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生長與分布

耐旱性頗佳的黃梔(zhi)花，生(sheng)長適(shi)溫范圍(wei)為(wei)22～28℃，適(shi)合于高溫濕潤和(he)日照(zhao)充足、排水良好的環境，植地的土壤以稍帶粘性的壤土為(wei)佳。

形態及特征

山黃梔(zhi)，灌木，高0.3-3米(mi)(mi)(mi)；嫩(nen)枝常(chang)(chang)(chang)被短(duan)毛，枝圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，灰色。葉(xie)(xie)對生，革質，稀為(wei)紙質，少為(wei)3枚(mei)輪生，葉(xie)(xie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)多樣，通(tong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)狀披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、倒卵(luan)(luan)狀長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、倒卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-25厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬1.5-8厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂端漸尖(jian)、驟然長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)漸尖(jian)或(huo)(huo)短(duan)尖(jian)而鈍，基(ji)部(bu)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)短(duan)尖(jian)，兩面(mian)常(chang)(chang)(chang)無毛，上(shang)面(mian)亮綠，下(xia)面(mian)色較(jiao)暗；側脈8-15對，在(zai)下(xia)面(mian)凸起，在(zai)上(shang)面(mian)平；葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)0.2-1厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)；托(tuo)葉(xie)(xie)膜質。花芳(fang)香，通(tong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)單朵生于枝頂，花梗長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)；萼管倒圓(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)8-25毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)，有縱棱(leng)(leng)，萼檐(yan)管形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，膨大，頂部(bu)5-8裂，通(tong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)6裂，裂片(pian)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)線(xian)狀披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)10-30毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬1-4毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)，結果時增長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，宿(su)存；花冠白色或(huo)(huo)乳黃色，高腳碟狀，喉部(bu)有疏柔毛，冠管狹圓(yuan)筒形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬4-6毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂部(bu)5至(zhi)8裂，通(tong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)6裂，裂片(pian)廣展(zhan)，倒卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)倒卵(luan)(luan)狀長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-4厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬0.6-2.8厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)；花絲極短(duan)，花藥線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-2.2厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，伸(shen)出(chu)；花柱(zhu)粗厚(hou)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)4.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，柱(zhu)頭紡錘形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，伸(shen)出(chu)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1-1.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬3-7毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)，子(zi)房直(zhi)徑約(yue)(yue)3毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)，黃色，平滑。果卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、近球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，黃色或(huo)(huo)橙紅(hong)色，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-7厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，直(zhi)徑1.2-2厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，有翅狀縱棱(leng)(leng)5-9條(tiao)，頂部(bu)的宿(su)存萼片(pian)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)達4厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬達6毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)；種(zhong)子(zi)多數，扁，近圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而稍有棱(leng)(leng)角，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)3.5毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬約(yue)(yue)3毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)。花期3-7月(yue)，果期5月(yue)至(zhi)翌年2月(yue)。

繁殖方式

本(ben)(ben)性強韌的(de)(de)黃梔花(hua)發(fa)根力強，一般的(de)(de)繁殖系以(yi)扦(qian)插(cha)法(fa)(fa)為主，亦可用播種(zhong)(zhong)法(fa)(fa)及壓條(tiao)法(fa)(fa)繁殖。扦(qian)插(cha)法(fa)(fa)得在3～4月(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)春(chun)季或9月(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)初(chu)秋季節行(xing)之(zhi)，擇(ze)選長(chang)約20公(gong)分(fen)、直(zhi)徑約1公(gong)分(fen)，生長(chang)良好(hao)枝丫，斜插(cha)于花(hua)床并(bing)經妥善遮護，約經一個月(yue)(yue)便可發(fa)根，俟扦(qian)插(cha)成活(huo)后翌年(nian)即(ji)可移植本(ben)(ben)圃；播種(zhong)(zhong)法(fa)(fa)往(wang)往(wang)于9、10月(yue)(yue)為之(zhi)，雖可獲得較多(duo)量的(de)(de)子代，但因(yin)需(xu)等(deng)2、3年(nian)方會(hui)開(kai)花(hua)，以(yi)致除了育種(zhong)(zhong)、采(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)外不(bu)常使用；壓條(tiao)法(fa)(fa)則適合于春(chun)季俾有較高的(de)(de)成活(huo)率，1至2年(nian)后植株就可長(chang)出茂盛娉(ping)婷的(de)(de)花(hua)朵，花(hua)期完后宜修剪過于叢密雜亂或枯萎零弱的(de)(de)枝條(tiao)，并(bing)于秋、冬季節施行(xing)追肥和進行(xing)換土，以(yi)便促進翌年(nian)的(de)(de)蓬發(fa)興(xing)茂。

