海軍(jun)岸(an)防(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(Naval Coast Defence Arm),是部署在(zai)沿海重(zhong)要(yao)地段(duan),以火力(li)參加(jia)對海防(fang)御作戰(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)海軍(jun)兵(bing)(bing)種,它是海岸(an)防(fang)御的(de)(de)火力(li)骨干。海軍(jun)岸(an)防(fang)兵(bing)(bing)能充分(fen)利用島、岸(an)的(de)(de)有利條件,預(yu)先構筑(zhu)多種陣地,儲備大量作戰(zhan)(zhan)物資,進行持久(jiu)作戰(zhan)(zhan),是近岸(an)堅(jian)守(shou)防(fang)御戰(zhan)(zhan)中的(de)(de)主要(yao)兵(bing)(bing)力(li)之一。
海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)中部(bu)署于沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)重要(yao)地段、島(dao)嶼,主要(yao)以火力遂行海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)防(fang)御任務(wu)(wu)(wu)的兵(bing)(bing)種。通常由海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)導(dao)彈部(bu)隊(dui)(dui)和(he)海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)炮兵(bing)(bing)部(bu)隊(dui)(dui)組成。編(bian)有海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)導(dao)彈團(營(ying))、海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)炮兵(bing)(bing)團(營(ying))等,分屬于海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)基(ji)(ji)地或水(shui)警區。有的國(guo)家設有岸(an)防(fang)司令部(bu),編(bian)有旅。能獨立(li)作(zuo)戰(zhan),也可協(xie)同其他兵(bing)(bing)種遂行作(zuo)戰(zhan)任務(wu)(wu)(wu)。主要(yao)編(bian)配岸(an)對艦導(dao)彈和(he)大中口(kou)徑(jing)火炮。海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)岸(an)防(fang)兵(bing)(bing)能充分利(li)用島(dao)岸(an)的有利(li)條件,進行持久作(zuo)戰(zhan),是海(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)防(fang)御的陸(lu)上骨干力量。基(ji)(ji)本任務(wu)(wu)(wu)是:封鎖海(hai)(hai)(hai)峽、航道,消滅(mie)敵方艦船,掩護近岸(an)海(hai)(hai)(hai)區交通線(xian)和(he)艦船;支(zhi)援海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)、要(yao)塞的守備部(bu)隊(dui)(dui)作(zuo)戰(zhan),參加抗登陸(lu)作(zuo)戰(zhan),保衛(wei)基(ji)(ji)地、港口(kou)和(he)沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)重要(yao)地段的安全等。
早在(zai)(zai)公元(yuan)前,一(yi)些瀕(bin)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)就有(you)(you)了(le)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)設施和(he)(he)(he)(he)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)力(li)。14~15世(shi)(shi)紀(ji),岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)隨著配備(bei)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)火(huo)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)的(de)(de)瀕(bin)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)要(yao)塞的(de)(de)出現開始形成。18世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)后(hou),許多(duo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)先后(hou)將岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)列入海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)序列。19世(shi)(shi)紀(ji),各(ge)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事強國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)瀕(bin)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)段要(yao)地(di)(di)多(duo)筑(zhu)有(you)(you)較為完(wan)善的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)御火(huo)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)陣地(di)(di),至20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)初(chu)達(da)(da)到最盛時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)。在(zai)(zai)第一(yi)次世(shi)(shi)界大(da)(da)戰的(de)(de)達(da)(da)達(da)(da)尼(ni)爾(er)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)峽戰役(yi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)第二(er)(er)次世(shi)(shi)界大(da)(da)戰蘇德(de)戰爭(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong),海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)都(dou)發(fa)(fa)揮了(le)重要(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。第二(er)(er)次世(shi)(shi)界大(da)(da)戰后(hou),隨著導(dao)彈武(wu)器的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong),許多(duo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)建(jian)立了(le)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)導(dao)彈部隊。蘇聯海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)把海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)火(huo)箭炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)作(zuo)(zuo)為一(yi)個(ge)(ge)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)種(zhong)(zhong)。80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)末(mo),世(shi)(shi)界各(ge)國(guo)(guo)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)部隊名(ming)稱(cheng)不一(yi),規模裝備(bei)差(cha)異也較大(da)(da)。蘇聯稱(cheng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)導(dao)彈炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),營為最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)編制單(dan)位(wei)。越南海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)編1個(ge)(ge)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)艦(jian)導(dao)彈旅。瑞典海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)編5個(ge)(ge)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)團(含若干導(dao)彈中(zhong)(zhong)隊)。海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展,受國(guo)(guo)家(jia)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事戰略和(he)(he)(he)(he)地(di)(di)理環境(jing)等(deng)因素的(de)(de)影響甚大(da)(da)。進(jin)入21世(shi)(shi)紀(ji),以信息技術為主的(de)(de)高(gao)新(xin)技術廣泛應用(yong)于部隊,導(dao)彈的(de)(de)射(she)程和(he)(he)(he)(he)精度都(dou)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提高(gao),但(dan)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)御中(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)依然重大(da)(da)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)有(you)(you)悠久的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展歷(li)史。