法(fa)國“西北風(feng)”防空導彈(Mistral Missile)是由法(fa)國馬特拉公司牽頭(tou)研制的(de)三軍通用近(jin)程防空導彈系(xi)統(tong)。
早在(zai)1970年(nian)(nian)(nian),法(fa)國(guo)空(kong)軍(jun)就提出(chu)發展(zhan)輕(qing)型(xing)防空(kong)系統的(de)要求。1979年(nian)(nian)(nian)法(fa)國(guo)空(kong)軍(jun)代(dai)表三軍(jun)提出(chu)招標(biao)書,1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)馬(ma)特拉公司接受(shou)招標(biao),開(kai)始研(yan)(yan)制,1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)研(yan)(yan)制工作基(ji)(ji)本完成(cheng),1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)推薦生(sheng)產,1988年(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)始裝備陸軍(jun)部隊。到1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)底已(yi)生(sheng)產11000多枚(mei),定(ding)(ding)購(gou)超過12500枚(mei),已(yi)有韓(han)國(guo)、巴基(ji)(ji)斯坦、新加坡、中國(guo)臺(tai)灣等(deng)近20個(ge)國(guo)家(jia)和地區(qu)裝備或定(ding)(ding)購(gou)了(le)這種(zhong)導彈(dan)。其中,法(fa)國(guo)陸軍(jun)定(ding)(ding)購(gou)了(le)400個(ge)火力單(dan)元(yuan),4000枚(mei)導彈(dan)。臺(tai)灣當(dang)局購(gou)買了(le)550枚(mei)導彈(dan)。西北風導彈(dan)每(mei)枚(mei)46550美(mei)(mei)元(yuan)(以(yi)生(sheng)產10000枚(mei)計(ji),1998年(nian)(nian)(nian)值),可重復使用的(de)發射架成(cheng)本33000美(mei)(mei)元(yuan),每(mei)個(ge)火力單(dan)元(yuan)(便(bian)攜式)成(cheng)本60000~100000美(mei)(mei)元(yuan)之間。
“西北風”系統共有以下(xia)各型:
①陸軍型,稱為SATCP(地對空超近(jin)程武器),用(yong)于(yu)保(bao)衛陸軍機動部(bu)隊和空軍基地;
②空(kong)(kong)用型HPTCP(空(kong)(kong)對空(kong)(kong)自衛武(wu)器(qi))作為(wei)陸(lu)軍航空(kong)(kong)兵--武(wu)裝直升機的空(kong)(kong)空(kong)(kong)導(dao)彈使用;
③海(hai)用型(xing)SADAAL(進程輕型(xing)防空(kong)自衛武器系統(tong)),裝備海(hai)軍(jun)艦(jian)艇。上述三種類型(xing)所用導彈完全(quan)相同。只是發射裝置、載體和(he)火(huo)控系統(tong)不(bu)盡(jin)相同。
西北風”既是個(ge)(ge)(ge)便攜式(shi)防空導彈(dan)系(xi)(xi)統,又(you)是個(ge)(ge)(ge)自(zi)行式(shi)(車載)進程防空導彈(dan)系(xi)(xi)統,與(yu)同(tong)類(lei)型系(xi)(xi)統比較(jiao),具有以下幾個(ge)(ge)(ge)特點:
1.紅外(wai)(wai)尋的(de)(de)導彈(dan)采(cai)用鑲嵌式多元(yuan)(yuan)紅外(wai)(wai)探(tan)測器(qi),銻化銦敏感元(yuan)(yuan)件,工(gong)作(zuo)在中紅外(wai)(wai)波段。此多元(yuan)(yuan)體制紅外(wai)(wai)探(tan)測器(qi)與一(yi)數字(zi)信號處理(li)裝置相匹配,應用于防空導彈(dan)上,這在當時尚屬首次,它具有抗干擾(rao)能(neng)力(li)強(qiang)、靈敏度高的(de)(de)特點,此導引頭還具備小范圍的(de)(de)搜索能(neng)力(li)。
2.導(dao)彈(dan)戰斗(dou)部較重,威(wei)力較大。同類型的(de)便攜式導(dao)彈(dan)彈(dan)頭重量不超過2公(gong)斤(jin)(jin),而(er)“西北風”彈(dan)頭重達3公(gong)斤(jin)(jin),由高能炸藥(yao)和(he)1850顆(ke)鎢合金鋼珠組成,又配(pei)以碰撞和(he)激(ji)光近炸引信(xin),具有較強的(de)殺傷力,不僅能擊毀(hui)各類飛機,也能摧毀(hui)反艦導(dao)彈(dan)。
3.系(xi)統(tong)有(you)多(duo)種變型(xing)(xing),具有(you)多(duo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途。例(li)如陸(lu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing)就(jiu)有(you)三種形式(shi):①便捷式(shi),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)三角支架式(shi)發(fa)(fa)射(she)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置和光(guang)學瞄準具,供(gong)陸(lu)軍單兵(bing)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong);②車載式(shi),可(ke)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)輪式(shi)或履帶式(shi)車輛上,采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)六(liu)聯(lian)(lian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)箱式(shi)發(fa)(fa)射(she)架,火控系(xi)統(tong)配備搜索(suo)雷達(TRS2600或Rodeo 2型(xing)(xing)雷達)、TRT COSTER光(guang)電紅(hong)(hong)外(wai)前視系(xi)統(tong)。Sopolem潛望瞄準鏡和Cilas激光(guang)測距儀,供(gong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)甲部隊使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong);③掩體(ti)型(xing)(xing),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)保護固定(ding)目(mu)標(biao)。此外(wai),還(huan)有(you)空(kong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing)和艦(jian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing),空(kong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing)作為直升(sheng)機(ji)反直升(sheng)機(ji)的主要武器,裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)機(ji)身兩側(兩部或四部二聯(lian)(lian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)發(fa)(fa)射(she)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置),捕捉目(mu)標(biao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)載桅(wei)桿式(shi)瞄準具或穩定(ding)的光(guang)學瞄準裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。艦(jian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)轉塔式(shi)六(liu)聯(lian)(lian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)發(fa)(fa)射(she)架,目(mu)標(biao)信息(xi)由艦(jian)載搜索(suo)雷達和紅(hong)(hong)外(wai)監視裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置提供(gong)。