共(gong)工怒(nu)觸不(bu)周山(shan)是一個著名(ming)的上古神(shen)話傳說。又(you)名(ming)共(gong)工觸山(shan),且與(yu)女媧補天、后羿(yi)射日、嫦娥奔月并稱中國古代著名(ming)的四大神(shen)話。
共工(gong),又稱共工(gong)氏,是中國古代(dai)神(shen)話中的水(shui)(shui)神(shen),掌(zhang)控洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)。在西晉張湛《列子·湯(tang)問》中記載,傳說共工(gong)素來與顓頊(xu)不(bu)合(he),發生驚天動地的大(da)戰,最(zui)后以共工(gong)失敗而憤怒地撞上不(bu)周山而告終。
另一個(ge)版本:共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)制定了水利工(gong)(gong)程計劃,顓(zhuan)頊不支持,顓(zhuan)頊與共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)之間(jian)發生(sheng)了大(da)戰,共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)不能(neng)得到(dao)民眾(zhong)的支持,他決(jue)心撞斷(duan)不周山,以示(shi)決(jue)心。
這(zhe)一傳說反映了遠古部族(zu)間(jian)的斗爭,同(tong)時涉及到古代天(tian)文學上(shang)的“蓋天(tian)說”。
共(gong)工,炎(yan)帝裔。據《山海(hai)經·海(hai)內經》:“炎(yan)帝之(zhi)妻(qi)、赤水(shui)之(zhi)子聽訞(yao)(yāo)生(sheng)炎(yan)居,炎(yan)居生(sheng)節(jie)(jie)并(bing),節(jie)(jie)并(bing)生(sheng)戲器,戲器生(sheng)祝(zhu)融,祝(zhu)融降處于江水(shui),生(sheng)共(gong)工。“
《路(lu)史·后紀二》注(zhu)引《歸藏·啟筮》:“共工人面蛇身朱發。”
相(xiang)傳共(gong)工(gong)為水(shui)神。《左傳·昭公十七年》:“共(gong)工(gong)氏以水(shui)紀,故為水(shui)師(shi)而水(shui)名。
《管子·揆度》:“共工(gong)之(zhi)王(wang),水處什工(gong)與顓頊之(zhi)戰。
《淮南子·天文訓》:“昔者共工與顓頊(xu)爭為帝,怒而觸不(bu)周之山,天柱折(zhe),地(di)(di)維絕,天傾西(xi)北,故日月星辰移焉(yan);地(di)(di)不(bu)滿東南,故水潦(liao)塵(chen)埃歸(gui)焉(yan)。”
此戰(zhan)又或傳(chuan)為共(gong)工(gong)(gong)與(yu)高辛(《淮南(nan)子·原道》),神農(《雕玉集·壯(zhuang)力》),祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(《史(shi)記·補(bu)三(san)皇(huang)本紀》),女媧(wa)(《路史(shi)·太吳紀》)之(zhi)(zhi)爭。其(qi)他如禹逐共(gong)工(gong)(gong),禹殺共(gong)工(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)臣相柳(liu)等(deng)傳(chuan)說(shuo),由禹為黃帝(di)系統(tong)人物,當亦系黃炎戰(zhan)爭之(zhi)(zhi)余緒(xu)。今(jin)河南(nan)杞縣(xian)流傳(chuan)的“女媧(wa)補(bu)天(tian)(tian)”傳(chuan)說(shuo)則謂(wei):共(gong)工(gong)(gong)、祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)、女媧(wa)、棺人為兄妹(mei)。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)與(yu)祝(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)因吃(chi)天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)蛋相爭,共(gong)工(gong)(gong)怒觸不周山(shan),天(tian)(tian)塌(ta)洪水泛濫(lan),女媧(wa)乃有補(bu)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)舉,似更原始。
《史記·補三皇(huang)本紀》:“諸侯有共工氏(shi),任智刑以強霸(ba)而不(bu)王;以水乘木,乃(nai)與祝(zhu)融戰。不(bu)勝(sheng)而怒,乃(nai)頭觸不(bu)周山(shan)崩,天柱(zhu)折,地維(wei)絕(jue)。”此戰或(huo)又傳說為顓頊,神農,女媧,高辛與共工之爭。
《國語(yu)·魯(lu)語(yu)上(shang)》載:“共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)伯(bo)九有。”“伯(bo)九有”也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)霸(ba)九州。實際上(shang)是(shi)(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)一度是(shi)(shi)九州的(de)(de)(de)伯(bo)(霸(ba))主,即中(zhong)原部(bu)落(luo)聯盟的(de)(de)(de)一個首領。這反映了九個氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)住(zhu)在(zai)九個地(di)方,共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)在(zai)其中(zhong)居(ju)于(yu)首要地(di)位。徐旭生(sheng)說(shuo)(shuo)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)居(ju)住(zhu)地(di)在(zai)今河南(nan)(nan)省輝縣。郭(guo)沫若說(shuo)(shuo):共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)長期活動的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方是(shi)(shi)今河南(nan)(nan)西(xi)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)伊水(shui)和(he)洛水(shui)流域。這個地(di)方古(gu)代稱(cheng)為九州,可能(neng)來(lai)源(yuan)于(yu)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)九個氏(shi)(shi)。后(hou)來(lai),這里(li)往西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)山區中(zhong)還有九州之(zhi)戎,大概是(shi)(shi)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)余部(bu)延續(xu)下來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)。
共(gong)工(gong)是古代傳(chuan)說中(zhong)神農(nong)氏(shi)的(de)后(hou)(hou)代,屬于(yu)炎帝一族,身(shen)為水神,共(gong)工(gong)有人(ren)的(de)面孔、手(shou)足和蛇的(de)身(shen)體(ti)。在黃帝的(de)繼承人(ren)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)治世的(de)時代反叛,被顓(zhuan)頊(xu)擊敗(bai),共(gong)工(gong)怒而(er)頭撞不(bu)周山(傳(chuan)說中(zhong)支撐(cheng)世界的(de)支柱),造成(cheng)世界向西北傾(qing)斜(xie)。之后(hou)(hou)共(gong)工(gong)仍(reng)不(bu)斷(duan)地作亂(代表洪水的(de)爆發),最(zui)后(hou)(hou)被禹(yu)殺死(指(zhi)治水成(cheng)功)。
《淮南子·天(tian)文(wen)訓》:“昔者共(gong)工與顓頊(xu)爭為帝,怒(nu)而觸不(bu)周之山,天(tian)柱折,地(di)維絕。天(tian)傾西(xi)北,故日月(yue)星(xing)辰(chen)移焉(yan);地(di)不(bu)滿東南,故水潦(liao)塵埃歸(gui)焉(yan)。”
意(yi)思是:從(cong)前,共工(gong)(gong)與顓頊爭奪(duo)為帝,失敗了(le),于(yu)是共工(gong)(gong)發怒(用(yong)頭(tou))去撞不周山,支撐(cheng)天的柱(zhu)子(zi)折了(le),系掛地(di)的繩子(zi)斷了(le)。天向(xiang)(xiang)西北(bei)方向(xiang)(xiang)傾斜(xie),所(suo)以太陽(yang)、月亮、星(xing)星(xing)都朝西北(bei)方移動;地(di)的東(dong)南角陷塌了(le),所(suo)以江(jiang)湖流水都朝東(dong)南方向(xiang)(xiang)流去。
