探空(kong)火(huo)箭是用于將科學儀器以拋物線軌跡送入(ru)地球大(da)氣(qi)層(ceng)的上(shang)部區域,使其進(jin)入(ru)近地空(kong)間(jian)的一種火(huo)箭。
探(tan)(tan)空(kong)基本(ben)結構(gou)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)包(bao)括箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)體(ti)結構(gou)、動(dong)力裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、穩(wen)(wen)定尾翼等。大(da)(da)多(duo)數(shu)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為單級(ji)(ji)(ji)或兩級(ji)(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),也有(you)(you)為3級(ji)(ji)(ji)、4級(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。動(dong)力裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)通常用(yong)固體(ti)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機,可以簡化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)縮短(duan)發(fa)(fa)射(she)操(cao)作時間。探(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)對火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)姿(zi)態和(he)(he)(he)(he)飛行彈(dan)(dan)(dan)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求不(bu)像(xiang)導彈(dan)(dan)(dan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)運載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)那樣嚴格,一般(ban)(ban)不(bu)設(she)控制(zhi)系統,僅靠穩(wen)(wen)定尾翼或火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)繞縱軸(zhou)旋轉來保證(zheng)飛行穩(wen)(wen)定。需要(yao)精確定位和(he)(he)(he)(he)定向時才設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)控制(zhi)系統。 除探(tan)(tan)測火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)基本(ben)結構(gou)外,探(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)系統還包(bao)括有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)荷(he)、發(fa)(fa)射(she)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)臺(tai)站(zhan)(zhan)等: (1) 有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)荷(he)大(da)(da)多(duo)裝(zhuang)在(zai)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)器(qi)艙內(nei)(nei)。儀(yi)器(qi)艙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)徑有(you)(you)時可大(da)(da)于箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)體(ti)直(zhi)徑。有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)荷(he)采集(ji)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息通過遙測裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)(fa)送到(dao)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)臺(tai)站(zhan)(zhan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)收(shou)(shou)(shou)處理,或者在(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下降過程中將有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)荷(he)從火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)內(nei)(nei)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)射(she)出來,利用(yong)降落傘等氣動(dong)減速(su)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)安全降落到(dao)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)回收(shou)(shou)(shou)。有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)載(zai)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)量和(he)(he)(he)(he)尺(chi)寸取決于探(tan)(tan)測要(yao)求,一般(ban)(ban)為幾公(gong)斤到(dao)幾百公(gong)斤,最大(da)(da)可達(da)幾噸。 (2) 發(fa)(fa)射(she)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)通常用(yong)導軌和(he)(he)(he)(he)塔式(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)射(she)架,使火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獲得足夠(gou)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出架速(su)度(du)。無控制(zhi)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飛行彈(dan)(dan)(dan)道受風的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響較(jiao)大(da)(da),為了保證(zheng)達(da)到(dao)預定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)減小彈(dan)(dan)(dan)道散布,探(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)射(she)時尚需根據發(fa)(fa)射(she)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高空(kong)風資料采用(yong)風補償技術來調整(zheng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)確定發(fa)(fa)射(she)角度(du)。大(da)(da)多(duo)數(shu)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)從地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)以接(jie)(jie)(jie)近垂直(zhi)狀態發(fa)(fa)射(she),也有(you)(you)從移動(dong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)射(she)車發(fa)(fa)射(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),根據需要(yao)還可從艦(jian)船(chuan)或升在(zai)空(kong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣球(qiu)上發(fa)(fa)射(she)。 (3) 地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)臺(tai)站(zhan)(zhan)主要(yao)包(bao)括接(jie)(jie)(jie)收(shou)(shou)(shou)測量信(xin)息的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)收(shou)(shou)(shou)設(she)備、跟蹤火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定位測速(su)設(she)備(如雷達(da))和(he)(he)(he)(he)電子(zi)計算機等。雷達(da)跟蹤方式(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)反(fan)射(she)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)應答式(shi)(shi)(shi)兩種,應答式(shi)(shi)(shi)比反(fan)射(she)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跟蹤距離更(geng)大(da)(da)。地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)收(shou)(shou)(shou)設(she)備接(jie)(jie)(jie)收(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遙測數(shu)據直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)輸(shu)入(ru)電子(zi)計算機處理,實時給出探(tan)(tan)測結果。
