耐旱性頗佳的黃(huang)梔花,生長(chang)適溫(wen)范圍為22~28℃,適合(he)于(yu)高溫(wen)濕潤和日照充足(zu)、排水良好的環境,植(zhi)地(di)的土壤以稍帶粘(zhan)性的壤土為佳。
山黃(huang)梔,灌木(mu),高0.3-3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);嫩(nen)枝常(chang)被短(duan)毛(mao)(mao),枝圓柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),灰色(se)(se)。葉對(dui)生,革質,稀為紙質,少(shao)為3枚輪生,葉形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)多樣,通(tong)常(chang)為長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、倒(dao)(dao)卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、倒(dao)(dao)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-25厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)1.5-8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),頂(ding)端漸尖(jian)(jian)、驟然長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)漸尖(jian)(jian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)短(duan)尖(jian)(jian)而(er)鈍,基(ji)部(bu)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)短(duan)尖(jian)(jian),兩(liang)面常(chang)無毛(mao)(mao),上面亮綠,下(xia)面色(se)(se)較暗;側(ce)脈8-15對(dui),在下(xia)面凸起,在上面平;葉柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)0.2-1厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);托葉膜(mo)質。花(hua)芳香,通(tong)常(chang)單朵生于枝頂(ding),花(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);萼(e)管倒(dao)(dao)圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)8-25毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),有(you)(you)縱棱,萼(e)檐(yan)管形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),膨大,頂(ding)部(bu)5-8裂(lie)(lie),通(tong)常(chang)6裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)線(xian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)10-30毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)1-4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),結果(guo)時增長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),宿存(cun);花(hua)冠(guan)白色(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)乳黃(huang)色(se)(se),高腳碟狀(zhuang)(zhuang),喉(hou)部(bu)有(you)(you)疏柔毛(mao)(mao),冠(guan)管狹圓筒形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)4-6毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),頂(ding)部(bu)5至(zhi)8裂(lie)(lie),通(tong)常(chang)6裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)廣展,倒(dao)(dao)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)倒(dao)(dao)卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)0.6-2.8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)絲極(ji)短(duan),花(hua)藥線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-2.2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),伸出;花(hua)柱(zhu)粗厚,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約4.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),柱(zhu)頭紡(fang)錘(chui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),伸出,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1-1.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)3-7毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),子(zi)房直徑約3毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),黃(huang)色(se)(se),平滑。果(guo)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、近(jin)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),黃(huang)色(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)橙(cheng)紅(hong)色(se)(se),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-7厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),直徑1.2-2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),有(you)(you)翅(chi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)縱棱5-9條,頂(ding)部(bu)的宿存(cun)萼(e)片(pian)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)達4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)達6毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);種子(zi)多數,扁,近(jin)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)稍有(you)(you)棱角(jiao),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約3.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)約3毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。花(hua)期3-7月(yue),果(guo)期5月(yue)至(zhi)翌(yi)年(nian)2月(yue)。