這(zhe)則神(shen)話反映了遠(yuan)古(gu)部族(zu)間的(de)斗爭同時涉及到古(gu)代天文學上(shang)的(de)“蓋天說(shuo)”,來解(jie)釋“日月星辰都(dou)朝(chao)西北方(fang)(fang)移動”“江河泥沙都(dou)朝(chao)東南方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)流去”的(de)現(xian)象。
《淮(huai)南子·天文(wen)訓(xun)》云(yun):昔者,共工與顓頊爭為(wei)帝,怒而觸不(bu)周之山,天柱折,地(di)維絕。天傾(qing)西北(bei),故日(ri)月星辰移(yi)焉(yan);地(di)不(bu)滿東南,故水潦塵(chen)埃歸(gui)焉(yan)。
這里記載的(de)故事是(shi)顓頊與共工爭(zheng)帝位而戰,那么(me)時間就是(shi)顓頊時期,據說也就是(shi)因(yin)為這樣,才有女媧補天的(de)故事。
依據《山(shan)(shan)海經(jing)》記載,共(gong)工為炎帝后裔。《史記·補三皇本紀》云:諸侯有共(gong)工氏,任(ren)智刑以強霸而(er)不(bu)王;以水乘木,乃與祝融(rong)戰。不(bu)勝而(er)怒,乃頭觸不(bu)周山(shan)(shan)崩(beng),天柱折(zhe),地(di)維(wei)缺。
霸道的共工(gong),又(you)和(he)祝融打起來了(le)。傳說祝融為顓頊帝孫(sun)重黎,高辛氏火正之官(guan),黃(huang)帝賜他姓(xing)“祝融氏”。
神農(nong)氏代替燧人氏
公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)5800年開始,南(nan)(nan)方(fang)杭州河(he)姆渡褐色人種伏羲女媧朱雀祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)就想要進(jin)入(ru)中原(yuan),那時(shi)玄(xuan)武顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)還是(shi)他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)下(xia),通過(guo)排干(gan)南(nan)(nan)陽盆(pen)(pen)地(di)終于突入(ru)了(le)(le)(le)中原(yuan),華(hua)朝主(zhu)家共工氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)領導(dao)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)九州聯(lian)盟(meng)對入(ru)侵加以抗爭失(shi)敗后(hou),之后(hou)又堅守(shou)黃(huang)河(he)防線繼(ji)續抗戰(zhan),擔任(ren)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)先鋒的(de)(de)(de)玄(xuan)武顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)攻破了(le)(le)(le)黃(huang)河(he)防線后(hou),又退守(shou)陜(shan)西防線。公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)5000年,擔任(ren)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)先鋒的(de)(de)(de)玄(xuan)武顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu),與共工氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)領導(dao)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)九州聯(lian)盟(meng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)陜(shan)西不周之山(shan)附(fu)近展開最后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)決戰(zhan)。就在(zai)(zai)(zai)這時(shi),隕石墜落引發大海嘯(xiao),甚(shen)至(zhi)連南(nan)(nan)陽盆(pen)(pen)地(di)和(he)淮河(he)流域(yu)都(dou)受到洪(hong)水影響而與南(nan)(nan)方(fang)斷絕了(le)(le)(le)聯(lian)系。祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)老巢杭州更(geng)是(shi)被洪(hong)水損失(shi)慘重(zhong),無力北(bei)上作戰(zhan)。被隔絕在(zai)(zai)(zai)北(bei)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)盤踞在(zai)(zai)(zai)山(shan)東(dong),玄(xuan)武顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)女媧的(de)(de)(de)指引下(xia)投降了(le)(le)(le)河(he)南(nan)(nan)的(de)(de)(de)華(hua)朝分支家夏(xia)族(zu)(zu)神(shen)龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu),定居在(zai)(zai)(zai)他(ta)們(men)附(fu)近,并幫助他(ta)們(men)防御東(dong)面的(de)(de)(de)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu),和(he)幫助神(shen)龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)取代共工氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)成為九州聯(lian)盟(meng)的(de)(de)(de)首領,共工氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)從(cong)此定居在(zai)(zai)(zai)陜(shan)西成為了(le)(le)(le)公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)6000-前(qian)(qian)2000年甘肅大地(di)灣(wan)馬家窯(yao)文化。神(shen)龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)成為了(le)(le)(le)神(shen)農氏(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)4800─前(qian)(qian)4300年河(he)南(nan)(nan)東(dong)部(bu)半坡文化。殘余的(de)(de)(de)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)洪(hong)水退去后(hou)下(xia)山(shan)與神(shen)龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)合成為了(le)(le)(le)公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)4500—前(qian)(qian)2500年山(shan)東(dong)大汶口文化。玄(xuan)武顓頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)之后(hou)被封在(zai)(zai)(zai)東(dong)北(bei)繼(ji)續對抗山(shan)東(dong),成為了(le)(le)(le)公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)4000~前(qian)(qian)3000年遼寧紅山(shan)文化。
盤古開天(tian)(tian)辟地(di)(di)女媧造人之(zhi)后,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)向(xiang)(xiang)與火(huo)神(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)不(bu)(bu)合,他向(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)神(shen)(shen)發動(dong)進攻(gong)。擔(dan)當先鋒的(de)大(da)(da)(da)將(jiang)相(xiang)柳(liu)、浮游,猛撲(pu)火(huo)神(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)氏居住(zhu)的(de)光(guang)明(ming)宮(gong),把光(guang)明(ming)宮(gong)四周(zhou)長(chang)年不(bu)(bu)熄的(de)神(shen)(shen)火(huo)弄滅(mie)了(le)。大(da)(da)(da)地(di)(di)頓時一(yi)(yi)(yi)片漆黑(hei)。火(huo)神(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)駕著(zhu)(zhu)遍(bian)身冒(mao)著(zhu)(zhu)烈焰的(de)火(huo)龍(long)出來(lai)(lai)(lai)迎(ying)戰(zhan)。