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流傳過程

出土

大(da)盂(yu)鼎，清道光年(nian)間（公(gong)元1849年(nian)）出土于(yu)陜西郿(mei)縣禮(li)村(cun)(cun)（今寶雞(ji)眉縣常(chang)興(xing)鎮楊家(jia)村(cun)(cun)一組，即李家(jia)村(cun)(cun)），出土后便被販(fan)賣(mai)至(zhi)文物(wu)市場(chang)。它是(shi)西周(zhou)早(zao)期青銅禮(li)器中(zhong)的重器，因(yin)作(zuo)器者是(shi)康王時大(da)臣(chen)名(ming)盂(yu)者而(er)得名(ming)，與之(zhi)同出的小盂(yu)鼎已佚。

轉輾買賣

清朝道光時期的(de)岐山(shan)(shan)首富宋(song)金鑒把(ba)銅鼎(ding)(ding)買下(xia)，因為器形巨大(da)，十分引人矚目，鼎(ding)(ding)很快被岐山(shan)(shan)縣令周庚盛占(zhan)有(you)，他(ta)(ta)把(ba)鼎(ding)(ding)轉賣到北京的(de)古董商人。宋(song)金鑒在考中翰林后(hou)(hou)出(chu)價3000兩(liang)白銀又購得(de)了寶鼎(ding)(ding)，在他(ta)(ta)去世后(hou)(hou)，后(hou)(hou)代以(yi)(yi)700兩(liang)白銀賣給陜甘總督左宗棠的(de)幕僚袁保恒，袁深知(zhi)左宗棠酷(ku)愛文玩，得(de)寶鼎(ding)(ding)后(hou)(hou)不(bu)敢專(zhuan)美(mei)，旋即(ji)將大(da)盂鼎(ding)(ding)獻給上(shang)司以(yi)(yi)表(biao)孝心。左宗棠在發跡前曾為湖南(nan)巡(xun)撫(fu)駱秉章(zhang)的(de)幕僚，理湘省全部軍(jun)務。雖(sui)非顯(xian)貴，也(ye)頗得(de)春風。加之自(zi)視極高，恃(shi)才傲物，不(bu)免為人所(suo)陰嫉。

潘家得寶

咸豐九年(nian)（公元1859年(nian)），左宗(zong)棠(tang)(tang)被永州總兵樊燮讒(chan)言所(suo)傷(shang)，遭朝廷議(yi)罪。幸得時任侍(shi)讀(du)學(xue)士的潘(pan)祖蔭援手，上奏咸豐皇帝力保(bao)宗(zong)棠(tang)(tang)，且多方(fang)(fang)打點(dian)，上下疏(shu)通，左才(cai)獲脫(tuo)免(mian)。潘(pan)乃當(dang)時著名(ming)的金(jin)石(shi)收藏(zang)大(da)(da)(da)家，左宗(zong)棠(tang)(tang)得大(da)(da)(da)盂(yu)(yu)鼎(ding)后(hou)遂以相贈，以謝當(dang)年(nian)搭救之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恩。此后(hou)，大(da)(da)(da)盂(yu)(yu)鼎(ding)一直(zhi)為(wei)(wei)潘(pan)氏(shi)所(suo)珍藏(zang)。雖然(ran)也時而(er)有人覬覦此鼎(ding)，但畢(bi)竟潘(pan)氏(shi)位高權重，足可(ke)保(bao)全大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)無虞。至潘(pan)祖蔭故，其弟(di)潘(pan)祖年(nian)將大(da)(da)(da)盂(yu)(yu)鼎(ding)連同(tong)其它珍玩(wan)一起，由水路從北京(jing)運(yun)回蘇州老家。大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)作為(wei)(wei)先人故物，睹(du)物思人，彌顯珍貴(gui)，堪為(wei)(wei)傳家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶，不(bu)輕示(shi)人。光緒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末，金(jin)石(shi)大(da)(da)(da)家端方(fang)(fang)任兩江(jiang)總督。曾一度(du)挖空心(xin)思，想據(ju)大(da)(da)(da)盂(yu)(yu)鼎(ding)為(wei)(wei)己(ji)有。均(jun)為(wei)(wei)祖年(nian)所(suo)拒。但端方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)欲始終為(wei)(wei)潘(pan)家所(suo)患。直(zhi)至辛亥(hai)年(nian)，革命暴發，端方(fang)(fang)被殺。潘(pan)家和大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)才(cai)真(zhen)正(zheng)逃過端方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)難(nan)。

