菊花為短(duan)日(ri)照植物,適應性很強,喜(xi)涼,較耐寒(han),生長(chang)適溫(wen)18-21℃,最(zui)高32℃,最(zui)低(di)10℃,地下(xia)根莖(jing)耐低(di)溫(wen)極限一般(ban)為-10℃。花期(qi)最(zui)低(di)夜(ye)溫(wen)17℃,開花期(qi)(中(zhong)、后)可降至15-13℃。喜(xi)充足陽光,但也稍耐陰。較耐干,最(zui)忌積澇。喜(xi)地勢高燥(zao)、土(tu)層深厚、富(fu)含腐殖質、輕松肥沃而排水(shui)良好的(de)沙(sha)壤土(tu)。在微酸性到中(zhong)性的(de)土(tu)中(zhong)均能(neng)生長(chang),而以(yi)PH6.2-6.7較好。忌連(lian)作。
綠(lv)(lv)(lv)牡丹,屬(shu)傳統菊花(hua)(hua)(hua)名(ming)種。枝條綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色粗壯,葉形(xing)不(bu)規(gui)則。花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)多輪不(bu)露心,屬(shu)芍藥(yao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)型。開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)時,外部花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)淺綠(lv)(lv)(lv),中(zhong)(zhong)部花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)翠(cui)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)向上(shang)卷曲(qu)。心瓣(ban)(ban)濃(nong)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)裹(guo)抱(bao),花(hua)(hua)(hua)朵芍藥(yao)型,整個花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠嚴緊,呈扁球狀。平瓣(ban)(ban),初開(kai)(kai)時,花(hua)(hua)(hua)色碧綠(lv)(lv)(lv)如玉(yu),晶瑩欲滴(di);日(ri)曬后綠(lv)(lv)(lv)中(zhong)(zhong)透(tou)黃,光彩奪目,花(hua)(hua)(hua)徑可達425px,花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)長(chang)達35天。初開(kai)(kai)時,花(hua)(hua)(hua)色碧綠(lv)(lv)(lv)如玉(yu),晶瑩欲滴(di);日(ri)曬后,綠(lv)(lv)(lv)中(zhong)(zhong)透(tou)黃,光彩奪目。
宜選(xuan)用肥(fei)(fei)沃的(de)砂(sha)質土壤,先小盆(pen)(pen)(pen)后(hou)大盆(pen)(pen)(pen),經2-3次換盆(pen)(pen)(pen),7月可(ke)定盆(pen)(pen)(pen);定盆(pen)(pen)(pen)可(ke)選(xuan)用6份(fen)腐(fu)葉土、3份(fen)砂(sha)土和(he)1份(fen)餅肥(fei)(fei)渣配制成混合土壤。澆透水(shui)后(hou)放陰涼處,待植株生長(chang)正常后(hou)移至向(xiang)陽(yang)處。
春季(ji)(ji)菊(ju)苗幼小,澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)宜(yi)少;夏季(ji)(ji)菊(ju)苗長大,天(tian)(tian)氣炎熱,蒸發量(liang)大,澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)要(yao)(yao)充足,可(ke)在(zai)清晨澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一次,傍晚再補澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一次,并(bing)要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)噴(pen)(pen)水(shui)壺(hu)向菊(ju)花枝葉及周圍地(di)面噴(pen)(pen)水(shui),以增加環境(jing)濕度;立秋前要(yao)(yao)適(shi)當(dang)控(kong)水(shui)、控(kong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei),以防止植(zhi)株竄高瘋長。立秋后開花前,要(yao)(yao)加大澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)量(liang)并(bing)開始施肥(fei)(fei)(fei),肥(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)逐漸(jian)加濃(nong);冬季(ji)(ji)花枝基本停止生長,植(zhi)株水(shui)分消耗量(liang)明(ming)顯減少,蒸發量(liang)也小,須(xu)嚴格控(kong)制澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)。澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)最好用(yong)(yong)噴(pen)(pen)水(shui)壺(hu)緩緩噴(pen)(pen)灑,不(bu)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)猛水(shui)沖澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)除要(yao)(yao)根據(ju)季(ji)(ji)節決(jue)定量(liang)和次數外(wai),還要(yao)(yao)根據(ju)天(tian)(tian)氣變化(hua)而(er)變化(hua)。陰雨天(tian)(tian)要(yao)(yao)少澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或不(bu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao);氣溫高蒸發量(liang)大時(shi)要(yao)(yao)多澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),反之則(ze)要(yao)(yao)少澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。一般在(zai)給花澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)時(shi),要(yao)(yao)見盆(pen)土變干時(shi)再澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),不(bu)干不(bu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)則(ze)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)透。但不(bu)要(yao)(yao)使花盆(pen)汪水(shui),否(fou)則(ze)會造(zao)成爛根、葉枯黃(huang),引起植(zhi)株死亡(wang)。