無(wu)論固體(ti)運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)還(huan)是液(ye)體(ti)運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),無(wu)論單(dan)級(ji)運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)還(huan)是多級(ji)運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),其主(zhu)要的組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)分(fen)均包括結構系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(又(you)稱(cheng)箭(jian)(jian)體(ti)結構)、動力裝置系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(又(you)稱(cheng)推進系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong))和(he)控(kong)制系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。這三大(da)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)稱(cheng)為(wei)運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的主(zhu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),主(zhu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的可靠與否,將直接影響運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)的成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)敗。此外(wai),運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)上還(huan)有一些不(bu)直接影響飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)敗并(bing)由(you)箭(jian)(jian)上設備與地面設備共同組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),例如遙測系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、外(wai)彈道(dao)測量(liang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、安全系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)和(he)瞄準(zhun)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)等(deng)。其中:
1)箭體(ti)結(jie)構(gou)是運載火(huo)箭的(de)基體(ti),它用(yong)(yong)來維持火(huo)箭的(de)外形,承(cheng)受(shou)火(huo)箭在地面運輸、發射操作和在飛行中作用(yong)(yong)載火(huo)箭上(shang)的(de)各(ge)(ge)種載荷(he),安裝連接火(huo)箭各(ge)(ge)系統的(de)所有儀器(qi)、設備,把(ba)箭上(shang)所有系統、組件連接組合成一個(ge)整體(ti)。
2)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)裝(zhuang)置系(xi)統是推(tui)動(dong)(dong)運載火(huo)箭飛行并獲(huo)得一定速度(du)的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置。對液體火(huo)箭來(lai)說,動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)裝(zhuang)置系(xi)統由推(tui)進劑輸送、增壓系(xi)統和(he)液體火(huo)箭發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)兩大部分組成(cheng)。固體火(huo)箭的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)裝(zhuang)置系(xi)統較為簡(jian)單,它的(de)(de)(de)主要部分就是固體火(huo)箭發動(dong)(dong)機(ji),推(tui)進劑直接裝(zhuang)在(zai)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)燃燒室(shi)殼體內。
3)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)用(yong)來控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運載(zai)火箭(jian)沿預(yu)定軌道(dao)正常、可(ke)靠(kao)飛(fei)行的部分。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)由制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)和導(dao)航(hang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、姿(zi)(zi)態控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供配電(dian)(dian)(dian)和時序控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)三大部分組(zu)成。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)和導(dao)航(hang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的功(gong)用(yong)是(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運載(zai)火箭(jian)按預(yu)定的軌道(dao)運動,把有效載(zai)荷送到預(yu)定的空間位置并使(shi)之(zhi)準確進(jin)入軌道(dao)。姿(zi)(zi)態控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(又稱(cheng)姿(zi)(zi)態穩定系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong))的功(gong)用(yong)是(shi)糾正運載(zai)火箭(jian)飛(fei)行中(zhong)的俯仰、偏(pian)航(hang)、滾動誤差,使(shi)之(zhi)保(bao)持正確的飛(fei)行姿(zi)(zi)態。電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供配電(dian)(dian)(dian)和時序控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)則按預(yu)定飛(fei)行時序實(shi)施供配電(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
4)遙測系統(tong)的功用(yong)是把運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)飛行中(zhong)各(ge)系統(tong)的工作參數及環境參數測量下來,通(tong)過運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)上(shang)的無線(xian)電(dian)發射機(ji)將(jiang)這些(xie)參數送回地面(mian),由地面(mian)接收機(ji)接收;亦可(ke)(ke)將(jiang)測量所得的參數記錄在(zai)運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)上(shang)的磁記錄器(qi)上(shang),在(zai)地面(mian)回收磁記錄器(qi)。這些(xie)測量參數既可(ke)(ke)用(yong)來預報航天器(qi)入軌時(shi)的軌道(dao)參數,又(you)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)來鑒定和改進運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)的性能。一旦運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)在(zai)飛行中(zhong)出現故障(zhang),這些(xie)參數就是故障(zhang)分析的依據。
5)外彈道(dao)(dao)測量系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)功用(yong)是利用(yong)地面的(de)(de)(de)光學和無線電設備與裝(zhuang)在運載火箭(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)對應裝(zhuang)置一起對飛行中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)運載火箭(jian)進行跟(gen)蹤,并測量其飛行參數,用(yong)來預(yu)報航天器入軌時的(de)(de)(de)軌道(dao)(dao)參數,也可用(yong)來作為鑒定制導系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)精度(du)和故障分(fen)析的(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據。