所(suo)到(dao)之(zhi)處,云(yun)(yun)霧廓清,雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)齊收;黑(hei)暗悄(qiao)悄(qiao)退(tui)去(qu),大(da)(da)(da)地(di)(di)重現光(guang)明(ming)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)惱(nao)羞成怒,命令相(xiang)柳(liu)和浮游將(jiang)三江五(wu)海的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)汲上來(lai)(lai)(lai),往祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)他們(men)那里(li)傾去(qu)。剎(cha)時間長(chang)空中濁浪飛瀉,黑(hei)濤翻(fan)騰,白云(yun)(yun)被淹沒,神(shen)(shen)火(huo)又(you)被澆熄了(le)。可(ke)是(shi)大(da)(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)退(tui),神(shen)(shen)火(huo)又(you)燒了(le)起(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai),加上祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)請(qing)來(lai)(lai)(lai)風(feng)神(shen)(shen)幫忙,風(feng)助火(huo)威,火(huo)乘風(feng)勢,熾(chi)熾(chi)烈烈地(di)(di)直(zhi)撲(pu)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)他們(men)想留住(zhu)大(da)(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)來(lai)(lai)(lai)御火(huo),可(ke)是(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)瀉千(qian)里(li),哪里(li)留得住(zhu)。火(huo)焰又(you)長(chang)舌般地(di)(di)卷來(lai)(lai)(lai),共(gong)工(gong)(gong)他們(men)被燒得焦頭爛額,東(dong)倒西歪(wai)。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)率(lv)領水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)軍且戰(zhan)且退(tui),逃回(hui)大(da)(da)(da)海。他滿以為祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)遇到(dao)大(da)(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),肯定會知難而退(tui)。因此(ci)立(li)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)宮(gong),得意(yi)起(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)。不(bu)(bu)料祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)這次下了(le)必勝的(de)決心(xin),他全(quan)(quan)速追擊。火(huo)龍(long)所(suo)到(dao)之(zhi)處,海水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)(bu)由滾滾向(xiang)(xiang)兩旁翻(fan)轉,讓開了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)條大(da)(da)(da)路。祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)直(zhi)逼水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)宮(gong),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)共(gong)工(gong)(gong)他們(men)只好(hao)硬著(zhu)(zhu)頭皮出來(lai)(lai)(lai)迎(ying)戰(zhan)。代表光(guang)明(ming)的(de)火(huo)神(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)獲(huo)得了(le)全(quan)(quan)勝。浮游活活氣死(si),相(xiang)柳(liu)逃之(zhi)夭夭,共(gong)工(gong)(gong)心(xin)力交(jiao)瘁,無(wu)法再戰(zhan),狼狽地(di)(di)向(xiang)(xiang)天(tian)(tian)邊逃去(qu)。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)逃到(dao)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan),回(hui)頭一(yi)(yi)(yi)看,追兵已近。共(gong)工(gong)(gong)又(you)羞又(you)憤(fen),就(jiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)頭向(xiang)(xiang)山(shan)腰(yao)撞(zhuang)去(qu),“嘩啦(la)啦(la)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)聲巨響(xiang),不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)竟給共(gong)工(gong)(gong)撞(zhuang)折了(le)。不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)倒,大(da)(da)(da)災難降臨(lin)了(le)。原來(lai)(lai)(lai)不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)山(shan)是(shi)根(gen)撐天(tian)(tian)的(de)大(da)(da)(da)柱,柱子一(yi)(yi)(yi)斷,半邊天(tian)(tian)空就(jiu)坍(tan)塌下來(lai)(lai)(lai),露出石骨嶙峋(xun)的(de)大(da)(da)(da)窟(ku)窿,頓時天(tian)(tian)河傾瀉,洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泛濫。著(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)“水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)火(huo)不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)容”典故即源于這場大(da)(da)(da)戰(zhan)。后來(lai)(lai)(lai)才有了(le)女媧煉五(wu)彩石補(bu)天(tian)(tian)的(de)事跡,大(da)(da)(da)地(di)(di)重回(hui)正常。
水(shui)(shui)神(shen)共工(gong)氏和(he)火(huo)(huo)(huo)神(shen)祝融(rong)氏的這場大(da)(da)戰,皆因(yin)“水(shui)(shui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)不相容”而發生(sheng),一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)說明了(le)水(shui)(shui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)相克的原理,即水(shui)(shui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)天(tian)(tian)生(sheng)不睦;另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)說明了(le)有些(xie)事物是自然界的基本本能,非人力所能干(gan)擾。縱(zong)觀遠古時代水(shui)(shui)神(shen)和(he)火(huo)(huo)(huo)神(shen)的這場驚天(tian)(tian)動地的大(da)(da)戰,沒(mei)有什么所謂正義(yi)和(he)公理,只有大(da)(da)自然的力量(liang)在搏擊。而敗陣的水(shui)(shui)神(shen)共工(gong)因(yin)惱怒(nu)去撞不周(zhou)山,女媧補天(tian)(tian)算是拯救了(le)自然世(shi)界。