民(min)國初年，曾(ceng)有美(mei)籍人士專(zhuan)程來華找潘(pan)氏商談求(qiu)讓大(da)鼎，出價達數百兩(liang)黃金之巨。但終為(wei)潘(pan)家(jia)所回絕。三十年代中(zhong)葉，國民(min)黨當(dang)局在蘇州新建一(yi)幢大(da)樓。黨國大(da)員忽發奇想(xiang)，要在大(da)樓落成后以紀(ji)念(nian)為(wei)名(ming)辦一(yi)展(zhan)(zhan)覽會，邀潘(pan)家(jia)以大(da)鼎參(can)展(zhan)(zhan)。以圖(tu)無限期占有大(da)鼎。然此拙(zhuo)劣伎倆為(wei)潘(pan)氏識破，婉(wan)言拒絕了參(can)展(zhan)(zhan)。

復埋地下

1937年(nian)(nian)日(ri)軍侵(qin)華(hua)時(shi)，蘇州很(hen)快淪陷。國(guo)(guo)將不國(guo)(guo)，人(ren)命難保(bao)。此時(shi)，潘(pan)祖(zu)(zu)年(nian)(nian)已(yi)作古(gu)。潘(pan)家(jia)(jia)無當戶之人(ren)，皆婦孺。英雄出少年(nian)(nian)，當此危難之時(shi)，潘(pan)祖(zu)(zu)蔭的(de)(de)侄孫(sun)潘(pan)承厚、潘(pan)景鄭等商(shang)定(ding)將大(da)鼎及(ji)全(quan)部珍(zhen)玩(wan)入土保(bao)全(quan)。經(jing)反(fan)復(fu)遴選，決定(ding)將寶物(wu)藏于(yu)二進院(yuan)落的(de)(de)堂屋。這是一(yi)間久無人(ren)居(ju)的(de)(de)閑房(fang)，積塵很(hen)厚，不會引人(ren)注目。主意已(yi)定(ding)，潘(pan)家(jia)(jia)人(ren)苦干(gan)兩天(tian)兩夜(ye)才將全(quan)部寶物(wu)入藏地下。又將室(shi)內恢復(fu)成(cheng)原樣。整個過程除潘(pan)家(jia)(jia)人(ren)以外另(ling)有兩個傭工和(he)一(yi)個看(kan)門人(ren)參與其(qi)中，均被(bei)反(fan)復(fu)叮(ding)囑要嚴守秘密。此后(hou)不久，潘(pan)氏全(quan)家(jia)(jia)即往上(shang)海避(bi)亂。潘(pan)宅一(yi)時(shi)竟成(cheng)了(le)日(ri)軍搜查的(de)(de)重點。經(jing)過反(fan)復(fu)的(de)(de)搜查并(bing)挖地三(san)尺(chi)均無所見，日(ri)軍也只得(de)作罷(ba)。日(ri)軍占領(ling)期間，潘(pan)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)看(kan)門人(ren)曾幾次盜掘了(le)若干(gan)小(xiao)件的(de)(de)珍(zhen)藏，賣給洪姓古(gu)董商(shang)人(ren)。但大(da)鼎過于(yu)沉(chen)重，無法搬動(dong)，得(de)以幸免。

贈寶于國

光陰荏苒，在(zai)歷經十余年戰亂之(zhi)后，中國解放(fang)了。潘(pan)家(jia)后人(ren)見人(ren)民政府極(ji)為(wei)重視對文物的(de)(de)保護，認(ren)為(wei)只有這樣(yang)的(de)(de)政府才可托付先人(ren)的(de)(de)珍藏。全家(jia)商議后，由潘(pan)祖蔭的(de)(de)孫(sun)媳(xi)潘(pan)達(da)于執筆，于1951年7月(yue)(yue)(yue)6日(ri)寫信給(gei)華東(dong)文化部(bu)(bu)，希望將(jiang)(jiang)大盂鼎(ding)(ding)和大克鼎(ding)(ding)捐獻給(gei)國家(jia)。同時也希望將(jiang)(jiang)兩件大鼎(ding)(ding)放(fang)在(zai)上海博物館展出。7月(yue)(yue)(yue)26日(ri)，文管會派專(zhuan)員在(zai)潘(pan)家(jia)后人(ren)的(de)(de)陪同下赴蘇州，大鼎(ding)(ding)得以(yi)重見天日(ri)。為(wei)表(biao)彰潘(pan)達(da)于的(de)(de)獻寶壯舉，華東(dong)文化部(bu)(bu)于10月(yue)(yue)(yue)9日(ri)舉行了隆重的(de)(de)頒(ban)獎儀式(shi)。