6)安(an)(an)全(quan)系(xi)統的(de)(de)功用是(shi)(shi)當運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)在(zai)飛行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一旦出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)故障(zhang)不能繼續(xu)飛行(xing)(xing)時,將其在(zai)空(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)炸(zha)毀(hui)(hui),避免(mian)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)墜落時給地面(mian)(mian)造成(cheng)災難性的(de)(de)危害。安(an)(an)全(quan)系(xi)統包括運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)自毀(hui)(hui)系(xi)統和地面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)無(wu)線電安(an)(an)全(quan)系(xi)統兩部(bu)分。箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)自毀(hui)(hui)系(xi)統由測(ce)量(liang)裝置、計算(suan)機(ji)和爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)裝置(炸(zha)藥筒)組(zu)成(cheng)。當運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)飛行(xing)(xing)姿態、飛行(xing)(xing)速度超(chao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)允許(xu)的(de)(de)范圍時,計算(suan)機(ji)發出(chu)(chu)(chu)引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)裝置的(de)(de)指(zhi)令(ling),使運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)在(zai)空(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自毀(hui)(hui)。無(wu)線電安(an)(an)全(quan)系(xi)統則是(shi)(shi)由地面(mian)(mian)雷達(da)測(ce)量(liang)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)飛行(xing)(xing)軌道,當運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)飛行(xing)(xing)超(chao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)預先規定的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)范圍時,從地面(mian)(mian)發出(chu)(chu)(chu)引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)裝置的(de)(de)指(zhi)令(ling),由箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)接(jie)收機(ji)接(jie)收后將火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)在(zai)空(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)炸(zha)毀(hui)(hui)。
7)瞄準(zhun)系統的(de)功用是(shi)給運載火(huo)箭在(zai)發(fa)射前進行初(chu)始方(fang)位定向。瞄準(zhun)系統由(you)地面(mian)瞄準(zhun)設(she)備(bei)和運載火(huo)箭上的(de)瞄準(zhun)設(she)備(bei)共同組成(cheng)。
火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)重大(da)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)969年(nian),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)已(yi)經發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)火藥(yao)(yao)(火藥(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)唐(tang)朝發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de))。北宋(song)軍官岳義方(fang)、馮繼升造出(chu)了(le)(le)世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)第(di)一(yi)個以火藥(yao)(yao)為(wei)動力的(de)(de)(de)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)兵器(qi)——-火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。這種(zhong)火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)由箭(jian)(jian)(jian)身(shen)和藥(yao)(yao)筒組成,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)筒用竹、厚紙制(zhi)成,內(nei)充(chong)火藥(yao)(yao),前(qian)端(duan)封(feng)死,后端(duan)引出(chu)導火繩,點燃(ran)后,火藥(yao)(yao)燃(ran)燒產生的(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)向后噴出(chu),以氣體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)反作用力把(ba)(ba)火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)推向前(qian),飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)殺(sha)傷(shang)敵(di)兵。這種(zhong)最早的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)始(shi)火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)工(gong)作原(yuan)理上(shang)(shang)與(yu)現代(dai)火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)沒有(you)什么不同。公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)12世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)葉,原(yuan)始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)經過改進后,廣(guang)泛地用于(yu)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)。如公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1161年(nian)宋(song)軍與(yu)金兵的(de)(de)(de)“采石之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)使用的(de)(de)(de)“霹靂炮”,其實(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)兵器(qi)。當時(shi)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)民間廣(guang)為(wei)流行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)高飛(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)“火流星(xing)”(亦(yi)稱“起火”),實(shi)際(ji)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)第(di)一(yi)種(zhong)觀賞(shang)性(xing)火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。元(yuan)(yuan)、明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)后,即公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)13世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)以后,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)兵器(qi)在(zai)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)了(le)(le)很大(da)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展,涌現了(le)(le)許多(duo)與(yu)現代(dai)火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)類型相近的(de)(de)(de)火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)式。13世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)葉,蒙古人(ren)入侵(qin)(qin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞、西亞和歐洲(zhou)(zhou),阿拉伯(bo)人(ren)侵(qin)(qin)略西班牙,他們把(ba)(ba)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)技(ji)術傳(chuan)入了(le)(le)歐洲(zhou)(zhou)及世(shi)界(jie)其它地區(qu)。到了(le)(le)這時(shi),德意(yi)志的(de)(de)(de)艾伯(bo)特斯·麥格諾才在(zai)歐洲(zhou)(zhou)首(shou)次記(ji)述了(le)(le)關于(yu)制(zhi)作火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術。歐洲(zhou)(zhou)人(ren)最早使用火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)兵器(qi),是(shi)(shi)在(zai)1379年(nian)意(yi)大(da)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)帕多(duo)亞戰(zhan)爭(zheng)和1380年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)威尼斯之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