伏羲時期,在華夏(xia)有一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)長(chang)于耍(shua)陰謀詭計(ji)的(de)(de)部族叫做共(gong)(gong)工氏。共(gong)(gong)工氏在天上對應著(zhu)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)壞水(shui)神(shen),叫共(gong)(gong)工,它人面蛇(she)身,有紅(hong)色(se)的(de)(de)頭發,性(xing)情十分兇(xiong)惡(e),嗜殺成性(xing)。共(gong)(gong)工手下有兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)惡(e)名昭彰的(de)(de)惡(e)神(shen):一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)長(chang)著(zhu)九個(ge)(ge)(ge)腦袋(dai)的(de)(de)相柳,它也是(shi)人面蛇(she)身,全身青色(se),性(xing)情殘酷貪(tan)婪,專以(yi)殺戮為樂;另一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)長(chang)的(de)(de)兇(xiong)神(shen)惡(e)煞一(yi)(yi)般的(de)(de)浮游,也是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)作惡(e)多端的(de)(de)家伙(huo)。
共(gong)工(gong)氏的(de)人(ren)說話好聽的(de)很(hen),天花(hua)亂(luan)墜,但(dan)做起事來邪僻(pi),表(biao)面(mian)上(shang)恭敬(jing),實(shi)際上(shang)無(wu)法(fa)無(wu)天。共(gong)工(gong)氏的(de)頭(tou)子叫康回(hui),生的(de)髦身朱發,鐵臂虬(qiu)筋,身高一(yi)丈(zhang)有余,力大(da)無(wu)窮(qiong)。康回(hui)為(wei)人(ren)表(biao)面(mian)恭敬(jing)但(dan)內(nei)心狡(jiao)詐(zha),陰謀百出(chu),只是礙于伏(fu)羲的(de)大(da)威大(da)德而(er)暫時(shi)隱忍(ren)為(wei)上(shang)。伏(fu)羲離去后,華(hua)夏(xia)之(zhi)民(min)尊奉女媧,康回(hui)因(yin)此嫉(ji)恨,倚仗自己封地(di)的(de)地(di)勢高險,決滔(tao)天洪水(shui)(shui)危害中原,致(zhi)使(shi)華(hua)夏(xia)天地(di)間一(yi)片汪洋(yang)。女媧忍(ren)無(wu)可忍(ren),決定引領華(hua)夏(xia)之(zhi)民(min)鏟除共(gong)工(gong)。華(hua)夏(xia)堯(yao)帝時(shi)期,天下洪水(shui)(shui)泛濫,在(zai)鯀治水(shui)(shui)不成功的(de)情況下,堯(yao)派鯀的(de)兒子禹去治理洪水(shui)(shui)。大(da)禹領著百姓治水(shui)(shui),一(yi)直將黃(huang)河治理到邙(mang)山東頭(tou),再向東的(de)河道就不好治了(le),因(yin)為(wei)有共(gong)工(gong)在(zai)作怪(guai)搗亂(luan)。
顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)為(wei)華(hua)夏上古時期五帝(di)(黃帝(di)、顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)、帝(di)嚳、唐堯、虞舜)之一(yi),被稱(cheng)為(wei)北(bei)方水德(de)之帝(di)。顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)為(wei)人仁德(de)、智慧,當(dang)時世,四(si)方慕德(de)而(er)(er)服,鳥獸盡皆感(gan)化。顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)自幼受叔父少昊的(de)(de)(de)(de)熏陶,特別愛好(hao)音樂。當(dang)他(ta)(ta)聽到八方來風(feng)掠過大(da)地(di)發出(chu)熙熙凄凄鏘鏘的(de)(de)(de)(de)聲音時,感(gan)覺十(shi)分悅耳,便讓八條飛龍仿效風(feng)聲而(er)(er)長吟,命(ming)名為(wei)《承云曲(qu)》,專(zhuan)門用來紀(ji)念黃帝(di)。他(ta)(ta)又(you)突發異想,令揚子(zi)(zi)鱷做音樂的(de)(de)(de)(de)倡導(dao)者。揚子(zi)(zi)鱷鳴聲如鼓(gu),背上披有堅厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鱗甲,成天躺(tang)在池沼底部的(de)(de)(de)(de)洞穴內睡覺,對(dui)音樂向(xiang)來生疏(shu)。但(dan)它接令后(hou)不(bu)敢怠(dai)慢,立刻翻轉笨重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身軀仰臥(wo),揮動粗大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尾(wei)巴敲打鼓(gu)凸的(de)(de)(de)(de)灰肚皮(pi)(pi),發出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聲音果(guo)然嘹(liao)亮。人間受到顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,用揚子(zi)(zi)鱷的(de)(de)(de)(de)皮(pi)(pi)來蒙鼓(gu)。這種鼓(gu)十(shi)分貴重(zhong),叫鼉鼓(gu)。
顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)(di)時(shi)期(qi),人(ren)(ren)們的道德(de)已經發生了變(bian)化。顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)(di)直屬的北方三十六州(zhou)道德(de)高尚,而其他地方道德(de)已經衰微了。“君臣富(fu)貴皆由德(de)而生”,因此(ci),原本不停運(yun)轉(zhuan)的太(tai)陽、月亮和(he)星星開始(shi)被牢(lao)牢(lao)拴(shuan)在天(tian)(tian)(tian)穹的北邊,固(gu)定在北方三十六州(zhou)上(shang)空。上(shang)古時(shi)期(qi),華(hua)夏之民敬神拜天(tian)(tian)(tian),因此(ci)就有(you)很多人(ren)(ren)想象不到的福分。伏(fu)羲時(shi)期(qi),天(tian)(tian)(tian)、地雖也(ye)分開,但距離較近,而且還有(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)梯(ti)(ti)相通,這天(tian)(tian)(tian)梯(ti)(ti)即(ji)是(shi)各地的高山與大樹。天(tian)(tian)(tian)梯(ti)(ti)原為神、仙、巫而設,但人(ren)(ren)間的智者、勇士,卻能憑著智謀和(he)勇敢攀登(deng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)梯(ti)(ti),直達天(tian)(tian)(tian)庭(ting)。那時(shi)候(hou),凡人(ren)(ren)有(you)了冤(yuan)苦之事,可以直接(jie)到天(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)去向天(tian)(tian)(tian)帝(di)(di)申訴(su),神亦(yi)可以隨便(bian)至凡界游山玩水(shui),人(ren)(ren)與神的界限(xian)不是(shi)很明確的。后來由于地上(shang)蚩尤叛亂,對(dui)神不敬,擾亂天(tian)(tian)(tian)庭(ting)。為此(ci)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)(di)命(ming)令孫兒重(zhong)和(he)黎去把(ba)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地的通路截斷(duan),以維(wei)持宇(yu)宙秩序。
共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)是個壞水(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen),性(xing)情兇(xiong)狠,處(chu)(chu)事蠻橫,專與華夏(xia)之(zhi)民(min)作對(dui)。它經(jing)常(chang)在(zai)心血(xue)來潮(chao)時(shi),施展神(shen)力,呼風(feng)喚雨(yu),用(yong)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)傷(shang)害天下的(de)(de)(de)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing),把(ba)(ba)一(yi)(yi)個好(hao)端(duan)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)華夏(xia)弄的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)片汪洋(yang)。