出來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)受到這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苦難,痛心極了(le)。為了(le)讓(rang)人(ren)們重新過上自(zi)然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生活,女(nv)(nv)媧決定去(qu)修(xiu)補(bu)殘破(po)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蒼天(tian)(tian)(tian)。這是一件極其(qi)困難繁雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo),女(nv)(nv)媧先在江河(he)揀了(le)許多五(wu)色(se)石(shi)子,又(you)用(yong)大火把(ba)石(shi)子燒了(le)九天(tian)(tian)(tian)九夜,煉成紅、黃、青(qing)、白(bai)、黑五(wu)色(se)混和(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)漿,然(ran)后一勺一勺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把(ba)石(shi)漿灌(guan)進天(tian)(tian)(tian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)窟窿,把(ba)崩(beng)裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方修(xiu)補(bu)好(hao)。隨之的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo),便(bian)是要把(ba)天(tian)(tian)(tian)撐起(qi)來(lai)(lai)。女(nv)(nv)媧用(yong)一只大烏龜(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四只腳,用(yong)來(lai)(lai)代替天(tian)(tian)(tian)柱,豎立在大地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四方,把(ba)天(tian)(tian)(tian)空象(xiang)架(jia)帳篷似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撐起(qi)來(lai)(lai)。柱子很(hen)結(jie)實,天(tian)(tian)(tian)空再(zai)也不會塌下來(lai)(lai)了(le)。女(nv)(nv)媧又(you)趕(gan)走了(le)到處為患的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兇禽惡獸(shou),又(you)用(yong)蘆(lu)草燒成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灰去(qu)填(tian)塞洪水。天(tian)(tian)(tian)補(bu)好(hao)了(le),地(di)也填(tian)平(ping)了(le),華夏(xia)之民(min)又(you)重新過上了(le)自(zi)然(ran)幸(xing)福的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生活。
相傳帝舜(shun)時期(約(yue)公元(yuan)前22世紀),禹(yu)部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)進攻(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(今河南嵩縣北黃(huang)河附近(jin))的作戰。原(yuan)始社會(hui)晚期,中原(yuan)地(di)區(qu)生(sheng)活(huo)著黃(huang)帝族(zu)系(xi)的部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)(今山西南部(bu)(bu)),舜(shun)為首領。當時,黃(huang)河經常泛濫成災,禍及(ji)人民,舜(shun)命(ming)禹(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。炎帝族(zu)系(xi)的共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng),長期與舜(shun)領導的部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)爭奪生(sheng)存地(di)域,并為治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)發生(sheng)沖突。于(yu)是,禹(yu)率領本部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)進攻(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏,將(jiang)其擊敗并驅離治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)地(di)區(qu),以便治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。從此共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏再也無力(li)與黃(huang)帝族(zu)系(xi)部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)抗衡。
水神共工(gong)(gong)是炎帝(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后裔,與黃帝(di)(di)(di)(di)家族(zu)本來(lai)就(jiu)(jiu)矛盾重重。帝(di)(di)(di)(di)顓(zhuan)頊接掌宇宙統(tong)治權后,不(bu)僅毫不(bu)顧惜人(ren)類,同時(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)用(yong)強權壓(ya)制其他(ta)(ta)派系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神,以(yi)至于天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)人(ren)間,怨聲鼎沸。共工(gong)(gong)見(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)機成(cheng)熟,約(yue)集心懷不(bu)滿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神們(men),決心推(tui)翻帝(di)(di)(di)(di)顓(zhuan)頊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)治,奪取主(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)神位(wei)。