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生長與分布

食蚜蠅分布(bu)很廣，從遼(liao)寧(ning)到廣東，從臺灣(wan)云南(nan)均有(you)分布(bu)；也分布(bu)于東南(nan)亞，日本(ben)，朝鮮，俄羅斯等地。

形態及特征

食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)是常(chang)(chang)見的(de)天敵(di)昆蟲(chong)(chong)，以(yi)(yi)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)而(er)著稱。但實際上，還有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)少食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)種類(lei)(lei)，它們(men)的(de)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)，而(er)是植食(shi)(shi)性的(de)，幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)在植物體內取食(shi)(shi)植物的(de)組織，或(huo)(huo)者是腐(fu)食(shi)(shi)性的(de)，幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)以(yi)(yi)腐(fu)敗的(de)有(you)(you)機物或(huo)(huo)禽畜糞便為食(shi)(shi)。即使(shi)在捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)性食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)中，也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)其他(ta)昆蟲(chong)(chong)為食(shi)(shi)，如(ru)捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)鱗翅目(mu)(mu)的(de)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)、葉蜂幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)，或(huo)(huo)甚至捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)其他(ta)的(de)食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)。圖《食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)頭部特寫》中所示的(de)羽芒(mang)寬(kuan)盾食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是捕(bu)(bu)食(shi)(shi)性的(de)，幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)腐(fu)食(shi)(shi)性的(de)。食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)成蟲(chong)(chong)腹部多有(you)(you)黃、黑(hei)斑紋，不(bu)(bu)(bu)少種類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)明顯的(de)擬態現象(xiang)，往往被誤認為蜂。由于(yu)蜂很強大，腹末(mo)有(you)(you)刺，不(bu)(bu)(bu)好惹；中胸背(bei)板(ban)黑(hei)色(se)(se)，具(ju)銅色(se)(se)光澤，腹部狹(xia)卵形，黑(hei)色(se)(se)，食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)由于(yu)像蜂，從(cong)而(er)起(qi)到保護作用。但如(ru)果我們(men)仔細觀察一(yi)番，不(bu)(bu)(bu)難區分(fen)。食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)雙翅目(mu)(mu)，即體上只有(you)(you)一(yi)對翅膀，而(er)蜂類(lei)(lei)屬(shu)(shu)膜翅目(mu)(mu)，體上有(you)(you)二對翅膀；食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)的(de)觸(chu)角(jiao)短，而(er)蜂類(lei)(lei)觸(chu)角(jiao)較長(chang)；食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)的(de)后足纖細，而(er)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)蜜蜂等蜂類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)比(bi)較寬(kuan)闊(kuo)的(de)后足，用以(yi)(yi)收集花粉(fen)。對于(yu)熟悉食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)的(de)人來說，即使(shi)在飛(fei)行中也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看出它們(men)與蜂類(lei)(lei)的(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)樣來：食(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)在飛(fei)行時(shi)能較長(chang)時(shi)間懸(xuan)定于(yu)空中某一(yi)點(dian)，后突然飛(fei)到附近另一(yi)點(dian)，飛(fei)行動作平穩(wen)，而(er)蜂類(lei)(lei)飛(fei)行時(shi)常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)有(you)(you)輕微的(de)左右擺動。

生活習性

食蚜(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)成蟲早春出(chu)現，春夏季盛發，性喜陽光，常(chang)飛舞花(hua)(hua)間草叢或(huo)芳香(xiang)植物(wu)上，取食花(hua)(hua)粉(fen)、花(hua)(hua)蜜，并傳播花(hua)(hua)粉(fen)，時或(huo)吸(xi)取樹(shu)汁(zhi)。成蟲飛翔(xiang)力(li)強(qiang)，常(chang)翱翔(xiang)空中，或(huo)振動雙翅在空中停留(liu)不動，或(huo)突(tu)然作(zuo)直線高速飛行(xing)而后盤旋徘徊。食蚜(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)本身無(wu)螫刺或(huo)叮咬能力(li)，但常(chang)有各種擬態，在體型、色澤上常(chang)摹仿(fang)黃蜂或(huo)蜜蜂，且能仿(fang)效蜂類作(zuo)螫刺動作(zuo)。如(ru)體大、被毛、具(ju)黃黑斑紋的屬摹仿(fang)熊蜂，并能發出(chu)蜜蜂一(yi)樣的嗡嗡聲。蟻穴蚜(ya)蠅(ying)(ying)亞科的某些種類摹仿(fang)蜜蜂。

幼(you)蟲(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)習性(xing)復雜，因(yin)此(ci)，口器隨種(zhong)類(lei)而異(yi)。例如(ru)：腐食性(xing)種(zhong)類(lei)以腐敗的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)植物(wu)為(wei)食，并(bing)在其中(zhong)(zhong)越冬；也有部分幼(you)蟲(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)于污水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)。此(ci)外，某些類(lei)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)在其他昆蟲(chong)的(de)(de)(de)巢內，吞食已死的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)和蛹以及某些動(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)排泄物(wu)。植食性(xing)種(zhong)類(lei)鉆入植物(wu)木(mu)質部中(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)，有的(de)(de)(de)為(wei)害植物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)球莖。捕食性(xing)種(zhong)類(lei)則以捕食蚜蟲(chong)為(wei)主，是蚜蟲(chong)、介(jie)殼蟲(chong)、粉虱、葉蟬、薊馬、鱗(lin)翅目小(xiao)幼(you)蟲(chong)等的(de)(de)(de)有效天敵。

成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)羽化(hua)后(hou)必須取(qu)食(shi)花(hua)粉才能發(fa)育繁殖，否則卵巢不能發(fa)育。許多種(zhong)類的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)露天或(huo)樹林中(zhong)(zhong)飛(fei)翔交配，交配時間僅1～2秒鐘(zhong)。雌蟲(chong)(chong)產(chan)卵于(yu)蚜群中(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)其附近，以便幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)孵化(hua)后(hou)即(ji)能得到充足的(de)食(shi)料。有時也產(chan)卵于(yu)葉上(shang)或(huo)莖部(bu)。幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)孵出后(hou)立即(ji)能捕食(shi)周(zhou)圍的(de)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)。某些種(zhong)類的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)熟幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)有遷移現象。一般(ban)以幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)或(huo)蛹(yong)在(zai)土(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)、石下、枯(ku)枝落葉下越冬，少數以成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)越冬。