百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)們哭(ku)天叫(jiao)地(di),苦熬日月(yue)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)找(zhao)到(dao)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong),勸(quan)說(shuo)其不(bu)(bu)(bu)要再呼風(feng)喚雨(yu),發洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)坑害百(bai)(bai)姓(xing),給華夏(xia)之(zhi)民(min)留條生(sheng)(sheng)路,積些(xie)德(de)行(xing)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)根本不(bu)(bu)(bu)聽大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)言相勸(quan),說(shuo):“我發我的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui),和你(ni)有啥(sha)關系?”大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)愿再理這(zhe)號靈(ling)魂低劣之(zhi)壞神(shen),只好(hao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)里(li)來,水(shui)(shui)(shui)里(li)去,頂風(feng)冒雨(yu),察看地(di)形(xing),尋找(zhao)黃河(he)向(xiang)東的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)路。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)看大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)一(yi)(yi)心要治住洪水(shui)(shui)(shui),疏導(dao)黃河(he),讓(rang)華夏(xia)之(zhi)民(min)過(guo)上正常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo),頓(dun)時(shi)火冒三(san)丈,幾(ji)乎(hu)將自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)全部神(shen)力都(dou)(dou)使(shi)了(le)(le)出(chu)來,中原(yuan)一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)于是四處(chu)(chu)漫溢(yi),到(dao)處(chu)(chu)橫流,洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)更大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)了(le)(le)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)東奔西跑(pao),費盡了(le)(le)力氣(qi),地(di)上的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)卻越(yue)聚越(yue)多,黃河(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)也是四處(chu)(chu)八方亂(luan)竄。有共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)搗(dao)亂(luan),黃河(he)沒法(fa)疏導(dao),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)忍無可(ke)忍,決心帶(dai)(dai)(dai)領華夏(xia)之(zhi)民(min)驅逐(zhu)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)把(ba)(ba)隨他治水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)應龍(long)(long)(long)、黃龍(long)(long)(long)、白(bai)龍(long)(long)(long)、蒼龍(long)(long)(long)都(dou)(dou)叫(jiao)來,并鼓勵華夏(xia)之(zhi)民(min)一(yi)(yi)起出(chu)戰。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)由于四處(chu)(chu)作惡,早(zao)就(jiu)聲名狼(lang)藉,百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)聽說(shuo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)要趕(gan)走(zou)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong),紛紛前來參戰。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)著大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)家在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中攔住共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong),雙方廝殺起來。整整大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)戰了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)個月(yue),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)華夏(xia)之(zhi)民(min)輪流上陣(zhen)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)漸漸疲(pi)憊不(bu)(bu)(bu)堪,敗下陣(zhen)后,倉惶而(er)逃(tao),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)窮追不(bu)(bu)(bu)舍(she)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)看著自(zi)(zi)己在(zai)劫難逃(tao),便向(xiang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)下跪,發誓(shi)永遠不(bu)(bu)(bu)再侵犯(fan)華夏(xia),再不(bu)(bu)(bu)發水(shui)(shui)(shui)行(xing)惡了(le)(le)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)心一(yi)(yi)軟,放走(zou)了(le)(le)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)禹(yu)率華夏(xia)之(zhi)民(min)趕(gan)走(zou)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)后,一(yi)(yi)鼓作氣(qi),把(ba)(ba)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)排完(wan),又(you)(you)馬不(bu)(bu)(bu)停蹄地(di)把(ba)(ba)黃河(he)疏導(dao)到(dao)東海,并用(yong)太行(xing)山的(de)(de)(de)石頭,在(zai)黃河(he)兩邊筑起又(you)(you)高又(you)(you)厚,十分堅固的(de)(de)(de)堤岸(an)。
大(da)(da)力(li)(li)神重(zhong)和黎接旨(zhi),運足了(le)力(li)(li)氣(qi),一個兩手托(tuo)天(tian)(tian),一個雙掌按地(di),吆(yao)喝一聲,一齊發力(li)(li),托(tuo)天(tian)(tian)的(de)盡(jin)力(li)(li)往(wang)上(shang)舉,按地(di)的(de)拼命向(xiang)下壓,天(tian)(tian)漸漸往(wang)上(shang)升,地(di)漸漸向(xiang)下沉,本來(lai)相隔不遠的(de)天(tian)(tian)地(di)就變成(cheng)現在(zai)這(zhe)樣,遙遙而(er)不可(ke)及了(le),高山、大(da)(da)樹,再也起不到天(tian)(tian)梯的(de)作用了(le)。從此,托(tuo)天(tian)(tian)的(de)重(zhong)為(wei)南(nan)正,專管天(tian)(tian)地(di)鬼神之(zhi)事(shi);按地(di)的(de)黎為(wei)火正,專管人(ren)間之(zhi)事(shi)。顓頊帝還(huan)制(zhi)定(ding)出各(ge)種(zhong)禮儀制(zhi)度來(lai)維護社會道德(de),規定(ding)婦女在(zai)路上(shang)遇(yu)見男人(ren)必須(xu)先回(hui)避,不然要拉到十(shi)字(zi)大(da)(da)街上(shang)示眾,還(huan)規定(ding)兄妹不準(zhun)通婚,并(bing)讓(rang)百姓按時祭祀(si)祖先和天(tian)(tian)地(di)鬼神。顓頊帝的(de)為(wei)人(ren)道德(de)、智慧,使四方慕德(de)而(er)服,鳥獸(shou)盡(jin)皆感化。