1952年上(shang)海(hai)博(bo)物館(guan)落成(cheng)，大盂鼎藏入此館(guan)。1959年，北京中(zhong)國歷史博(bo)物館(guan)（現中(zhong)國國家博(bo)物館(guan)）開館(guan)，上(shang)博(bo)以(yi)大盂鼎等(deng)125件(jian)館(guan)藏珍品支援。從(cong)此大盂鼎入藏中(zhong)國國家博(bo)物館(guan)。

文物(wu)特征編輯(ji) 播報

器厚(hou)立耳(er)，折沿，斂口，腹部(bu)橫向寬大，壁斜外(wai)張、下垂，近足外(wai)底處(chu)曲率較小，下承三蹄足。器以云雷紋(wen)為(wei)地，頸部(bu)飾(shi)帶狀(zhuang)饕餮紋(wen)，足上(shang)部(bu)飾(shi)浮(fu)雕式饕餮紋(wen)，下部(bu)飾(shi)兩周凸弦紋(wen),是西(xi)周早(zao)期大型(xing)(xing)、中型(xing)(xing)鼎(ding)的典型(xing)(xing)式樣，雄偉凝(ning)重。

器內壁鑄銘文19行291字，記述(shu)了周康(kang)王二十三年九月冊命貴(gui)族盂之事。

銘文

原文

隹(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)（同唯(wei)(wei)，發語(yu)詞）九(jiu)月，王(wang)才（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)(zai)）宗周(zhou)，令(ling)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)命(ming)(ming)(ming)，冊命(ming)(ming)(ming)之命(ming)(ming)(ming)）盂(yu)(yu)(yu)。王(wang)若(ruo)曰(yue)(yue)：“盂(yu)(yu)(yu)，不(bu)(bu)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)丕pī，訓(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大）顯(xian)（訓(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)明）玟(min)王(wang)受天有(you)(you)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)佑，保(bao)佑）大令(ling)（命(ming)(ming)(ming)），在(zai)(zai)（載，過去(qu)(qu)）珷王(wang)嗣玟(min)乍(zha)邦，【外門內(nei)辟(pi)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)辟(pi)，除(chu)去(qu)(qu)）氒（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)厥，代詞，指代殷(yin)商）匿（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)慝，訓(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)惡），匍(pu)有(you)(you)四(si)方(fang)，【田允(yun)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)畯，長(chang)久）正（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)政）氒（厥，指代四(si)方(fang)）民，在(zai)(zai)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)雨(yu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)于(yu)）【午卩】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)御，訓(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)用）事，【虘又(you)cuó】（嘆(tan)詞），酉（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)酒）無(wu)敢【左酉右(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)舌右(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)火】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)酖(dan)，樂酒之意），有(you)(you)【左弓中上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)此中下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)火右(you)弓】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)祡，燒柴(chai)祭天之祀(si)）【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)米中豆下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)廾】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蒸，天子(zi)冬(dong)祭）祀(si)無(wu)敢【酉夒(nao)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)擾），古（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)故）天異(yi)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)翼，訓(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)護）臨（訓(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)看(kan)）子(zi)，廢（訓(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大）保(bao)先(xian)王(wang)，？（字(zi)鑄(zhu)壞，疑(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)匍(pu)）有(you)(you)四(si)方(fang)。我聞殷(yin)述（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)墜(zhui)，訓(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)喪）令(ling)（命(ming)(ming)(ming)），隹(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)（唯(wei)(wei)）殷(yin)邊侯田（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)甸）【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)雨(yu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與）殷(yin)正百(bai)辟(pi)，率肄（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)肆）于(yu)酉（酒），古（故）喪師（人(ren)民），巳(si)（疑(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)嘆(tan)詞）。女(nv)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)汝(ru)）妹（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)昧）辰（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)晨）又(you)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有(you)(you)）大服(fu)（封官之意），余(yu)隹(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)（唯(wei)(wei)）即(ji)朕小學(xue)，女(nv)（汝(ru)）勿（沒有(you)(you)）克克余(yu)乃(nai)辟(pi)一(yi)人(ren)。