至20世紀(ji)初,俄國著名科學(xue)家康斯坦丁·齊奧爾科夫斯基(ji)從理(li)論上證明了(le)多級火箭(jian)(jian)可以克服地球(qiu)引(yin)力而進(jin)入太空(kong),并建立了(le)火箭(jian)(jian)運動(dong)的(de)(de)基(ji)本數學(xue)方(fang)程,奠(dian)定(ding)(ding)了(le)航(hang)天飛行(xing)動(dong)力學(xue)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)。此外(wai),他肯(ken)定(ding)(ding)了(le)液體(ti)火箭(jian)(jian)發動(dong)機是航(hang)天器最適宜(yi)的(de)(de)動(dong)力裝置,為(wei)運載器的(de)(de)發展指出了(le)方(fang)向,并提出為(wei)實現飛向其他行(xing)星必須設(she)置中間站,以及火箭(jian)(jian)在星際空(kong)間飛行(xing)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)和(he)火箭(jian)(jian)地面(mian)起飛條(tiao)件(jian)。
美國著名火(huo)箭專(zhuan)家羅伯特·哈金斯·戈達(da)德(de)把(ba)航天理論與火(huo)箭技術相結(jie)合,提出了火(huo)箭飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)的(de)數(shu)學原理,指(zhi)出火(huo)箭必須具有(you)每秒7.9公里的(de)速(su)度才能克(ke)服地球引力,同時(shi)他(ta)研究了利用火(huo)箭把(ba)載荷送至月球的(de)幾種可能方案。戈達(da)德(de)從1921年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始(shi)研制液體(ti)(ti)火(huo)箭,于(yu)1926年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月16日進(jin)行(xing)了人(ren)(ren)類首次液體(ti)(ti)火(huo)箭飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)試驗并獲(huo)得成功(火(huo)箭長3.04米,飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)2.5秒,達(da)到 12米高,56米遠(yuan)),這(zhe)使得他(ta)成為液體(ti)(ti)火(huo)箭的(de)實際(ji)發明人(ren)(ren)。1932年(nian)(nian)(nian)他(ta)首次用陀螺控制的(de)燃氣舵操縱火(huo)箭的(de)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing),1935年(nian)(nian)(nian)他(ta)試驗的(de)火(huo)箭以超聲速(su)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing),最大射程約20公里。
1942年10月3日,德國(guo)(guo)首次(ci)成(cheng)功地(di)發射了(le)人類(lei)歷史上(shang)第(di)一枚彈(dan)道(dao)導(dao)彈(dan)——V-2,并(bing)于(yu)1944年9月6日首次(ci)投(tou)入作戰(zhan)使(shi)用(yong)。第(di)二(er)次(ci)世(shi)界大(da)戰(zhan)期間(jian),先后(hou)有(you)約4300多枚V-2導(dao)彈(dan)襲擊了(le)英(ying)國(guo)(guo)、荷蘭安特衛普港和其他目標,造(zao)成(cheng)了(le)極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)破壞。V-2是(shi)單級液(ye)體(ti)火箭(jian)(jian),全長14米,質量(liang)為(wei)(wei)13噸,箭(jian)(jian)體(ti)直(zhi)徑(jing)1.65米,最大(da)射程(cheng)320公里(li),發動機熄火高度96公里(li),飛行時間(jian)約320秒,命中精度圓公算偏差5公里(li),有(you)效載(zai)荷約1噸。其動力(li)系統(tong)選用(yong)液(ye)氧/酒精液(ye)體(ti)火箭(jian)(jian)發動機,推力(li)為(wei)(wei)260千牛(合(he)26.5噸力(li)),最長工(gong)作時間(jian)68秒。其控制(zhi)系統(tong)使(shi)用(yong)帶程(cheng)序裝(zhuang)置和陀螺積分(fen)儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)自主(zhu)式陀螺控制(zhi)系統(tong)。V-2的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功在工(gong)程(cheng)上(shang)實現了(le)19世(shi)紀末(mo)、20世(shi)紀初航天(tian)技術先驅(qu)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術設(she)(she)想(xiang),并(bing)培養和造(zao)就了(le)一大(da)批有(you)實踐經驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)火箭(jian)(jian)專家(jia),對(dui)現代大(da)型(xing)火箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展起到了(le)繼(ji)往(wang)開來的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。V-2的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計雖不盡完美(mei),但它卻是(shi)人類(lei)擁(yong)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一件(jian)向地(di)球引力(li)挑戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具,成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)航天(tian)技術發展史上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個重要(yao)里(li)程(cheng)碑。第(di)二(er)次(ci)世(shi)界大(da)戰(zhan)后(hou),美(mei)、蘇兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)分(fen)別接收了(le)參(can)與V-2研(yan)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)專家(jia)、設(she)(she)備及資料(liao),為(wei)(wei)這兩(liang)個國(guo)(guo)家(jia)在第(di)二(er)次(ci)世(shi)界大(da)戰(zhan)后(hou)迅速(su)發展火箭(jian)(jian)和導(dao)彈(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術創造(zao)了(le)有(you)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)。40年代末(mo)至50年代末(mo),在V-2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang),以美(mei)、蘇為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)研(yan)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火箭(jian)(jian)武器得到了(le)迅速(su)發展,各種類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)彈(dan)武器相繼(ji)問世(shi),并(bing)形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)一個完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)彈(dan)武器系統(tong)。
世(shi)(shi)界第一(yi)枚專(zhuan)門用于高(gao)空大(da)氣探測的(de)火(huo)箭是美(mei)國(guo)于 1945年(nian)秋研(yan)制成功的(de)“女兵下士”火(huo)箭。它能將(jiang)11公斤的(de)有(you)效載荷送到(dao) 70公里的(de)高(gao)空。此(ci)后,美(mei)國(guo)和(he)(he)蘇聯利用繳獲的(de)V-2火(huo)箭發(fa)射(she)了(le)一(yi)批探空火(huo)箭。50年(nian)代(dai)(dai)的(de)國(guo)際地球物理年(nian)活動大(da)大(da)推動了(le)探空火(huo)箭的(de)發(fa)展,許多國(guo)家開(kai)始了(le)探空火(huo)箭的(de)研(yan)制。到(dao)80年(nian)代(dai)(dai),世(shi)(shi)界上已(yi)有(you)20多個(ge)國(guo)家發(fa)展或使用了(le)探空火(huo)箭,年(nian)發(fa)射(she)量(liang)高(gao)達數(shu)千枚。中國(guo)在1958年(nian)以前曾發(fa)射(she)過試驗性火(huo)箭,1958年(nian)正式研(yan)制探空火(huo)箭,先后研(yan)制成T-7液體(ti)探空火(huo)箭和(he)(he)改(gai)進型 T-7A探空火(huo)箭。 1965年(nian)起開(kai)始研(yan)制固體(ti)探空火(huo)箭“和(he)(he)平”2號和(he)(he)6號。
看似復(fu)雜的(de)火(huo)箭,原理其(qi)實非(fei)常簡單,早(zao)在17世(shi)紀,牛(niu)頓(dun)就很(hen)清晰地進行了描(miao)述:如(ru)果(guo)以一定速度(du)向后拋出(chu)一定質(zhi)量,就會受到一個(ge)反作(zuo)用力的(de)推動,向前加(jia)速。簡單的(de)火(huo)箭甚至早(zao)在牛(niu)頓(dun)提出(chu)這一原理前幾百年(nian)就在中國被發(fa)明出(chu)來,并(bing)得到了應(ying)用,包括軍用的(de)火(huo)藥箭和節日慶典的(de)煙(yan)花(hua)。