據(ju)《史記·五(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)本紀》記載(zai),顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)轄區非(fei)常大(da)(da),“北(bei)至(zhi)于幽靈,南(nan)至(zhi)于交(jiao)阯,西(xi)至(zhi)于流(liu)沙,東至(zhi)于蟠(pan)木,動靜之(zhi)物,大(da)(da)小(xiao)之(zhi)神,日(ri)月(yue)所照,莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)砥屬。”但是,林子大(da)(da)了(le)(le),什么鳥都有。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)德智慧,使(shi)(shi)(shi)善者從(cong)之(zhi),卻使(shi)(shi)(shi)邪惡及無(wu)法無(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)共工(gong)(gong)恨之(zhi),共工(gong)(gong)妒忌(ji)的(de)(de)簡(jian)直發(fa)了(le)(le)狂,便(bian)糾集一(yi)(yi)(yi)些同樣鼓吹無(wu)法無(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)而對顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿的(de)(de)壞神組建成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支軍(jun)隊(dui),輕(qing)騎短刃,突襲天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)國京(jing)都。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)聞變,泰然自若,一(yi)(yi)(yi)面點(dian)燃(ran)七十(shi)二座烽(feng)火臺,大(da)(da)戰開始后,顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)率(lv)軍(jun)將共工(gong)(gong)部眾從(cong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上追逐到(dao)凡(fan)(fan)界(jie),再從(cong)凡(fan)(fan)界(jie)廝(si)殺到(dao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上,幾(ji)個回合過去(qu)后,顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)部眾越殺越多,長著兩(liang)個蜂(feng)窩腦袋的(de)(de)驕蟲領毒蜂(feng)由平逢(feng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)趕至(zhi);共工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)部落被(bei)殺的(de)(de)人仰馬翻(fan),幾(ji)乎全軍(jun)覆沒。共工(gong)(gong)輾轉(zhuan)殺到(dao)西(xi)北(bei)方的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)下(xia),身邊(bian)僅剩一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)三騎。不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)奇(qi)崛突兀,頂(ding)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)立(li)地(di)(di)(di),擋住(zhu)了(le)(le)這伙賊(zei)寇(kou)的(de)(de)去(qu)路。這不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)根撐(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)巨(ju)柱,是顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)維(wei)持宇宙秩序(xu)的(de)(de)主要憑藉之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。這時(shi),顓(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)率(lv)軍(jun)從(cong)四面八方沖來,喊殺聲、勸降聲驚天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)動地(di)(di)(di),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)羅地(di)(di)(di)網已經布成(cheng)(cheng)。共工(gong)(gong)到(dao)死還想壞一(yi)(yi)(yi)把,不(bu)(bu)(bu)顧(gu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)切后果發(fa)泄怨恨,他向(xiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)撞去(qu)。在轟隆隆、潑喇喇的(de)(de)巨(ju)響聲中,那撐(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)拄地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)竟被(bei)它攔腰撞斷(duan),橫塌下(xia)來。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱折斷(duan)后,整(zheng)個宇宙便(bian)隨之(zhi)發(fa)生了(le)(le)大(da)(da)變動,西(xi)北(bei)的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)穹失去(qu)撐(cheng)持而向(xiang)下(xia)傾斜,使(shi)(shi)(shi)拴系在北(bei)方天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)頂(ding)的(de)(de)太陽、月(yue)亮和星(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)在原(yuan)來位置上再也站不(bu)(bu)(bu)住(zhu)腳,身不(bu)(bu)(bu)由己(ji)的(de)(de)掙脫束縛,朝低斜的(de)(de)西(xi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)滑(hua)去(qu),成(cheng)(cheng)就了(le)(le)我們今天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所看(kan)見的(de)(de)日(ri)月(yue)星(xing)(xing)辰的(de)(de)運行路線。
不周山(shan)(shan)被撞(zhuang)斷后,天(tian)就塌下半(ban)邊來,還露出很多大(da)窟窿;地(di)面也裂開了,出現一條條的深坑裂縫(feng)。在天(tian)崩(beng)地(di)裂的情(qing)況下,山(shan)(shan)林(lin)燃燒起熊熊大(da)火,地(di)底噴出了滔(tao)滔(tao)洪水,周圍(wei)也竄出了各種(zhong)兇猛野獸(shou),大(da)地(di)就象一個人間地(di)獄(yu)。
天神女(nv)(nv)媧(wa)(wa),看到(dao)自己創造(zao)出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人受(shou)到(dao)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苦難,痛心極(ji)了(le)(le)。為了(le)(le)讓人們(men)重新(xin)過上自然(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活,女(nv)(nv)媧(wa)(wa)決定(ding)去修補殘破(po)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蒼天。這是(shi)一(yi)件極(ji)其困(kun)難繁雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo),女(nv)(nv)媧(wa)(wa)先在江(jiang)河揀了(le)(le)許多五(wu)色(se)石子(zi),又(you)用(yong)(yong)大(da)火把(ba)石子(zi)燒(shao)了(le)(le)九(jiu)天九(jiu)夜,煉成紅、黃(huang)、青(qing)、白、黑五(wu)色(se)混和的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石漿,然(ran)(ran)后一(yi)勺一(yi)勺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把(ba)石漿灌進天上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)窟窿,把(ba)崩裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方修補好(hao)。隨(sui)之(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo),便是(shi)要(yao)把(ba)天撐起(qi)來(lai)。女(nv)(nv)媧(wa)(wa)用(yong)(yong)一(yi)只大(da)烏龜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)只腳,用(yong)(yong)來(lai)代(dai)替天柱(zhu),豎(shu)立(li)在大(da)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)方,把(ba)天空象架(jia)帳篷似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撐起(qi)來(lai)。柱(zhu)子(zi)很結實,天空再也不會塌下來(lai)了(le)(le)。女(nv)(nv)媧(wa)(wa)又(you)趕走了(le)(le)到(dao)處為患的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兇禽(qin)惡(e)獸(shou),又(you)用(yong)(yong)蘆草燒(shao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灰去填塞洪水。天補好(hao)了(le)(le),地也填平了(le)(le),華夏之(zhi)民又(you)重新(xin)過上了(le)(le)自然(ran)(ran)幸福的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活。