今(jin)我隹(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)（唯(wei)(wei)）即(ji)（訓(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)就(jiu)）井（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)型，效(xiao)法）【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)宀下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)面】于(yu)玟(min)王(wang)正德(de)，若(ruo)玟(min)王(wang)令(ling)（命(ming)(ming)(ming)）二(er)三(san)正。今(jin)余(yu)隹(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)（唯(wei)(wei)）令(ling)（命(ming)(ming)(ming)）女(nv)（汝(ru)）盂(yu)(yu)(yu)，【超復雜(za)字(zi)①】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)召(zhao)，輔佐）【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)炏(kai)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)乂(yi)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)榮，周(zhou)王(wang)室內(nei)地(di)位很高的一(yi)個人(ren)），【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)卄(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)勹】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)敬(jing)(jing)，認可、尊奉(feng)）【左隹(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)右(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)夂右(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)呂】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)擁，訓(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)護，維護）德(de)（美德(de)）巠（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)經，準則），敏朝夕(xi)入讕（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)諫），享奔(ben)走，畏天畏（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)威）。”王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)：“【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)二(er)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)巛】（此字(zi)不(bu)(bu)識，疑(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)嘆(tan)詞）！令(ling)（命(ming)(ming)(ming)）女(nv)（汝(ru)）盂(yu)(yu)(yu)井（型）乃(nai)嗣且（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)祖(zu)）南(nan)公(gong)(gong)。”王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)：“盂(yu)(yu)(yu)，廼【超復雜(za)字(zi)①】（召(zhao)）夾死（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)尸，訓(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主）【超復雜(za)字(zi)②】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)司，管理(li)）戎(rong)，敏誎（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)勅，治理(li)）罰訟，夙夕(xi)召(zhao)我一(yi)人(ren)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)米下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)豆】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)烝）四(si)方(fang)，【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)雨(yu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與）我其（將要）遹（巡(xun)狩(shou)）省(sheng)先(xian)王(wang)受民受疆土。易(yi)(yi)（賞(shang)賜(si)）女(nv)（汝(ru)）鬯（chàng）一(yi)卣（yǒu），冂(jiong)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裳），衣(yi)，舄（xì），車馬。易(yi)(yi)女(nv)（汝(ru)）且（祖(zu)）南(nan)公(gong)(gong)旂（一(yi)種旗子(zi)），用【辶單】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)戰）。易(yi)(yi)女(nv)（汝(ru)）邦【超復雜(za)字(zi)②】（司）四(si)白（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)伯(bo)）人(ren)鬲，自馭至于(yu)庶人(ren)，六百(bai)又(you)五十又(you)九(jiu)夫，易(yi)(yi)夷(yi)【超復雜(za)字(zi)②】（司）王(wang)臣十又(you)三(san)白（伯(bo)）人(ren)鬲，千又(you)五十夫。【辶亟(ji)】【超復雜(za)字(zi)③】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)畢）【超復雜(za)字(zi)④】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)遷）自氒（厥）土。”王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)：“盂(yu)(yu)(yu)，若(ruo)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)卄(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)勹】（敬(jing)(jing)）乃(nai)正（長(chang)官），勿廢朕令(ling)（命(ming)(ming)(ming)）。”盂(yu)(yu)(yu)用對王(wang)休，用乍(zha)且（祖(zu)）南(nan)公(gong)(gong)寶鼎。隹(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)（唯(wei)(wei)）王(wang)廿又(you)三(san)祀(si)。