價值及其他

黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)(hua)是(shi)(shi)屬(shu)于茜草科（Rubiaceae）、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)屬(shu)（Gardenia）的(de)(de)(de)常(chang)綠性灌木(mu)或(huo)小喬(qiao)木(mu)，別名有梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)花(hua)(hua)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)、雀舌(she)花(hua)(hua)以(yi)及林蘭、木(mu)單、鮮支、越桃(tao)…等，種(zhong)(zhong)類繁多，近約(yue)百種(zhong)(zhong)，在我(wo)國計有7種(zhong)(zhong)，山(shan)(shan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則為其(qi)(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)。山(shan)(shan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)株(zhu)干高約(yue)2至4公(gong)尺，分布華南(nan)、中南(nan)半島、日本和臺灣，于全(quan)臺灣低海拔山(shan)(shan)區的(de)(de)(de)向(xiang)陽山(shan)(shan)坡或(huo)闊(kuo)葉樹林中均(jun)常(chang)見到(dao)野生之山(shan)(shan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，另于公(gong)園、庭(ting)(ting)園及校園亦(yi)常(chang)見到(dao)以(yi)人工栽(zai)植者，并適合作為盆栽(zai)、盆景及綠籬、庭(ting)(ting)園之露(lu)天栽(zai)培(pei)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樹在我(wo)國古時(shi)即(ji)被視作是(shi)(shi)高經濟性植株(zhu)，其(qi)(qi)花(hua)(hua)果根葉俱有用途，司馬遷著之《史記(ji)》貨殖(zhi)列(lie)傳(chuan)中曾(ceng)載有「…千(qian)畝梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)茜，其(qi)(qi)人與千(qian)戶(hu)侯等…」之語句，不難想知黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樹確(que)屬(shu)價值(zhi)匪淺之作物。現今(jin)臺灣地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)(hua)盛產地(di)(di)系以(yi)桃(tao)園縣(xian)之山(shan)(shan)坡地(di)(di)和彰化(hua)縣(xian)田尾鄉(xiang)為主，主要是(shi)(shi)作為造(zao)園、造(zao)景與推動公(gong)共工程(cheng)時(shi)美化(hua)環境之用。

山黃(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)葉片呈(cheng)對生(sheng)狀，為(wei)橢圓形(xing)或(huo)長橢圓形(xing)，先端銳尖，兩面(mian)光滑，近于無柄，托葉基部(bu)合生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)鞘(qiao)筒狀；于仲春至初(chu)夏的(de)(de)3～6月(yue)時(shi)(shi)段開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)傘型(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)形(xing)系呈(cheng)單(dan)瓣(ban)之(zhi)貌，乃自細小的(de)(de)枝椏開(kai)出白色(se)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)朵，為(wei)3～4朵腋生(sheng)或(huo)頂生(sheng)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)則有6枚，單(dan)瓣(ban)，清香(xiang)(xiang)撲鼻，曬干后(hou)尚可(ke)(ke)當作花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)茶香(xiang)(xiang)料(liao)，故頗(po)受園藝界之(zhi)喜愛，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)謝時(shi)(shi)漸轉為(wei)乳黃(huang)色(se)，為(wei)中(zhong)國典型(xing)香(xiang)(xiang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)植物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)一；秋、冬時(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)結成(cheng)(cheng)長橢圓形(xing)的(de)(de)漿果，果有五棱，果皮成(cheng)(cheng)熟后(hou)呈(cheng)橘黃(huang)色(se)，常(chang)吸(xi)引(yin)白耳畫(hua)眉(mei)、綠繡眼、繡眼畫(hua)眉(mei)和白頭翁等鳥(niao)類(lei)前來啄食，果實含(han)黃(huang)色(se)素（crocin），因(yin)得作為(wei)黃(huang)色(se)染料(liao)遂被取名(ming)「黃(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)」，且可(ke)(ke)加(jia)工制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)食用色(se)素，也可(ke)(ke)供作藥材(cai)。山黃(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)香(xiang)(xiang)味，實乃因(yin)其蘊涵的(de)(de)benzyl-acetate、linalool-acetate與anthranylic-methylester…等精油成(cheng)(cheng)分散發出來的(de)(de)。邇(er)來，以香(xiang)(xiang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)植物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)卉(hui)制(zhi)作成(cheng)(cheng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)茶、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)水備供酌飲浸泡之(zhi)自然療法甚告風行，而黃(huang)梔(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)正是業(ye)者極愛選用的(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)植物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)一。