宋元(yuan)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi),在(zai)(zai)沿海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)建(jian)城(cheng)設防(fang)(fang)(fang),防(fang)(fang)(fang)御海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)盜。明朝開始在(zai)(zai)沿海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)設有(you)(you)衛(wei)、所,并在(zai)(zai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)要(yao)地(di)(di)修城(cheng)筑(zhu)堡,屯兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)戍守。如戚繼光、俞(yu)大(da)(da)猷統率步(bu)(bu)師(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)水師(shi),抗(kang)(kang)(kang)擊(ji)倭寇。嘉靖(1522~1566)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間,編配銅炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao),“大(da)(da)彈發(fa)(fa)及七百步(bu)(bu)”。清(qing)初(chu),建(jian)水師(shi),造炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)臺(tai)(tai),防(fang)(fang)(fang)守海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)口。道光(1821~1850)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間,海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)禁大(da)(da)開,海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)益重。鴉片戰爭(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong),清(qing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)利用(yong)在(zai)(zai)虎門設立的(de)(de)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)臺(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)設置(zhi)的(de)(de)水中(zhong)(zhong)障礙陣地(di)(di),抗(kang)(kang)(kang)擊(ji)了(le)英軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)戰艦(jian)的(de)(de)進(jin)攻(gong)。此后(hou),清(qing)朝在(zai)(zai)沿海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)要(yao)地(di)(di)構筑(zhu)新(xin)式(shi)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)臺(tai)(tai)130多(duo)座(zuo)。中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民(min)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi),炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)臺(tai)(tai)幾經整修,后(hou)在(zai)(zai)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)日戰爭(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)揮了(le)一(yi)定作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。如1932年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)?二(er)(er)八抗(kang)(kang)(kang)戰,吳淞要(yao)塞阻日艦(jian)于黃浦(pu)江口達(da)(da)月余之久。中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人民(min)共和(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)成立后(hou),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人民(min)解(jie)放軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)于1950年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)8月,將東北軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)區炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)第6師(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)西南軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)區特種(zhong)(zhong)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)第10團改編為海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)學(xue)校(xiao)(后(hou)改稱(cheng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)學(xue)校(xiao)),突(tu)擊(ji)培訓技術骨干。同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月,組建(jian)了(le)第一(yi)個(ge)(ge)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)營。1951年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),組建(jian)了(le)10多(duo)個(ge)(ge)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)團。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),成立海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)部(后(hou)改稱(cheng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)御兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)部)。1955年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),組建(jian)了(le)列車(機(ji)(ji)動)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)團和(he)(he)(he)(he)獨(du)立岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)營,海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、艦(jian)隊、基地(di)(di)均(jun)設有(you)(you)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)領導(dao)機(ji)(ji)構。20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)60年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)初(chu)期(qi)(qi)(qi),岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)艦(jian)導(dao)彈開始編配部隊。70年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi),海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)艦(jian)導(dao)彈部隊迅速發(fa)(fa)展,成為初(chu)具規模、較為現代(dai)化的(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)力(li)量。
海(hai)(hai)軍岸(an)(an)防兵自(zi)建立以來,曾單獨和協同其他兵種(zhong)參(can)加作(zuo)戰400余次,擊(ji)(ji)沉、擊(ji)(ji)傷敵艦船70余艘,擊(ji)(ji)落、擊(ji)(ji)傷敵機40余架,在鞏(gong)固海(hai)(hai)防、保衛近岸(an)(an)交通(tong)和漁業生(sheng)產(chan)等任務中發(fa)揮了重要作(zuo)用。隨著信息技術和武器裝備(bei)的不斷發(fa)展,海(hai)(hai)軍岸(an)(an)防兵將進一(yi)步改(gai)進裝備(bei)性能,增(zeng)大射程,實施精確制導(dao),提高指揮控(kong)制水平(ping);完善(shan)海(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)防御(yu)配系,增(zeng)大海(hai)(hai)上(shang)防御(yu)縱(zong)深(shen)和打擊(ji)(ji)威力(li);增(zeng)強與其他兵種(zhong)、軍種(zhong)的協同作(zuo)戰能力(li)。