譯文

九(jiu)月王(wang)在(zai)宗周(zhou)冊命(ming)盂。王(wang)這樣(yang)說："偉大(da)(da)(da)英(ying)明的(de)(de)(de)文王(wang)承受(shou)了上(shang)天佑助(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)重大(da)(da)(da)使命(ming)。到了武王(wang)，繼承文王(wang)建立了周(zhou)國(guo)。排除了那個(ge)奸惡，普遍地保有(you)了四方土地，長(chang)久地治(zhi)理(li)著(zhu)百姓(xing)。辦事(shi)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)舉行(xing)飲(yin)酒禮的(de)(de)(de)儀式上(shang)，沒人(ren)(ren)敢(gan)喝(he)醉，在(zai)舉行(xing)柴、烝一類的(de)(de)(de)祭(ji)祀上(shang)也不敢(gan)醉酒。所以(yi)(yi)天帝以(yi)(yi)慈愛之心給(gei)以(yi)(yi)庇護，大(da)(da)(da)力保佑先王(wang)，廣有(you)天下。我(wo)(wo)聽說殷朝喪失(shi)了上(shang)天所賜予(yu)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)命(ming)，是因為(wei)殷朝從遠(yuan)方諸侯到朝廷內的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)小官(guan)員，都經(jing)常酗酒，所以(yi)(yi)喪失(shi)了天下。你(ni)(ni)(ni)年幼時(shi)(shi)就繼承了先輩的(de)(de)(de)顯要(yao)(yao)職位(wei)，我(wo)(wo)曾讓你(ni)(ni)(ni)就讀于我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)貴胄(zhou)小學，你(ni)(ni)(ni)不能背離我(wo)(wo)，而要(yao)(yao)輔(fu)佐我(wo)(wo)。我(wo)(wo)要(yao)(yao)效法(fa)(fa)文王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)令和德(de)行(xing)，猶如文王(wang)一樣(yang)任(ren)命(ming)兩三個(ge)執政(zheng)大(da)(da)(da)臣來任(ren)命(ming)你(ni)(ni)(ni)，你(ni)(ni)(ni)要(yao)(yao)恭(gong)敬地協調綱(gang)紀(ji)，勤勉地早(zao)晚入諫，進行(xing)祭(ji)祀，奔走(zou)于王(wang)事(shi)，敬畏上(shang)天的(de)(de)(de)威嚴。"王(wang)說："命(ming)你(ni)(ni)(ni)盂，一定要(yao)(yao)效法(fa)(fa)你(ni)(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)先祖(zu)南(nan)公(gong)，"王(wang)說："盂，你(ni)(ni)(ni)要(yao)(yao)輔(fu)助(zhu)我(wo)(wo)主管軍隊(dui)，勤勉而及(ji)時(shi)(shi)地處(chu)理(li)賞(shang)罰獄訟案件，從早(zao)到晚都應輔(fu)佐我(wo)(wo)治(zhi)理(li)四方，協助(zhu)我(wo)(wo)遵行(xing)先王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度治(zhi)民治(zhi)疆土。賞(shang)賜給(gei)你(ni)(ni)(ni)一卣香(xiang)酒、頭巾、蔽膝、木底鞋、車、馬；賜給(gei)你(ni)(ni)(ni)先祖(zu)南(nan)公(gong)的(de)(de)(de)旗幟，用以(yi)(yi)巡狩(shou)，賜給(gei)你(ni)(ni)(ni)邦國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)官(guan)員四名，人(ren)(ren)眾自馭(yu)手至庶人(ren)(ren)六百五(wu)十(shi)九(jiu)人(ren)(ren)；"賜給(gei)你(ni)(ni)(ni)異(yi)族的(de)(de)(de)王(wang)臣十(shi)三名，夷眾一千零五(wu)十(shi)人(ren)(ren)，要(yao)(yao)盡量(liang)讓這些人(ren)(ren)在(zai)他們所耕(geng)作的(de)(de)(de)土地上(shang)努力勞動。"王(wang)說："盂，你(ni)(ni)(ni)要(yao)(yao)恭(gong)謹地對(dui)待(dai)你(ni)(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)職事(shi)，不得違抗我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)命(ming)令。"盂頌揚王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)美德(de)，制(zhi)作了紀(ji)念(nian)先祖(zu)南(nan)公(gong)的(de)(de)(de)寶鼎(ding)，時(shi)(shi)在(zai)康王(wang)在(zai)位(wei)第(di)二十(shi)三年。

要義

銘文中(zhong)，周(zhou)(zhou)康(kang)王向盂(yu)(yu)講(jiang)述文王、武王的立(li)國經驗(yan)，告(gao)(gao)誡盂(yu)(yu)要(yao)效(xiao)法其祖先(xian)，忠心輔佐王室，并賞賜(si)盂(yu)(yu)鬯、命(ming)(ming)服、車馬、邦司、人(ren)鬲、庶(shu)人(ren)等(deng)。銘文中(zhong)語句“丕顯文王受(shou)天(tian)有大命(ming)(ming)”體(ti)現了周(zhou)(zhou)人(ren)的天(tian)命(ming)(ming)觀，而另(ling)一語句“我聞殷(yin)墜命(ming)(ming)，唯殷(yin)邊侯甸與殷(yin)正百辟，率肆于(yu)酒(jiu)(jiu)，故喪師矣”，則是周(zhou)(zhou)康(kang)王告(gao)(gao)誡盂(yu)(yu)，商內、外臣(chen)僚沉湎于(yu)酒(jiu)(jiu)，以(yi)致于(yu)亡國，透(tou)露出周(zhou)(zhou)人(ren)對于(yu)商人(ren)嗜酒(jiu)(jiu)誤國這一前車之(zhi)鑒的警示。