火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)向(xiang)后(hou)拋出一(yi)定質量是(shi)靠火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)來完成的(de)。火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)點火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)以后(hou),推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(液體(ti)(ti)的(de)或固(gu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料和(he)氧化劑(ji))在發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)燃(ran)(ran)燒室里燃(ran)(ran)燒,產生大(da)量高(gao)壓氣(qi)體(ti)(ti);高(gao)壓氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)從發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)噴(pen)管(guan)高(gao)速噴(pen)出,對火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)產生的(de)反作用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li),使火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)沿氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)噴(pen)射的(de)反方向(xiang)前進(jin)(jin)(jin)。固(gu)體(ti)(ti)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)是(shi)從底(di)層(ceng)向(xiang)頂層(ceng)或從內層(ceng)向(xiang)外(wai)層(ceng)快(kuai)速燃(ran)(ran)燒的(de),而液體(ti)(ti)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)高(gao)壓氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)對燃(ran)(ran)料與氧化劑(ji)貯(zhu)箱增(zeng)壓,然后(hou)用(yong)(yong)渦(wo)輪泵將燃(ran)(ran)料與氧化劑(ji)進(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)增(zeng)壓并輸(shu)送進(jin)(jin)(jin)燃(ran)(ran)燒室。推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)的(de)化學能在發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)內轉化為燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)的(de)動(dong)能,形(xing)成高(gao)速氣(qi)流噴(pen)出,產生推(tui)(tui)力(li)(li)。
火(huo)藥(yao)曾經(jing)是原始的(de)(de)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji),目前戰(zhan)術型火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)或較小導彈大(da)多采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)火(huo)藥(yao)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)。人們習(xi)慣性把這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)固體燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)叫做(zuo)“單元(yuan)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)”。需要(yao)燃(ran)燒劑(ji)(ji)加氧(yang)(yang)化劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)被稱為:“二元(yuan)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)”。組合(he)(he)(he)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)液體和(he)固體燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)稱為混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)。使用(yong)(yong)(yong)混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)比(bi)沖和(he)體積比(bi)沖介于液體和(he)固體火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)之間。1950年代美國(guo)(guo)研(yan)制成功氧(yang)(yang)化氫(qing)和(he)聚乙(yi)烯作為火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)。1964年法國(guo)(guo)首先發(fa)射成功采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)為動力(li)的(de)(de)氣象火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。我國(guo)(guo)“長征一號D”運載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)第一級、第二級用(yong)(yong)(yong)液體燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動機(ji)(ji),第三(san)級用(yong)(yong)(yong)固體燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)。也(ye)是采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)。
選(xuan)擇推(tui)進劑(ji)所需要(yao)考慮的(de)因素很多,如(ru)要(yao)求高(gao)的(de)化學能(neng)焓(han)、低分子量(liang)的(de)燃(ran)燒產物。比熱(re)大、導熱(re)率高(gao)。飽(bao)和蒸汽氣壓低,化學穩定性好(hao),比重大、無毒(du)、無腐蝕性等(deng)。一種推(tui)進劑(ji)不(bu)可能(neng)完(wan)全(quan)具備以上的(de)這些性能(neng),因此不(bu)斷(duan)研究新(xin)燃(ran)料是開發(fa)空(kong)間航行的(de)首(shou)要(yao)任務(wu)。
使用核能(neng)(neng)燃料的火箭發動機的比(bi)沖量高、壽命長。但技術復雜(za),只適用長期工作的航天器(qi)及運載(zai)火箭的高能(neng)(neng)末(mo)級。1986年前(qian)蘇聯已在(zai)和平號空間站應(ying)用核動力發動機。核燃料的危害性是放(fang)射性污染環境。
目(mu)前火箭發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)有三種(zhong)方(fang)式(shi):一是地面發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she),二是空(kong)中發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she),三是海上發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)。
早期,運(yun)送有效載(zai)荷(he)的(de)火箭都是從(cong)地(di)面(mian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射場(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射的(de)。地(di)面(mian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射場(chang)受地(di)理位置(zhi)的(de)制(zhi)約,限制(zhi)了(le)有效載(zai)荷(he)的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射范圍,難以滿足各種有效載(zai)荷(he)的(de)需求(qiu),于是出現了(le)從(cong)空(kong)中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射和(he)從(cong)海上平臺發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射火箭的(de)方式。
從(cong)空中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)射火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)是用(yong)飛機將火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)運(yun)(yun)送到高空后,再釋放火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)在空中(zhong)點(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)飛向(xiang)預定軌道(dao)。采用(yong)這種發(fa)(fa)射方式,飛機可(ke)以在不同地(di)點(dian)的機場起(qi)飛,從(cong)空中(zhong)任何地(di)點(dian)發(fa)(fa)射,它不受地(di)理位置(zhi)的限制。這樣,不僅增加了發(fa)(fa)射窗口,而(er)且(qie)還會擴大軌道(dao)傾角的范(fan)圍,因而(er)具有(you)很大的機動性。載(zai)機相當于火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的基礎級(ji),能(neng)提(ti)高火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)本(ben)身的運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能(neng)力(li),同樣火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)從(cong)空中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)射比從(cong)地(di)面發(fa)(fa)射,其運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能(neng)力(li)幾乎(hu)可(ke)以提(ti)高一倍。
