踏雪尋梅(mei)是菊花品(pin)種,花粉白色、中心(xin)(xin)略有(you)淺淡(dan)鵝黃色。管匙(chi)瓣(ban)(ban)或匙(chi)平瓣(ban)(ban)。管匙(chi)瓣(ban)(ban)后多裂為(wei)平瓣(ban)(ban)。管匙(chi)、匙(chi)平瓣(ban)(ban)面上有(you)稀疏或深或淺長(chang)短(duan)大小不(bu)(bu)等(deng)的紫紅色條紋、條斑及暈染(ran)粉樣色。花瓣(ban)(ban)上有(you)條溝。芍藥(yao)型。中輪花,花徑13-15厘米,開足不(bu)(bu)露心(xin)(xin)或中心(xin)(xin)間雜露心(xin)(xin)。正葉,邊緣(yuan)有(you)尖圓齒;葉片淺中裂,短(duan)葉柄,基部(bu)有(you)托葉。莖梗褐綠色,中粗、矮。晚花。
踏雪尋(xun)梅菊花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)勢(shi)中(zhong)(zhong),適(shi)宜多本菊培植(zhi)。為(wei)短日照植(zhi)物,適(shi)應性(xing)(xing)很強,喜涼,較耐(nai)寒,生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)適(shi)溫18-21℃,最(zui)高32℃,最(zui)低10℃,地下根莖(jing)耐(nai)低溫極限一般為(wei)-10℃。花(hua)(hua)期最(zui)低夜(ye)溫17℃,開花(hua)(hua)期(中(zhong)(zhong)、后)可降至15-13℃。喜充(chong)足陽光,但(dan)也稍耐(nai)陰。較耐(nai)干,最(zui)忌積澇。喜地勢(shi)高燥、土層(ceng)深厚(hou)、富含(han)腐殖(zhi)質、輕松肥沃(wo)而排水良好的沙壤土。在(zai)微(wei)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)到中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)的土中(zhong)(zhong)均(jun)能生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang),而以PH6.2-6.7較好。忌連作(zuo)。
宜選(xuan)用(yong)肥(fei)沃的砂質土(tu)(tu)壤(rang),先小盆(pen)后(hou)(hou)大(da)盆(pen),經2-3次換(huan)盆(pen),7月可(ke)定盆(pen);定盆(pen)可(ke)選(xuan)用(yong)6份腐(fu)葉土(tu)(tu)、3份砂土(tu)(tu)和(he)1份餅(bing)肥(fei)渣(zha)配(pei)制(zhi)成混(hun)合(he)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)。澆透水后(hou)(hou)放陰涼處,待(dai)植株(zhu)生長正(zheng)常(chang)后(hou)(hou)移至向陽處。
春季(ji)菊(ju)苗幼小,澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)宜少;夏季(ji)菊(ju)苗長大(da)(da)(da),天氣炎熱,蒸(zheng)發量(liang)大(da)(da)(da),澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)要(yao)(yao)(yao)充(chong)足,可在清晨澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)次,傍晚再補澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)次,并要(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)噴(pen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壺向菊(ju)花(hua)枝葉及周(zhou)圍地面噴(pen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),以增加環(huan)境濕度;立秋前要(yao)(yao)(yao)適當(dang)控(kong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、控(kong)肥(fei),以防止植株(zhu)竄高(gao)(gao)瘋長。立秋后開(kai)花(hua)前,要(yao)(yao)(yao)加大(da)(da)(da)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)并開(kai)始施肥(fei),肥(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)逐漸加濃;冬季(ji)花(hua)枝基(ji)本停止生長,植株(zhu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分消耗量(liang)明顯減(jian)少,蒸(zheng)發量(liang)也小,須(xu)嚴格控(kong)制澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)最好用(yong)噴(pen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壺緩緩噴(pen)灑,不(bu)可用(yong)猛水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)沖澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)除要(yao)(yao)(yao)根(gen)據季(ji)節決定量(liang)和次數外,還要(yao)(yao)(yao)根(gen)據天氣變化(hua)而變化(hua)。