銘文(wen)中“有”、“厥”、“又”等字波磔分明，得于用筆(bi)過程中自覺(jue)的提(ti)、按意識(shi)。通篇文(wen)字布局規整(zheng)，書(shu)風凝(ning)重。

銘文的(de)內容大致(zhi)可分(fen)為三段：

第一(yi)部分用較(jiao)多(duo)文字說明(ming)商(shang)人縱(zong)酒是周(zhou)興起和商(shang)滅亡的原因，贊揚了周(zhou)代(dai)文武(wu)二(er)王(wang)的盛德。表示康王(wang)（武(wu)王(wang)的孫(sun)子）自己要(yao)以文王(wang)為典范，告誡盂也(ye)要(yao)以祖父南公(gong)作(zuo)榜樣。

第二部分主要是康王命盂(yu)幫(bang)助(zhu)他掌管軍事和統治(zhi)人民，并且(qie)賞賜給盂(yu)香酒(jiu)、禮(li)服(fu)、車(che)馬、儀仗和奴(nu)隸(li)1726個(ge)，并叮囑盂(yu)要恭敬辦政(zheng)，莫違王命。

第三部分說(shuo)明(ming)盂作此寶鼎以祭祀其(qi)祖(zu)父南公(gong) 。

文物意義

珍貴史料

銘文載康(kang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)向盂(yu)(yu)敘述周文王(wang)(wang)(wang)、周武王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)立國(guo)經驗。認為文王(wang)(wang)(wang)、武王(wang)(wang)(wang)得以卓越(yue)的(de)業(ye)績立國(guo)，主要是(shi)由(you)于其臣屬從不酗(xu)酒，每(mei)逢祭(ji)祀，認真(zhen)、恭敬，而商(shang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)亡(wang)國(guo)教訓(xun)就(jiu)在(zai)于沉迷于酒。由(you)此告誡(jie)盂(yu)(yu)要效(xiao)法祖先，忠心輔佐(zuo)王(wang)(wang)(wang)室，并賜盂(yu)(yu)命服、車馬、酒與(yu)邦司、人鬲等(deng)。盂(yu)(yu)在(zai)銘文中(zhong)說明作(zuo)此鼎也是(shi)為了祭(ji)祀其祖父南公。大盂(yu)(yu)鼎銘文是(shi)史(shi)家(jia)(jia)研究(jiu)周代分封制和周王(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)臣屬關系的(de)重(zhong)要史(shi)料(liao)，一(yi)向為史(shi)學家(jia)(jia)所重(zhong)視(shi)。

大盂鼎造(zao)(zao)型雄渾，工(gong)藝精(jing)湛。其內(nei)(nei)壁鑄有(you)(you)銘文19行(xing)，為(wei)研究西周奴隸(li)制度(du)的(de)重(zhong)要史料。大盂鼎內(nei)(nei)壁有(you)(you)銘文二百九十(shi)一字，其內(nei)(nei)容為(wei)：周王告誡盂（人名），殷代(dai)以酗酒(jiu)而亡，周代(dai)則忌酒(jiu)而興，命盂一定要盡(jin)力地(di)輔(fu)佐(zuo)他，敬承文王，武王的(de)德政。其書(shu)法(fa)體勢嚴謹，字形(xing)，布局(ju)都十(shi)分質樸平實，用筆方圓兼備，具有(you)(you)端嚴凝(ning)重(zhong)的(de)藝術效果。開《張(zhang)遷碑》、《龍門造(zao)(zao)像》之(zhi)先(xian)河。以書(shu)法(fa)成就而言，大盂鼎在成康時代(dai)當據首位，是西周早(zao)期金(jin)文書(shu)法(fa)的(de)代(dai)表作。

金文書法

大(da)盂鼎銘文(wen)雖屬(shu)西周早期(qi)金(jin)文(wen)，但書法(fa)體勢(shi)(shi)嚴謹，結(jie)字、章法(fa)都十分質樸平實，用筆方(fang)圓兼備、端(duan)嚴凝(ning)重，雄壯(zhuang)而不失秀美，布局整飭中又見靈動(dong)，并達到了十分精(jing)美的程度，是西周前期(qi)金(jin)文(wen)的代表(biao)作，加之(zhi)器形巨(ju)大(da)，造(zao)型(xing)端(duan)莊堂皇、渾厚雄偉，故作品更呈現出(chu)一(yi)種(zhong)磅礴氣勢(shi)(shi)和恢弘的格局，從而為(wei)世人所矚目。

重要展覽

2021年9月，“禮(li)和萬方--商周青銅鼎特展”。