與地面發(fa)射場相比,從海上(shang)平(ping)臺發(fa)射火(huo)箭(jian)同樣具有多(duo)種優勢。首先,可以(yi)靈活選(xuan)擇發(fa)射地點(dian),當選(xuan)擇在赤道附近(jin)海域發(fa)射時,能充分借助地球的(de)(de)自轉速度(du),提高火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)運載能力(li);其次,周圍沒有居民點(dian),火(huo)箭(jian)落區的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇范圍較大,從而(er)可使多(duo)級火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)設計更加(jia)優化,進(jin)一步提高火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)運載能力(li)。
運載(zai)火箭(jian)發射前準備
與運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭的研(yan)制一樣(yang),運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭的發(fa)射同樣(yang)是一項綜合性(xing)的系統工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。它涉及的面很廣,包括(kuo)運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭的檢查、測(ce)試、轉運(yun)、加(jia)注(zhu)推(tui)進劑、發(fa)射程(cheng)(cheng)序與數據的計算和(he)裝訂、點火(huo)(huo)發(fa)射、跟蹤測(ce)量、安(an)全(quan)控制、指揮通(tong)信(xin)、地面勤務保障等(deng)多(duo)方面的工(gong)作。
運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)首先進(jin)(jin)(jin)入技(ji)術準(zhun)備區(qu)的(de)專用廠房。在這里先對(dui)箭(jian)(jian)上的(de)儀器設備進(jin)(jin)(jin)行單元測(ce)試(shi),即對(dui)儀器設備單獨(du)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行測(ce)試(shi),檢(jian)(jian)查其性能(neng)和(he)精確測(ce)量(liang)其參(can)數(shu)。單元測(ce)試(shi)合格(ge)后進(jin)(jin)(jin)行分系(xi)(xi)統(tong)測(ce)試(shi),它(ta)是(shi)在系(xi)(xi)統(tong)處于(yu)工作狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)下(xia),對(dui)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)內各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)儀器設備工作的(de)協調性和(he)功(gong)能(neng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行檢(jian)(jian)查,并(bing)測(ce)量(liang)其工作參(can)數(shu)。接(jie)下(xia)來各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)分系(xi)(xi)統(tong)之(zhi)間進(jin)(jin)(jin)行匹(pi)配測(ce)試(shi),檢(jian)(jian)查系(xi)(xi)統(tong)之(zhi)間工作是(shi)否協調匹(pi)配。最后進(jin)(jin)(jin)行箭(jian)(jian)上所有系(xi)(xi)統(tong)都參(can)加的(de)總(zong)檢(jian)(jian)查,總(zong)檢(jian)(jian)查一(yi)般要進(jin)(jin)(jin)行多次,以模擬各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)飛行狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)來驗證(zheng)運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)全系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)技(ji)術性能(neng)和(he)可(ke)靠性,并(bing)使火箭(jian)(jian)達到符(fu)合發射狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)的(de)要求。總(zong)檢(jian)(jian)查之(zhi)后,開始在運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)上安裝各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)火工品和(he)火工裝置,并(bing)準(zhun)備轉場。
在運載火(huo)箭進行(xing)(xing)技(ji)術測試(shi)的(de)同時(shi),發射(she)場內(nei)的(de)測控系統(tong)要進行(xing)(xing)設(she)備聯(lian)試(shi)。先(xian)是進行(xing)(xing)場內(nei)設(she)備聯(lian)試(shi),然(ran)后再與(yu)分布在各地的(de)測控站(zhan)設(she)備聯(lian)試(shi)。與(yu)此同時(shi),地面(mian)勤務(wu)保障部門對發射(she)設(she)備、加注設(she)備進行(xing)(xing)調試(shi);氣(qi)象(xiang)保障部門開通氣(qi)象(xiang)情報(bao)網和天(tian)氣(qi)會(hui)商網,啟動(dong)氣(qi)象(xiang)測量雷達,開始進行(xing)(xing)天(tian)氣(qi)的(de)長、中、短(duan)期預報(bao)。
當運(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)在技術(shu)準(zhun)備(bei)區經檢查測試(shi)達到(dao)可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行(xing)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)狀態(tai)后(hou),即可(ke)轉運(yun)到(dao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)區。發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)區內(nei)(nei)有發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)臺、勤務塔和(he)臍帶(dai)塔等主要發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)設(she)施。運(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)分級運(yun)至(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)區后(hou),由勤務塔上的(de)吊裝設(she)備(bei)對運(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)分級吊裝、對接和(he)總(zong)裝,并將(jiang)其豎(shu)立在發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)臺上。隨后(hou)在豎(shu)立狀態(tai)下對運(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)再一(yi)次進(jin)行(xing)分系(xi)統測試(shi)、系(xi)統間性能匹(pi)配測試(shi)、總(zong)檢查和(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)演練等。在發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)區測試(shi)的(de)內(nei)(nei)容要比在技術(shu)區的(de)測試(shi)簡化。在檢查測試(shi)工作(zuo)結束后(hou),就可(ke)向運(yun)載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)加注推(tui)進(jin)劑,并進(jin)行(xing)瞄(miao)準(zhun)定位。與此同(tong)時,地面勤務保障(zhang)部(bu)門(men)要進(jin)行(xing)推(tui)進(jin)劑化驗(yan),確定推(tui)進(jin)劑的(de)加注參數(shu);氣(qi)象部(bu)門(men)要提(ti)供臨發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)前發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)場(chang)區的(de)天氣(qi)情(qing)況及發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)場(chang)區上空的(de)高空風場(chang)等情(qing)況,以(yi)及火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)飛行(xing)經過地區的(de)氣(qi)象情(qing)況。
運載火箭發射(she)程(cheng)序
