法國“西北風”防空導彈(Mistral Missile)是由法國馬特拉公(gong)司牽(qian)頭研制的三(san)軍通用(yong)近(jin)程防空導彈系統。
早(zao)在1970年(nian)(nian)(nian),法國(guo)(guo)空軍(jun)就提出發展輕型防空系(xi)統的(de)要求。1979年(nian)(nian)(nian)法國(guo)(guo)空軍(jun)代表三軍(jun)提出招標書,1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)馬特拉公司接受招標,開(kai)(kai)始研(yan)制,1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)研(yan)制工作基本完成(cheng),1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)推薦生(sheng)產(chan)(chan),1988年(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)(kai)始裝備陸(lu)軍(jun)部隊。到1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)底已生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)11000多枚(mei),定購(gou)(gou)超過12500枚(mei),已有韓(han)國(guo)(guo)、巴(ba)基斯坦(tan)、新(xin)加(jia)坡、中國(guo)(guo)臺灣等近20個國(guo)(guo)家(jia)和地(di)區裝備或定購(gou)(gou)了這種(zhong)導(dao)彈(dan)(dan)。其中,法國(guo)(guo)陸(lu)軍(jun)定購(gou)(gou)了400個火(huo)力單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan),4000枚(mei)導(dao)彈(dan)(dan)。臺灣當局購(gou)(gou)買了550枚(mei)導(dao)彈(dan)(dan)。西北(bei)風(feng)導(dao)彈(dan)(dan)每枚(mei)46550美元(yuan)(yuan)(以(yi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)10000枚(mei)計,1998年(nian)(nian)(nian)值),可重復(fu)使用的(de)發射架(jia)成(cheng)本33000美元(yuan)(yuan),每個火(huo)力單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(便攜(xie)式(shi))成(cheng)本60000~100000美元(yuan)(yuan)之間(jian)。
“西(xi)北(bei)風”系統共有以下各型:
①陸(lu)軍(jun)型,稱為SATCP(地(di)對(dui)空(kong)超近(jin)程(cheng)武器),用于(yu)保衛陸(lu)軍(jun)機動部隊和空(kong)軍(jun)基地(di);
②空(kong)(kong)用型(xing)HPTCP(空(kong)(kong)對空(kong)(kong)自衛武器)作為(wei)陸軍航空(kong)(kong)兵(bing)--武裝直升機的空(kong)(kong)空(kong)(kong)導(dao)彈(dan)使用;
③海用型(xing)SADAAL(進程輕型(xing)防空自衛(wei)武器系(xi)統(tong)),裝(zhuang)備海軍艦艇。上述三種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)所(suo)用導彈完全(quan)相同。只(zhi)是發射(she)裝(zhuang)置、載(zai)體和火控系(xi)統(tong)不盡(jin)相同。
西北(bei)風”既是個便攜(xie)式防(fang)空導(dao)彈(dan)系統,又是個自行(xing)式(車載(zai))進程(cheng)防(fang)空導(dao)彈(dan)系統,與同(tong)類型系統比較,具有(you)以下(xia)幾個特(te)點:
1.紅外尋的(de)導(dao)彈采用(yong)鑲嵌式(shi)多(duo)元(yuan)紅外探測器,銻化銦敏感元(yuan)件,工作在(zai)(zai)中紅外波(bo)段(duan)。此多(duo)元(yuan)體制紅外探測器與(yu)一數字信(xin)號處理裝置(zhi)相匹配,應用(yong)于防空導(dao)彈上,這(zhe)在(zai)(zai)當(dang)時尚屬首次(ci),它具有抗干(gan)擾能力強、靈敏度(du)高(gao)的(de)特點,此導(dao)引(yin)頭還(huan)具備小范圍的(de)搜索能力。
2.導彈(dan)(dan)戰斗部較重(zhong)(zhong),威力(li)較大(da)。同(tong)類型的便攜(xie)式導彈(dan)(dan)彈(dan)(dan)頭重(zhong)(zhong)量不超(chao)過(guo)2公(gong)斤,而“西北(bei)風”彈(dan)(dan)頭重(zhong)(zhong)達3公(gong)斤,由(you)高能炸藥和(he)1850顆鎢合金鋼珠組成,又(you)配(pei)以(yi)碰(peng)撞和(he)激光(guang)近炸引信,具有較強的殺傷力(li),不僅(jin)能擊毀各類飛機,也(ye)能摧毀反艦導彈(dan)(dan)。
3.系統(tong)(tong)有多(duo)種(zhong)變型(xing)(xing),具(ju)有多(duo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途(tu)。例(li)如陸(lu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing)就有三種(zhong)形式(shi):①便捷式(shi),采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)三角支架式(shi)發(fa)射(she)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)和(he)光學(xue)瞄準具(ju),供陸(lu)軍單兵(bing)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong);②車(che)載(zai)式(shi),可(ke)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在輪式(shi)或履帶(dai)式(shi)車(che)輛上,采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)六(liu)聯(lian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)箱式(shi)發(fa)射(she)架,火控(kong)系統(tong)(tong)配備搜索雷(lei)達(da)(TRS2600或Rodeo 2型(xing)(xing)雷(lei)達(da))、TRT COSTER光電紅(hong)外前視(shi)系統(tong)(tong)。Sopolem潛(qian)望瞄準鏡和(he)Cilas激光測距儀,供裝(zhuang)(zhuang)甲(jia)部(bu)隊使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong);③掩體型(xing)(xing),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于保護固定(ding)目標。此外,還有空(kong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing)和(he)艦用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing),空(kong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing)作(zuo)為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)升機反直(zhi)(zhi)升機的主要武(wu)器,裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在機身(shen)兩側(兩部(bu)或四部(bu)二(er)聯(lian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)發(fa)射(she)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)),捕捉(zhuo)目標用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)機載(zai)桅桿式(shi)瞄準具(ju)或穩定(ding)的光學(xue)瞄準裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。艦用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)轉塔式(shi)六(liu)聯(lian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)發(fa)射(she)架,目標信息由艦載(zai)搜索雷(lei)達(da)和(he)紅(hong)外監視(shi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)提供。