相傳帝舜(shun)(shun)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(約公元前22世(shi)紀(ji)),禹部落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)進攻(gong)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏部落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(今河南嵩縣北(bei)黃河附近)的(de)作戰。原始社(she)會晚(wan)期(qi),中原地區生(sheng)(sheng)活著黃帝族(zu)系的(de)部落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(今山(shan)西(xi)南部),舜(shun)(shun)為首領(ling)。當時(shi)(shi),黃河經常(chang)泛濫成災,禍(huo)及人民,舜(shun)(shun)命禹治(zhi)水(shui)。炎帝族(zu)系的(de)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏部落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng),長期(qi)與舜(shun)(shun)領(ling)導(dao)的(de)部落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)爭奪生(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)地域,并為治(zhi)水(shui)發生(sheng)(sheng)沖突。于是(shi),禹率(lv)領(ling)本部落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)進攻(gong)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏,將(jiang)其擊敗并驅離治(zhi)水(shui)地區,以便(bian)治(zhi)水(shui)。從此共(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏再也無力(li)與黃帝族(zu)系部落(luo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)抗衡。
水神(shen)(shen)(shen)共(gong)工是(shi)炎帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后裔,與黃帝(di)家族本(ben)來(lai)就矛盾重(zhong)重(zhong)。帝(di)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊接掌(zhang)宇宙統治權(quan)后,不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅毫不(bu)(bu)(bu)顧惜人(ren)類,同時(shi)(shi)也(ye)用(yong)強權(quan)壓制(zhi)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)派系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)神(shen)(shen)(shen),以至于(yu)天(tian)(tian)上人(ren)間,怨聲鼎沸。共(gong)工見時(shi)(shi)機成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu),約集(ji)心(xin)懷(huai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)神(shen)(shen)(shen)們(men),決心(xin)推翻(fan)帝(di)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統治,奪(duo)取主宰神(shen)(shen)(shen)位。反(fan)叛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸神(shen)(shen)(shen)推選共(gong)工為盟主,組建成(cheng)(cheng)一支軍隊(dui),輕(qing)騎(qi)短刃,突襲天(tian)(tian)國京都。帝(di)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊聞(wen)變,倒也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)甚驚惶,他(ta)(ta)一面點燃(ran)七十二座烽火臺,召四方諸侯疾速支援;一面點齊護衛(wei)京畿(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵馬,親自(zi)掛帥,前(qian)去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)迎戰(zhan)(zhan)。一場酷烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗展開(kai)了(le)(le),兩(liang)股人(ren)馬從天(tian)(tian)上廝殺(sha)到(dao)凡界,再從凡界廝殺(sha)到(dao)天(tian)(tian)上,幾個(ge)來(lai)回(hui)過去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),帝(di)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部眾(zhong)越(yue)(yue)殺(sha)越(yue)(yue)多,人(ren)形虎(hu)尾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泰逢(feng)(feng)駕萬(wan)道祥光(guang)由(you)(you)和(he)(he)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)趕至,龍頭人(ren)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計蒙挾疾風驟(zou)雨由(you)(you)光(guang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)趕至,長(chang)著兩(liang)個(ge)蜂窩腦袋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驕蟲領毒(du)蜂毒(du)蝎由(you)(you)平逢(feng)(feng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)趕至;共(gong)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部眾(zhong)越(yue)(yue)殺(sha)越(yue)(yue)少,柜比的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脖(bo)子(zi)被砍(kan)得只(zhi)剩(sheng)(sheng)一層(ceng)皮,披(pi)頭散發,一只(zhi)斷(duan)臂也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知丟到(dao)哪兒去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)了(le)(le),王子(zi)夜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙(shuang)手雙(shuang)腳(jiao)、頭顱(lu)胸腹甚至牙(ya)齒全被砍(kan)斷(duan),七零八(ba)落地(di)(di)(di)散了(le)(le)一地(di)(di)(di)。共(gong)工輾轉殺(sha)到(dao)西北方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)下,身(shen)邊僅剩(sheng)(sheng)一十三(san)騎(qi)。