在菊(ju)花植株定(ding)植時(shi)(shi),盆中要施(shi)足底(di)肥。以(yi)后(hou)可(ke)隔10天(tian)施(shi)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)氮肥。立秋后(hou)自菊(ju)花孕蕾到現蕾時(shi)(shi),可(ke)每周施(shi)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)稍濃一(yi)些的肥水;含苞(bao)待放時(shi)(shi),再(zai)施(shi)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)濃肥水后(hou),即暫停(ting)施(shi)肥。如果(guo)此時(shi)(shi)能給(gei)菊(ju)花施(shi)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)過磷酸鈣或0.1%磷酸二氫鉀(jia)溶液,則花可(ke)開得(de)更鮮艷一(yi)些。
當(dang)菊花(hua)植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)長(chang)(chang)至10多厘米(mi)高時(shi)(shi),即開始摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)。摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)時(shi)(shi)只留植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)基部4-5片葉,上(shang)部葉片全部摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)除。待長(chang)(chang)出5-6片新葉時(shi)(shi),再將心(xin)(xin)(xin)摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)去,使植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)保(bao)留4-7個主枝(zhi),以后長(chang)(chang)出的(de)枝(zhi)、芽要(yao)及時(shi)(shi)摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)除。摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)能使植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)發生分枝(zhi),有效(xiao)控制植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)高度和株(zhu)型。最后一次摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)時(shi)(shi),要(yao)對(dui)菊花(hua)植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)進行定型修剪(jian),去掉過(guo)多枝(zhi)、過(guo)旺(wang)及過(guo)弱枝(zhi),保(bao)留3-5個枝(zhi)即可。9月現蕾(lei)時(shi)(shi),要(yao)摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)去植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)下端的(de)花(hua)蕾(lei),每(mei)個分枝(zhi)上(shang)只留頂(ding)端一個花(hua)蕾(lei)。
在秋冬切取植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)外部(bu)腳芽(ya)桿插(cha)。選芽(ya)的(de)(de)標(biao)準是距植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)較遠(yuan),芽(ya)頭(tou)豐(feng)滿。芽(ya)選好后(hou)(hou),剝(bo)去下(xia)部(bu)葉片,按株(zhu)(zhu)距3-4厘米(mi)、行距4-5厘米(mi),插(cha)于溫(wen)室或大棚內(nei)的(de)(de)花盆(pen)或插(cha)床粗砂中,保持7-8℃室溫(wen),春暖后(hou)(hou)栽于室外。嫩枝(zhi)插(cha):此(ci)法(fa)應用最廣(guang)。多于4-5月扦插(cha)。截取嫩技8-10厘米(mi)作為插(cha)穗(sui),插(cha)后(hou)(hou)善加管理。在18-21℃的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)下(xia),多數品(pin)種3周左右生根,約4周即(ji)可(ke)移苗上盆(pen)。
介質可(ke)用園土配上(shang)1/3的(de)礱糠灰。在(zai)高床上(shang)搭蘆簾棚遮蔭。全光(guang)照(zhao)的(de)插(cha)床,如(ru)有自動噴霧(wu)設備,不(bu)需遮蔭。葉芽插(cha):從枝條上(shang)剪(jian)取1張帶(dai)腋芽的(de)葉片插(cha)之。此法僅用于(yu)繁殖(zhi)珍(zhen)稀品種。分株(zhu):一般在(zai)清明前后,把植株(zhu)掘(jue)出,依根的(de)自然(ran)形態帶(dai)根分開,另植盆中。
為使菊花生長強健(jian),用以做成(cheng)"十樣錦"或(huo)大立菊,可用黃蒿(hao)或(huo)青(qing)蒿(hao)作砧木進行嫁接。秋(qiu)末采蒿(hao)種,冬季(ji)在溫室播(bo)種,或(huo)3月間在溫床育苗(miao),4月下旬苗(miao)高(gao)3-4厘(li)米時(shi)移于盆中或(huo)田間,在晴天進行劈接。
斑枯病又名葉枯病:并交(jiao)替噴施1∶1∶100倍液(ye)波(bo)爾多液(ye)和50%托市津1000倍液(ye)。
枯(ku)萎病(bing):6月(yue)上旬(xun)至7月(yue)上旬(xun)始發,開(kai)花后發病(bing)嚴重,為害全株并爛根。防治方法:選無病(bing)老根留種;輪(lun)作;作高(gao)畦(qi),開(kai)深溝,降低濕度;拔除(chu)病(bing)株,并在病(bing)穴撒(sa)石灰粉或用50%多菌靈(ling)1000倍液澆灌。
蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai):菊花(hua)(hua)一(yi)年四季均有栽植(zhi),提供了害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)和害(hai)(hai)(hai)螨充足的養料(liao)與棲所。因此,菊花(hua)(hua)不管(guan)是栽培在網室或露天栽培中都(dou)逃不過害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)或害(hai)(hai)(hai)蹣的為害(hai)(hai)(hai)。菊花(hua)(hua)上重(zhong)要的害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)有蚜蟲(chong)(chong)類(lei)、薊馬類(lei)、斜紋夜蛾(e)、甜(tian)菜(cai)夜蛾(e)、番茄夜蛾(e)和二點葉蹣等。次要的害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)有切(qie)根蟲(chong)(chong)、擬(ni)尺蠖(huo)、斑(ban)潛(qian)蠅、粉虱(shi)、毒蛾(e)、粉介殼(ke)蟲(chong)(chong)、細蹣等,種(zhong)類(lei)可說相(xiang)當多。供內銷的菊花(hua)(hua)(切(qie)花(hua)(hua)或盆花(hua)(hua)),只要不影響花(hua)(hua)的品質,可容許少量(liang)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)的發生。