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生長與分布

食蚜蠅分布(bu)很廣，從遼寧到廣東，從臺灣云南均有分布(bu)；也(ye)分布(bu)于東南亞，日(ri)本，朝(chao)鮮，俄羅斯等地。

形態及特征

食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)是(shi)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天敵(di)昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，以幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)捕(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)而(er)(er)著稱。但實(shi)際(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，還(huan)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)少(shao)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)種類(lei)(lei)，它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)并不(bu)(bu)捕(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，而(er)(er)是(shi)植(zhi)(zhi)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)體(ti)內取(qu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)，或(huo)者是(shi)腐食(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)以腐敗(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機物(wu)或(huo)禽(qin)畜糞便為(wei)(wei)食(shi)(shi)(shi)。即使(shi)在(zai)(zai)捕(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)中(zhong)(zhong)，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以其他昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)為(wei)(wei)食(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)捕(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)鱗(lin)翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、葉蜂(feng)(feng)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，或(huo)甚至捕(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)其他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。圖(tu)《食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)頭部(bu)特寫》中(zhong)(zhong)所示的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羽芒(mang)寬(kuan)盾食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)捕(bu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)屬(shu)于腐食(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)腹(fu)部(bu)多有(you)(you)黃、黑(hei)斑(ban)紋，不(bu)(bu)少(shao)種類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擬(ni)態(tai)現(xian)象，往(wang)往(wang)被(bei)誤認為(wei)(wei)蜂(feng)(feng)。由于蜂(feng)(feng)很強大，腹(fu)末(mo)有(you)(you)刺，不(bu)(bu)好(hao)惹(re)；中(zhong)(zhong)胸背板黑(hei)色(se)，具(ju)銅色(se)光澤，腹(fu)部(bu)狹卵形，黑(hei)色(se)，食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)由于像蜂(feng)(feng)，從而(er)(er)起到(dao)保護作(zuo)用(yong)。但如(ru)果我們(men)仔細觀察一番，不(bu)(bu)難區分。食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)屬(shu)于雙翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)，即體(ti)上(shang)(shang)(shang)只(zhi)有(you)(you)一對(dui)翅(chi)(chi)膀，而(er)(er)蜂(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)屬(shu)膜(mo)翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)，體(ti)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)二(er)對(dui)翅(chi)(chi)膀；食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)角(jiao)短，而(er)(er)蜂(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)觸(chu)角(jiao)較(jiao)長(chang)(chang)；食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)足纖細，而(er)(er)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蜜(mi)蜂(feng)(feng)等蜂(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)比較(jiao)寬(kuan)闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)足，用(yong)以收集花粉。對(dui)于熟悉(xi)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人來說，即使(shi)在(zai)(zai)飛(fei)行中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以看(kan)出它們(men)與蜂(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)一樣來：食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)飛(fei)行時(shi)(shi)能(neng)較(jiao)長(chang)(chang)時(shi)(shi)間懸定于空(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)某一點，后(hou)突然飛(fei)到(dao)附近另(ling)一點，飛(fei)行動作(zuo)平穩，而(er)(er)蜂(feng)(feng)類(lei)(lei)飛(fei)行時(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)有(you)(you)輕微(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)左右擺動。

生活習性

食(shi)蚜蠅(ying)成(cheng)蟲早春(chun)出現(xian)，春(chun)夏季盛發(fa)，性喜陽(yang)光，常(chang)飛(fei)舞花(hua)間草叢(cong)或芳(fang)香植物上，取食(shi)花(hua)粉、花(hua)蜜(mi)，并傳(chuan)播花(hua)粉，時或吸取樹汁。成(cheng)蟲飛(fei)翔力強，常(chang)翱(ao)翔空(kong)中(zhong)，或振動(dong)雙翅在空(kong)中(zhong)停留不動(dong)，或突然作(zuo)直線高速(su)飛(fei)行而后盤旋(xuan)徘徊。食(shi)蚜蠅(ying)本(ben)身無(wu)螫(shi)刺(ci)或叮(ding)咬(yao)能(neng)力，但(dan)常(chang)有各種(zhong)擬態，在體(ti)型、色澤(ze)上常(chang)摹(mo)仿(fang)黃蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)或蜜(mi)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)，且能(neng)仿(fang)效蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)類作(zuo)螫(shi)刺(ci)動(dong)作(zuo)。如體(ti)大、被毛、具黃黑斑(ban)紋的(de)屬摹(mo)仿(fang)熊蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)，并能(neng)發(fa)出蜜(mi)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)一樣的(de)嗡嗡聲。蟻穴蚜蠅(ying)亞(ya)科的(de)某(mou)些種(zhong)類摹(mo)仿(fang)蜜(mi)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)。

幼(you)蟲(chong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)習性復雜，因此，口(kou)器隨種類(lei)(lei)而異(yi)。例如：腐(fu)食(shi)(shi)性種類(lei)(lei)以腐(fu)敗的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)植(zhi)物為食(shi)(shi)，并在其中(zhong)越冬；也有部分(fen)幼(you)蟲(chong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)于(yu)污水中(zhong)。此外(wai)，某些類(lei)(lei)群的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)在其他昆(kun)蟲(chong)的(de)(de)(de)巢(chao)內，吞食(shi)(shi)已死的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)和蛹以及某些動(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)排泄物。植(zhi)食(shi)(shi)性種類(lei)(lei)鉆(zhan)入植(zhi)物木(mu)質部中(zhong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)，有的(de)(de)(de)為害(hai)植(zhi)物的(de)(de)(de)球莖。捕食(shi)(shi)性種類(lei)(lei)則以捕食(shi)(shi)蚜蟲(chong)為主，是蚜蟲(chong)、介殼(ke)蟲(chong)、粉虱、葉(xie)蟬、薊馬、鱗翅目小幼(you)蟲(chong)等的(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)天(tian)敵(di)。

成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)羽化后(hou)必須(xu)取食(shi)花粉才能(neng)發(fa)育(yu)繁殖，否則(ze)卵(luan)巢不能(neng)發(fa)育(yu)。許多種類(lei)的(de)(de)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)露天或(huo)(huo)樹林中飛翔交配，交配時間僅1～2秒鐘(zhong)。雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)產卵(luan)于(yu)蚜群(qun)中或(huo)(huo)其附(fu)近，以(yi)(yi)便幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)孵化后(hou)即(ji)能(neng)得(de)到充足的(de)(de)食(shi)料。有時也產卵(luan)于(yu)葉(xie)上或(huo)(huo)莖部(bu)。幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)孵出(chu)后(hou)立即(ji)能(neng)捕(bu)食(shi)周圍(wei)的(de)(de)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。某(mou)些種類(lei)的(de)(de)成熟幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)有遷移現象。一般以(yi)(yi)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)或(huo)(huo)蛹在(zai)土(tu)中、石下、枯(ku)枝(zhi)落葉(xie)下越冬，少數以(yi)(yi)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)越冬。