陰雨天要(yao)(yao)(yao)少澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或(huo)不(bu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao);氣溫高(gao)(gao)蒸(zheng)發量(liang)大(da)(da)(da)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)多澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),反之則要(yao)(yao)(yao)少澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。一(yi)般在給花(hua)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi),要(yao)(yao)(yao)見盆土(tu)變干(gan)時(shi)再澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),不(bu)干(gan)不(bu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)則澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)透(tou)。但不(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)使花(hua)盆汪(wang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),否則會造成爛(lan)根(gen)、葉枯黃,引起植株(zhu)死(si)亡(wang)。
在菊(ju)花(hua)植株定(ding)植時,盆中要施(shi)足底肥。以(yi)后(hou)(hou)可(ke)隔10天(tian)施(shi)一(yi)次(ci)氮肥。立(li)秋后(hou)(hou)自菊(ju)花(hua)孕(yun)蕾(lei)到現蕾(lei)時,可(ke)每周(zhou)施(shi)一(yi)次(ci)稍濃(nong)一(yi)些的(de)肥水(shui);含苞待放(fang)時,再施(shi)一(yi)次(ci)濃(nong)肥水(shui)后(hou)(hou),即暫停施(shi)肥。如果此時能給(gei)菊(ju)花(hua)施(shi)一(yi)次(ci)過磷酸鈣或(huo)0.1%磷酸二氫鉀溶(rong)液,則(ze)花(hua)可(ke)開得(de)更鮮(xian)艷一(yi)些。
當(dang)菊(ju)花(hua)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株長至10多(duo)厘米高時,即開(kai)始摘(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)。摘(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)時只留(liu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株基部(bu)4-5片(pian)(pian)葉,上部(bu)葉片(pian)(pian)全部(bu)摘(zhai)(zhai)除。待長出(chu)5-6片(pian)(pian)新葉時,再將心(xin)(xin)(xin)摘(zhai)(zhai)去,使(shi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株保(bao)留(liu)4-7個(ge)(ge)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi),以后長出(chu)的(de)枝(zhi)(zhi)、芽要及(ji)時摘(zhai)(zhai)除。摘(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)能使(shi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株發生(sheng)分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi),有效控制植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株高度和株型。