本(ben)性(xing)強韌的(de)(de)黃梔花發根力強,一般的(de)(de)繁殖系以(yi)(yi)扦(qian)插(cha)(cha)法(fa)(fa)(fa)為(wei)主,亦可(ke)(ke)用(yong)播(bo)種法(fa)(fa)(fa)及壓條(tiao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)繁殖。扦(qian)插(cha)(cha)法(fa)(fa)(fa)得(de)在3~4月的(de)(de)春季或9月的(de)(de)初(chu)秋季節行之(zhi),擇選長(chang)約(yue)(yue)(yue)20公(gong)分、直徑約(yue)(yue)(yue)1公(gong)分,生(sheng)長(chang)良好枝丫,斜插(cha)(cha)于(yu)花床并(bing)經(jing)妥(tuo)善遮護,約(yue)(yue)(yue)經(jing)一個(ge)月便(bian)可(ke)(ke)發根,俟扦(qian)插(cha)(cha)成活后翌(yi)年即可(ke)(ke)移植本(ben)圃;播(bo)種法(fa)(fa)(fa)往往于(yu)9、10月為(wei)之(zhi),雖可(ke)(ke)獲得(de)較多量的(de)(de)子(zi)代,但因需等(deng)2、3年方會開花,以(yi)(yi)致除了育種、采種之(zhi)外不常使用(yong);壓條(tiao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)則適合于(yu)春季俾有較高的(de)(de)成活率,1至2年后植株(zhu)就可(ke)(ke)長(chang)出茂盛(sheng)娉婷的(de)(de)花朵,花期完(wan)后宜修剪過于(yu)叢密(mi)雜亂或枯萎零弱的(de)(de)枝條(tiao),并(bing)于(yu)秋、冬季節施行追(zhui)肥(fei)和進行換(huan)土,以(yi)(yi)便(bian)促進翌(yi)年的(de)(de)蓬發興茂。
黃(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)是屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)茜(qian)草科(Rubiaceae)、黃(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)屬(shu)(shu)(Gardenia)的常綠性灌木或(huo)小喬木,別名有(you)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)花(hua)、黃(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)、雀(que)舌花(hua)以及(ji)林(lin)蘭(lan)、木單、鮮支、越(yue)桃…等(deng),種(zhong)類(lei)繁多(duo),近約(yue)百種(zhong),在(zai)我國計(ji)有(you)7種(zhong),山黃(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)為其(qi)中(zhong)的一種(zhong)。山黃(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的株(zhu)干高(gao)約(yue)2至(zhi)4公(gong)尺,分(fen)布華南(nan)、中(zhong)南(nan)半(ban)島、日本和(he)臺(tai)灣(wan)(wan),于(yu)全臺(tai)灣(wan)(wan)低海拔山區的向陽山坡(po)或(huo)闊葉樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)中(zhong)均常見(jian)到野生之(zhi)(zhi)山黃(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),另于(yu)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)、庭園(yuan)(yuan)及(ji)校園(yuan)(yuan)亦常見(jian)到以人工(gong)栽植者,并適合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)為盆栽、盆景(jing)及(ji)綠籬、庭園(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)露天栽培。黃(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樹(shu)(shu)在(zai)我國古(gu)時(shi)即被視作(zuo)(zuo)是高(gao)經濟性植株(zhu),其(qi)花(hua)果(guo)根葉俱(ju)有(you)用途,司馬(ma)遷著之(zhi)(zhi)《史記(ji)》貨殖(zhi)列傳中(zhong)曾載(zai)有(you)「…千(qian)畝梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)茜(qian),其(qi)人與千(qian)戶(hu)侯等(deng)…」之(zhi)(zhi)語句,不難想知黃(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樹(shu)(shu)確屬(shu)(shu)價(jia)值匪淺之(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)物。現今(jin)臺(tai)灣(wan)(wan)地區的黃(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)盛產地系以桃園(yuan)(yuan)縣之(zhi)(zhi)山坡(po)地和(he)彰化(hua)縣田尾鄉(xiang)為主,主要是作(zuo)(zuo)為造園(yuan)(yuan)、造景(jing)與推動公(gong)共工(gong)程(cheng)時(shi)美化(hua)環境之(zhi)(zhi)用。
山(shan)黃(huang)(huang)梔的(de)葉片呈對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),為(wei)(wei)橢圓形或(huo)長橢圓形,先端(duan)銳尖,兩面光(guang)滑,近于無柄,托(tuo)葉基(ji)部合生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)鞘筒狀(zhuang)(zhuang);于仲春至(zhi)初夏的(de)3~6月時段開花(hua)(hua),花(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)傘型花(hua)(hua)序(xu),花(hua)(hua)形系(xi)呈單瓣之(zhi)貌,乃(nai)自細(xi)小的(de)枝椏開出白(bai)色(se)(se)花(hua)(hua)朵(duo),為(wei)(wei)3~4朵(duo)腋生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)頂生(sheng)(sheng),花(hua)(hua)瓣則有6枚,單瓣,清香(xiang)(xiang)撲鼻(bi),曬干(gan)后(hou)尚(shang)可當作(zuo)花(hua)(hua)茶(cha)香(xiang)(xiang)料,故頗受園(yuan)藝界之(zhi)喜(xi)愛,花(hua)(hua)謝時漸(jian)轉為(wei)(wei)乳黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se),為(wei)(wei)中國典型香(xiang)(xiang)花(hua)(hua)植物(wu)之(zhi)一(yi);秋(qiu)、冬(dong)時可結成(cheng)長橢圓形的(de)漿(jiang)果(guo),果(guo)有五棱,果(guo)皮成(cheng)熟(shu)后(hou)呈橘黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se),常吸引白(bai)耳畫眉、綠繡眼(yan)、繡眼(yan)畫眉和白(bai)頭翁等(deng)(deng)鳥類前來(lai)(lai)啄食(shi),果(guo)實(shi)含(han)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)素(crocin),因(yin)得作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)染料遂被取名「黃(huang)(huang)梔」,且可加工制成(cheng)食(shi)用(yong)色(se)(se)素,也可供作(zuo)藥材。山(shan)黃(huang)(huang)梔的(de)花(hua)(hua)香(xiang)(xiang)味,實(shi)乃(nai)因(yin)其蘊涵的(de)benzyl-acetate、linalool-acetate與anthranylic-methylester…等(deng)(deng)精油成(cheng)分散發出來(lai)(lai)的(de)。邇來(lai)(lai),以香(xiang)(xiang)花(hua)(hua)植物(wu)的(de)花(hua)(hua)卉制作(zuo)成(cheng)花(hua)(hua)茶(cha)、花(hua)(hua)水備供酌飲浸泡之(zhi)自然療法甚告(gao)風行,而黃(huang)(huang)梔花(hua)(hua)正是業(ye)者(zhe)極愛選用(yong)的(de)香(xiang)(xiang)花(hua)(hua)植物(wu)之(zhi)一(yi)。