反叛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸神推(tui)選共工(gong)(gong)為盟主(zhu)(zhu),組建成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支(zhi)軍(jun)隊,輕騎(qi)短刃,突襲天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)國(guo)京都(dou)。帝(di)(di)(di)(di)顓(zhuan)頊聞變(bian),倒也(ye)不(bu)甚(shen)驚惶,他(ta)(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)面點(dian)燃七(qi)十(shi)二座烽火臺(tai),召四(si)方(fang)諸侯疾(ji)速支(zhi)援(yuan);一(yi)(yi)(yi)面點(dian)齊護衛京畿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)馬,親自掛帥,前去(qu)(qu)(qu)迎(ying)戰。一(yi)(yi)(yi)場酷烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰斗展開了(le)(le)(le)(le),兩股人(ren)馬從天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)廝殺(sha)(sha)到(dao)凡(fan)界(jie),再從凡(fan)界(jie)廝殺(sha)(sha)到(dao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang),幾個(ge)來(lai)回過去(qu)(qu)(qu),帝(di)(di)(di)(di)顓(zhuan)頊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)眾越(yue)(yue)殺(sha)(sha)越(yue)(yue)多,人(ren)形(xing)虎尾(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泰逢駕萬道(dao)祥(xiang)光(guang)(guang)由(you)和(he)(he)山趕(gan)至,龍頭(tou)人(ren)身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計蒙挾疾(ji)風驟雨由(you)光(guang)(guang)山趕(gan)至,長著(zhu)兩個(ge)蜂窩(wo)腦袋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驕蟲領(ling)毒(du)蜂毒(du)蝎(xie)由(you)平逢山趕(gan)至;共工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)眾越(yue)(yue)殺(sha)(sha)越(yue)(yue)少,柜比(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脖子(zi)被(bei)砍得只剩一(yi)(yi)(yi)層皮,披頭(tou)散發,一(yi)(yi)(yi)只斷臂也(ye)不(bu)知丟到(dao)哪兒去(qu)(qu)(qu)了(le)(le)(le)(le),王子(zi)夜(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙(shuang)(shuang)手(shou)雙(shuang)(shuang)腳(jiao)、頭(tou)顱(lu)胸腹(fu)甚(shen)至牙齒全被(bei)砍斷,七(qi)零(ling)八落地(di)散了(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)。共工(gong)(gong)輾轉殺(sha)(sha)到(dao)西(xi)北方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)周(zhou)山下,身(shen)(shen)邊僅剩一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)三騎(qi)。他(ta)(ta)舉目(mu)望去(qu)(qu)(qu),不(bu)周(zhou)山奇崛突兀,頂天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)立地(di),擋住(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)去(qu)(qu)(qu)路(lu),他(ta)(ta)知道(dao),此山其實(shi)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)根撐(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)柱,是帝(di)(di)(di)(di)顓(zhuan)頊維持(chi)(chi)宇宙統(tong)治的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要憑(ping)藉之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。身(shen)(shen)后,喊(han)殺(sha)(sha)聲、勸降聲接連傳(chuan)來(lai),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)羅地(di)網(wang)已經布(bu)成(cheng)。共工(gong)(gong)在絕望中發出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)憤怒(nu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吶喊(han),他(ta)(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)獅(shi)子(zi)甩頭(tou),朝不(bu)周(zhou)山拼命撞去(qu)(qu)(qu),只聽得轟隆(long)隆(long)、潑喇(la)喇(la)一(yi)(yi)(yi)陣巨(ju)響,那撐(cheng)(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)拄(zhu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)周(zhou)山竟被(bei)他(ta)(ta)攔腰(yao)撞斷,橫塌(ta)下來(lai)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱既經折斷,整(zheng)個(ge)宇宙便隨之(zhi)發生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)大變(bian)動:西(xi)北的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)穹失去(qu)(qu)(qu)撐(cheng)(cheng)持(chi)(chi)而向下傾斜,使拴系在北方(fang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)頂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽、月(yue)亮和(he)(he)星(xing)星(xing)在原(yuan)來(lai)位(wei)置(zhi)上(shang)再也(ye)站不(bu)住(zhu)腳(jiao),身(shen)(shen)不(bu)由(you)己(ji)地(di)掙脫(tuo)束(shu)縛,朝低斜