當一(yi)切準(zhun)備(bei)工作基本結束之后,發(fa)射(she)工作便(bian)可(ke)進(jin)(jin)(jin)入倒(dao)計時(shi)階段(duan)(duan)。倒(dao)計時(shi)階段(duan)(duan)開始(shi)時(shi),由(you)指揮中(zhong)心向發(fa)射(she)場、火箭(jian)(jian)飛(fei)(fei)行過程(cheng)中(zhong)箭(jian)(jian)體分(fen)離(li)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)落區、分(fen)布(bu)在各(ge)(ge)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)控站、遠洋測(ce)量(liang)艦(jian)隊和有(you)關部門統(tong)一(yi)發(fa)布(bu)口令(ling)。各(ge)(ge)部門、各(ge)(ge)單位接到口令(ling)后,根據時(shi)間(jian)統(tong)一(yi)勤務系統(tong)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)一(yi)時(shi)鐘各(ge)(ge)自進(jin)(jin)(jin)入臨(lin)射(she)前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作程(cheng)序。一(yi)般運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)倒(dao)計時(shi)從由(you)發(fa)射(she)窗口確定的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)射(she)時(shi)間(jian)前(qian)(qian)1個小時(shi)開始(shi),叫做(zuo)1小時(shi)準(zhun)備(bei)。然后是30分(fen)鐘準(zhun)備(bei)、15分(fen)鐘準(zhun)備(bei)、5分(fen)鐘準(zhun)備(bei)、1分(fen)鐘準(zhun)備(bei),最后是從10開始(shi)倒(dao)數至1,運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian)點火起(qi)飛(fei)(fei)。采用低(di)溫推進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)載火箭(jian)(jian),由(you)于低(di)溫推進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)極易蒸發(fa),必須嚴格控制(zhi)推進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)加注(zhu)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian),因此常提(ti)(ti)前(qian)(qian)到離(li)發(fa)射(she)時(shi)間(jian)4-7小時(shi)就開始(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)入倒(dao)計時(shi)階段(duan)(duan)。
發(fa)(fa)射(she)工(gong)(gong)作進(jin)(jin)入1小(xiao)時(shi)準(zhun)備后,發(fa)(fa)射(she)場的(de)各(ge)(ge)項工(gong)(gong)作均按時(shi)間程序(xu)由(you)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)測(ce)試發(fa)(fa)射(she)控制(zhi)設備來操作,它可(ke)以(yi)是半(ban)自(zi)動(dong)的(de),也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)是全(quan)(quan)自(zi)動(dong)的(de)。在這(zhe)段(duan)時(shi)間的(de)準(zhun)備過(guo)程中,主(zhu)要的(de)工(gong)(gong)作有:對箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)系(xi)統(tong)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)以(yi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)射(she)前功(gong)能檢查,對火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)裝(zhuang)訂飛(fei)行(xing)程序(xu)和數據,進(jin)(jin)行(xing)精(jing)確瞄準(zhun),對推進(jin)(jin)劑貯(zhu)箱進(jin)(jin)行(xing)增壓,對采用(yong)低(di)溫推進(jin)(jin)劑的(de)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)補(bu)加(jia)推進(jin)(jin)劑,氣路連(lian)接(jie)(jie)器(qi)、加(jia)注連(lian)接(jie)(jie)器(qi)自(zi)動(dong)脫(tuo)(tuo)開(kai)(kai),遙測(ce)系(xi)統(tong)、外測(ce)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)插(cha)頭自(zi)動(dong)脫(tuo)(tuo)落(luo)(luo)。到(dao)1分鐘(zhong)準(zhun)備時(shi),箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)系(xi)統(tong)由(you)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)供電(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)為由(you)箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)供電(dian)(dian),經10秒鐘(zhong)自(zi)檢正常后,電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)器(qi)自(zi)動(dong)脫(tuo)(tuo)落(luo)(luo),電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)擺(bai)桿(gan)離開(kai)(kai)運載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)擺(bai)到(dao)預定位(wei)置。這(zhe)時(shi)運載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)除底部只有一個(ge)經脫(tuo)(tuo)拔(ba)插(cha)頭連(lian)接(jie)(jie)的(de)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)尚與地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)外,其他一切與地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)的(de)插(cha)頭均已完全(quan)(quan)脫(tuo)(tuo)開(kai)(kai)。射(she)前30秒鐘(zhong),發(fa)(fa)射(she)場的(de)測(ce)控系(xi)統(tong)與各(ge)(ge)地(di)(di)(di)測(ce)控跟(gen)蹤站開(kai)(kai)始(shi)啟動(dong);射(she)前7秒鐘(zhong),發(fa)(fa)射(she)臺(tai)(tai)周圍(wei)的(de)高速攝(she)影機開(kai)(kai)拍,開(kai)(kai)始(shi)記(ji)錄火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)點火(huo)(huo)起飛(fei)的(de)實況;到(dao)0秒時(shi)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)點火(huo)(huo)。當火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)離開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)射(she)臺(tai)(tai)時(shi),底部唯一尚連(lian)接(jie)(jie)著的(de)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)脫(tuo)(tuo)拔(ba)插(cha)頭被拉(la)脫(tuo)(tuo),火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)與地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)的(de)有線控制(zhi)完全(quan)(quan)中斷。但如果在火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)點火(huo)(huo)尚未(wei)離開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)射(she)臺(tai)(tai)前,發(fa)(fa)現火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機工(gong)(gong)作不正常,地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)可(ke)通(tong)過(guo)這(zhe)根電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)對火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)實施(shi)緊急關機。
火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)起飛后,在控制(zhi)系統的(de)控制(zhi)下,分(fen)別完成(cheng)程(cheng)序轉彎、助推(tui)器(qi)脫落、上面級火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)點(dian)火(huo)(huo)與關機(ji)、級間分(fen)離和整流罩分(fen)離等;當火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)到達入(ru)軌點(dian)時,有效載荷與火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)分(fen)離、進入(ru)預定軌道運行,這時,運載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)發(fa)射(she)工(gong)作完滿結束。