最后一(yi)次摘(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)時,要對菊(ju)花(hua)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株進行定型修剪,去掉(diao)過(guo)(guo)多(duo)枝(zhi)(zhi)、過(guo)(guo)旺及(ji)過(guo)(guo)弱枝(zhi)(zhi),保(bao)留(liu)3-5個(ge)(ge)枝(zhi)(zhi)即可(ke)。9月現(xian)蕾時,要摘(zhai)(zhai)去植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株下端的(de)花(hua)蕾,每個(ge)(ge)分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)上只留(liu)頂端一(yi)個(ge)(ge)花(hua)蕾。
在(zai)秋冬切取植株外(wai)部腳芽(ya)桿插。選芽(ya)的標準是距植株較遠,芽(ya)頭豐滿(man)。芽(ya)選好后,剝去(qu)下部葉片,按(an)株距3-4厘(li)(li)米(mi)、行距4-5厘(li)(li)米(mi),插于溫室(shi)或大棚內的花盆或插床粗砂中,保(bao)持7-8℃室(shi)溫,春暖后栽于室(shi)外(wai)。嫩(nen)枝(zhi)插:此法應用最廣。多于4-5月扦(qian)插。截取嫩(nen)技8-10厘(li)(li)米(mi)作(zuo)為插穗,插后善加管理。在(zai)18-21℃的溫度(du)下,多數品(pin)種3周左右(you)生根,約4周即可移苗上盆。
介質可用園土配上(shang)1/3的(de)礱糠(kang)灰(hui)。在高床(chuang)上(shang)搭蘆(lu)簾棚(peng)遮蔭(yin)。全光照的(de)插床(chuang),如有自動噴霧設備,不需遮蔭(yin)。葉(xie)芽插:從(cong)枝(zhi)條上(shang)剪取(qu)1張帶腋芽的(de)葉(xie)片插之。此法僅用于繁殖(zhi)珍稀(xi)品種。分株:一般在清明(ming)前后,把植(zhi)株掘出,依根的(de)自然形態帶根分開,另植(zhi)盆中。
為使菊(ju)花生長強健,用(yong)以做成(cheng)"十樣錦(jin)"或大立菊(ju),可用(yong)黃蒿(hao)或青蒿(hao)作砧木進(jin)行(xing)嫁接(jie)。秋末(mo)采(cai)蒿(hao)種,冬(dong)季在溫(wen)(wen)室播種,或3月間(jian)在溫(wen)(wen)床育苗,4月下(xia)旬苗高3-4厘(li)米時移于(yu)盆中或田間(jian),在晴天進(jin)行(xing)劈接(jie)。
此病容易發生在(zai)雨水多的七八月份,病菌(jun)在(zai)土壤(rang)內存活(huo)傳播,植(zhi)株受(shou)害后,病菌(jun)分泌有(you)毒物質,破(po)壞組織細胞和堵塞導管,使水分供應(ying)受(shou)阻,很快萎蔫枯死。
防治方法:①盆土消毒。用40倍福爾馬林溶液或其他藥(yao)劑(如高(gao)錳酸鉀)消毒。②合理施肥和澆水。肥要充分腐(fu)熟(shu),并(bing)注意增施磷、鉀肥。澆水要見(jian)干見(jian)濕(shi),并(bing)做好排(pai)水工(gong)作。③注意隔(ge)離。重病(bing)植株應立即拔除,遠(yuan)離健康植株并(bing)燒毀,輕病(bing)植株可用50%多菌靈(ling)直(zhi)接澆灌根際周圍土壤,連續(xu)數(shu)次。
真菌傳(chuan)染(ran)發病。8-9月到(dao)入冬,在濕度大、光照弱、通(tong)風不(bu)良、晝夜溫差在10℃左右時最易感染(ran)發病。灰白(bai)色菌絲著生(sheng)(sheng)在上部嫩枝新葉(xie)背面和花蕾上,形(xing)成(cheng)一層粉霜,使(shi)花、葉(xie)變(bian)形(xing),嚴重(zhong)影響(xiang)植株(zhu)的(de)正常生(sheng)(sheng)長和觀賞效(xiao)果。防治方法:8月上中旬噴灑甲基(ji)托布津或(huo)多菌靈,每半(ban)個月一次(ci),連噴3至(zhi)4次(ci)。
為紅色或紅黃(huang)色細小螨類害蟲,通常潛伏于葉(xie)背面,刺吸汁(zhi)液,造成葉(xie)片(pian)干黃(huang)枯死,多發生在5-6月(yue)份。防治(zhi)方法:用(yong)40%氧化樂(le)果(guo)和(he)80%敵敵畏(wei)800-1000倍(bei)液,最好使用(yong)三氯殺螨醇(chun)800倍(bei)液噴灑,具(ju)有特效。
成(cheng)蟲(chong)為(wei)2毫米左右的白色小蛾子,5月(yue)間(jian)在葉(xie)子上(shang)產卵,幼蟲(chong)孵(fu)化(hua)后即鉆(zhan)到葉(xie)肉(rou)里蛀食(shi),把葉(xie)肉(rou)吃光(guang),蛀成(cheng)一條(tiao)條(tiao)蜿蜒曲折的干(gan)空隧道,嚴重時(shi)每片葉(xie)子上(shang)有四五(wu)個,導(dao)致全(quan)葉(xie)枯黃干(gan)死(si)。1年繁殖(zhi)三四代(dai),到10月(yue)間(jian)仍有發生(sheng)。防(fang)治(zhi)方法:可于早期摘(zhai)除被害(hai)葉(xie)片,4至(zhi)5月(yue)間(jian)用氧化(hua)樂果(guo)等內吸式殺蟲(chong)劑噴灑防(fang)治(zhi)。