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)滑去(qu)(qu)(qu),成(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)我們(men)今(jin)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所看見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)月(yue)星(xing)辰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行線路(lu),解除了(le)(le)(le)(le)當時(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)們(men)所遭(zao)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)晝永(yong)是白(bai)晝,黑(hei)夜(ye)永(yong)是黑(hei)夜(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困苦。另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面,懸吊(diao)大地(di)東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)角的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)繩(sheng)被(bei)劇烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)震動崩(beng)斷了(le)(le)(le)(le),東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)大地(di)塌(ta)陷(xian)下去(qu)(qu)(qu),成(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)我們(men)今(jin)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所看見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)北高、東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)勢,和(he)(he)江河(he)東(dong)(dong)(dong)流(liu)、百川歸海的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情景。
共工(gong)氏行為(wei)最后得到(dao)了人們(men)的(de)尊敬。在(zai)(zai)共工(gong)氏死后,人們(men)奉(feng)他(ta)(ta)為(wei)水(shui)師(司水(shui)利之神)。他(ta)(ta)的(de)兒子后土也(ye)被人們(men)奉(feng)為(wei)社神(即土地神),后來人們(men)發誓(shi)時說“蒼(cang)天在(zai)(zai)上后土在(zai)(zai)下”,就(jiu)指的(de)是他(ta)(ta),由此可(ke)見人們(men)對他(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)敬重。
1.斡維(wei)焉(yan)系(xi),天極焉(yan)加?八柱何當,東南何虧(kui)?(屈原《天問》)
2.這(zhe)又是北部人民對(dui)于(yu)(yu)地形及現世界的(de)并未十分美滿所起的(de)一種解答(da)。在開辟(pi)神(shen)話(hua)中(zhong),這(zhe)該是尾聲了。他生于(yu)(yu)若(ruo)水而居帝(di)丘(今河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)濮陽(yang)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)),正處黃(huang)河(he)(約當今衛河(he))東(dong)岸(an)附近(jin)。炎帝(di)的(de)后裔共工,已成為(wei)炎帝(di)族分支(zhi)共工氏部落(luo)聯(lian)盟的(de)首(shou)領,居九有(即(ji)九州)黃(huang)河(he)中(zhong)游(you)河(he)西地區(約在今河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)輝縣(xian)境(jing))。(茅(mao)盾(dun)《神(shen)話(hua)研究》)
原文
(課文(wen)見(jian)《語文(wen)》人(ren)民(min)教(jiao)育(yu)出(chu)版社七(qi)年(nian)級下冊(ce)第25課(198頁)版權歸人(ren)民(min)教(jiao)育(yu)出(chu)版社所(suo)有)
昔者,共(gong)工與(yu)顓頊爭為帝,怒而觸不(bu)周之(zhi)山,天柱(zhu)折,地維絕。天傾西北,故日月星辰移(yi)焉;地不(bu)滿(man)東(dong)南,故水(shui)潦塵埃歸(gui)焉。
譯文
從前,共(gong)工(gong)與顓頊(xu)爭奪部落(luo)天帝之(zhi)位,(共(gong)工(gong)在大(da)戰中慘敗,)憤怒(nu)地(di)(di)撞擊不周山,支撐天的(de)(de)柱子折了,系著大(da)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)繩索斷了。(所(suo)以)天向(xiang)(xiang)西北方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)傾斜,所(suo)以日月、星辰都向(xiang)(xiang)西北方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)移(yi)動(dong)了;大(da)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)東南角塌陷了,所(suo)以江河泥(ni)沙(sha)都朝東南方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)流去。
注釋
共(gong)工:傳說(shuo)中的部落(luo)領袖,炎帝的后裔。
觸:碰、撞。
不周山(shan)(shan):山(shan)(shan)名(ming),傳(chuan)說在昆(kun)侖西北(bei)。《山(shan)(shan)海經·大荒(huang)西經》載(zai):“大荒(huang)之隅,有山(shan)(shan)而不合,名(ming)曰不周。”
昔者:從前。
而:表順承。
顓(zhuan)頊(zhuānxū):傳說中的五帝之一(yi),黃帝的后裔。
為:做。
天柱(zhu)折,地(di)維絕:支撐天的(de)柱(zhu)子(zi)(zi)折了,掛地(di)的(de)繩(sheng)子(zi)(zi)斷了。古人認為天圓地(di)方,有(you)八(ba)根柱(zhu)子(zi)(zi)支撐、地(di)的(de)四角(jiao)有(you)大繩(sheng)系掛。維,繩(sheng)子(zi)(zi)。絕,斷。
傾:傾斜。
西(xi)北(bei)(bei):名詞用作狀語,向西(xi)北(bei)(bei)。
移:移動。
焉:兼詞,與“于是”或“于此“相當(dang),文中譯為“這,這里”。
水(shui)(shui)潦(lǎo):泛指江湖流水(shui)(shui)。潦,積水(shui)(shui)。
塵埃:塵土,這里(li)指泥沙。
故:所以。
歸:匯集。
絕:斷。