他(ta)(ta)舉目(mu)望(wang)去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)周山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)奇崛突兀,頂天(tian)(tian)立地(di)(di)(di),擋(dang)住了(le)(le)去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)路(lu),他(ta)(ta)知道,此(ci)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)其(qi)實是(shi)一根撐(cheng)天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)柱(zhu),是(shi)帝(di)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊維持宇宙統治的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要憑藉之(zhi)一。身(shen)后,喊殺(sha)聲、勸降(jiang)聲接連傳來(lai),天(tian)(tian)羅地(di)(di)(di)網已經布(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)。共(gong)工在絕望(wang)中(zhong)發出了(le)(le)憤怒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吶喊,他(ta)(ta)一個(ge)獅子(zi)甩頭,朝不(bu)(bu)(bu)周山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)拼(pin)命撞去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),只(zhi)聽得轟隆隆、潑喇(la)喇(la)一陣巨(ju)響,那撐(cheng)天(tian)(tian)拄(zhu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)竟被他(ta)(ta)攔腰撞斷(duan),橫塌(ta)下來(lai)。天(tian)(tian)柱(zhu)既經折斷(duan),整個(ge)宇宙便隨之(zhi)發生了(le)(le)大(da)變動:西北的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)穹失去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)撐(cheng)持而(er)向下傾(qing)斜(xie),使拴(shuan)系(xi)(xi)在北方天(tian)(tian)頂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽、月(yue)亮和(he)(he)星(xing)星(xing)在原來(lai)位置上再也(ye)站不(bu)(bu)(bu)住腳(jiao),身(shen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)由(you)(you)己地(di)(di)(di)掙脫束縛,朝低斜(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西天(tian)(tian)滑去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),成(cheng)(cheng)就了(le)(le)我(wo)們(men)今(jin)天(tian)(tian)所看見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日月(yue)星(xing)辰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行線路(lu),解除了(le)(le)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)人(ren)們(men)所遭受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白晝(zhou)永(yong)是(shi)白晝(zhou),黑(hei)夜永(yong)是(shi)黑(hei)夜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困苦(ku)。另一方面,懸吊(diao)大(da)地(di)(di)(di)東南角的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)繩被劇烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)震動崩斷(duan)了(le)(le),東南大(da)地(di)(di)(di)塌(ta)陷(xian)下去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),成(cheng)(cheng)就了(le)(le)我(wo)們(men)今(jin)天(tian)(tian)所看見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西北高、東南低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)勢,和(he)(he)江河東流(liu)、百(bai)川歸(gui)海的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情景。
共工(gong)氏(shi)行為最后(hou)得到了人(ren)(ren)們的(de)尊(zun)敬(jing)。在(zai)共工(gong)氏(shi)死后(hou),人(ren)(ren)們奉他(ta)為水(shui)師(司(si)水(shui)利之神)。他(ta)的(de)兒子后(hou)土(tu)(tu)也被人(ren)(ren)們奉為社神(即(ji)土(tu)(tu)地神),后(hou)來人(ren)(ren)們發誓時(shi)說(shuo)“蒼天在(zai)上后(hou)土(tu)(tu)在(zai)下(xia)”,就(jiu)指的(de)是他(ta),由此可見人(ren)(ren)們對他(ta)們的(de)敬(jing)重。
1.斡維(wei)焉(yan)系,天極焉(yan)加?八柱何當,東南何虧(kui)?(屈原《天問》)
2.這(zhe)又(you)是北部(bu)(bu)人(ren)民(min)對(dui)于地(di)形(xing)及(ji)現(xian)世界的并未十分美滿所起的一(yi)種(zhong)解答。在(zai)開辟神(shen)(shen)話(hua)中,這(zhe)該是尾(wei)聲了。他(ta)生于若水而居帝丘(今河(he)(he)南濮陽東(dong)南),正處黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(約當(dang)今衛河(he)(he))東(dong)岸附近。炎帝的后裔共(gong)工,已成為炎帝族(zu)分支共(gong)工氏部(bu)(bu)落聯盟的首領,居九有(you)(即九州)黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)中游河(he)(he)西地(di)區(約在(zai)今河(he)(he)南輝縣(xian)境)。(茅盾《神(shen)(shen)話(hua)研究》)
原文
(課文見《語文》人(ren)民(min)教育出版(ban)(ban)社七年級下(xia)冊第25課(198頁)版(ban)(ban)權歸(gui)人(ren)民(min)教育出版(ban)(ban)社所有)
昔者,共工與(yu)顓頊爭為帝(di),怒而觸(chu)不周之山,天柱折,地維絕(jue)。天傾西北,故日月星辰移(yi)焉;地不滿東南(nan),故水潦塵埃歸焉。
譯文
從前,共工(gong)與顓頊爭奪(duo)部落天帝(di)之位(wei),(共工(gong)在大戰中慘敗,)憤怒地(di)(di)撞擊(ji)不周山,支撐(cheng)天的柱子折了(le),系(xi)著大地(di)(di)的繩索斷(duan)了(le)。(所以(yi))天向(xiang)(xiang)西北方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)傾(qing)斜,所以(yi)日(ri)月、星辰都(dou)(dou)向(xiang)(xiang)西北方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)移動了(le);大地(di)(di)的東(dong)南(nan)角塌陷了(le),所以(yi)江(jiang)河泥沙都(dou)(dou)朝東(dong)南(nan)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)流去(qu)。
注釋
共工:傳說中的部(bu)落領袖,炎帝的后裔。
觸:碰、撞。
不(bu)周山:山名(ming),傳說在昆侖西北。《山海經·大荒西經》載:“大荒之隅,有山而不(bu)合,名(ming)曰不(bu)周。”
昔者:從前。
而:表順承。
顓頊(zhuānxū):傳說中的(de)五帝之一,黃(huang)帝的(de)后裔。
為:做。
天柱折,地維絕:支撐(cheng)天的柱子(zi)折了,掛地的繩(sheng)子(zi)斷了。古人(ren)認為天圓(yuan)地方,有八根柱子(zi)支撐(cheng)、地的四角有大繩(sheng)系(xi)掛。維,繩(sheng)子(zi)。絕,斷。
傾:傾斜。
西北:名詞用(yong)作狀語,向西北。
移:移動。
焉(yan):兼(jian)詞(ci),與(yu)“于(yu)是”或“于(yu)此“相當,文中(zhong)譯為“這,這里(li)”。
水潦(liao)(lǎo):泛指江湖流水。潦(liao),積水。
塵埃:塵土,這(zhe)里指泥沙(sha)。
故:所以。
歸:匯集。
絕:斷。