按級(ji)(ji)數來(lai)分(fen),可分(fen)為單(dan)級(ji)(ji)火箭(jian)(jian)、多(duo)級(ji)(ji)火箭(jian)(jian)兩種類型(xing)。由于單(dan)級(ji)(ji)火箭(jian)(jian)在實際(ji)應用上很難實現宇宙飛行所必(bi)需的宇宙速度,因此需要采用多(duo)級(ji)(ji)火箭(jian)(jian)來(lai)解決這一問題。多(duo)級(ji)(ji)火箭(jian)(jian)的一子(zi)(zi)級(ji)(ji)在發射點火后就開始工作(zuo)(zuo),工作(zuo)(zuo)結束(shu)后與整個火箭(jian)(jian)分(fen)離,再由二子(zi)(zi)級(ji)(ji)繼續將有(you)(you)效載荷(he)推向太空,以此類推,直(zhi)至把有(you)(you)效載荷(he)送入預定軌道。多(duo)級(ji)(ji)火箭(jian)(jian)一般(ban)由2-4級(ji)(ji)組成,有(you)(you)串聯(lian)(lian)、并聯(lian)(lian)和(he)串-并聯(lian)(lian)三種聯(lian)(lian)接(jie)方式。
按動力能源
按動力能(neng)源(yuan)分為化(hua)學能(neng)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、電(dian)能(neng)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、核能(neng)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、太陽能(neng)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)及光子火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)等。目前(qian)最(zui)常用的(de)是化(hua)學能(neng)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),它(ta)又分為液(ye)體(ti)推(tui)進劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、固體(ti)推(tui)進劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)和固-液(ye)混合推(tui)進劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。作為新能(neng)源(yuan)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)代(dai)表,核能(neng)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)優點是其發動機比沖比化(hua)學能(neng)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)高(gao),而推(tui)進劑(ji)只有(you)一種,簡化(hua)了(le)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)結構,適合執(zhi)行長(chang)時間任務(wu)或星際任務(wu)。
按(an)用途分為(wei)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。探(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)指在近(jin)太空(kong)進行探(tan)(tan)測(ce)、科學試驗的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),一般不設控制系統,是30~200千(qian)米高空(kong)的(de)有效探(tan)(tan)測(ce)工(gong)具。探(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)還可按(an)研究(jiu)對象或(huo)用途分翔(xiang)如地球(qiu)物(wu)(wu)理火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、氣象火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、生物(wu)(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、技術(shu)試驗火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)防(fang)雹火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)等。運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)又分為(wei)衛星運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)載人運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。
按控制形式
按控制形(xing)式分為有控火箭(jian)和無控火箭(jian)。
按運載能力
按(an)運載能力分為小型(xing)火箭(jian)、中型(xing)火箭(jian)、大(da)型(xing)火箭(jian)和重(zhong)型(xing)火箭(jian)。
按軌(gui)(gui)道分為近地(di)軌(gui)(gui)道火(huo)箭、太(tai)陽同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道火(huo)箭、地(di)球同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)道火(huo)箭及月球軌(gui)(gui)道火(huo)箭等。
按可否重復使用
按可否重(zhong)復(fu)(fu)使(shi)用(yong)分(fen)為一(yi)次性使(shi)用(yong)火(huo)箭、部(bu)分(fen)重(zhong)復(fu)(fu)使(shi)用(yong)火(huo)箭和完全重(zhong)復(fu)(fu)使(shi)用(yong)火(huo)箭等。
由(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)科技(ji)集團有(you)(you)(you)限公司自主研制(zhi)的(de)長征(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)列(lie)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),承擔了(le)(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)96.4%的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)任(ren)務,發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)器(qi)(qi)總質量(liang)占中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)總質量(liang)的(de)99.2%。從(cong)(cong)1970年首(shou)飛(fei)至今,長征(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)列(lie)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)先(xian)后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)17型基(ji)礎級火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和(he)5型上(shang)面級投入(ru)使用(yong),成功(gong)(gong)(gong)將(jiang)500多個(ge)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)器(qi)(qi)送(song)入(ru)預定(ding)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao),實現了(le)(le)(le)從(cong)(cong)無到有(you)(you)(you),從(cong)(cong)串聯到捆綁,從(cong)(cong)一(yi)(yi)箭(jian)(jian)一(yi)(yi)星(xing)到一(yi)(yi)箭(jian)(jian)多星(xing),從(cong)(cong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)衛星(xing)到發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)載(zai)人飛(fei)船和(he)月(yue)球(qiu)探測(ce)器(qi)(qi),從(cong)(cong)現役運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)到新(xin)一(yi)(yi)代運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)等(deng)一(yi)(yi)系(xi)列(lie)重大(da)跨越,具備了(le)(le)(le)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)低、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、高(gao)不(bu)同軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)、不(bu)同類型載(zai)荷的(de)能力,運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能力和(he)入(ru)軌(gui)(gui)精度均處于(yu)世界先(xian)進水平(ping),已成為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)第(di)一(yi)(yi)、世界知(zhi)名、在國(guo)(guo)(guo)際高(gao)科技(ji)產業(ye)具有(you)(you)(you)自主知(zhi)識產權的(de)品牌(pai)。多年來,長征(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)列(lie)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)力支撐(cheng)保障了(le)(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)載(zai)人航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)、月(yue)球(qiu)探測(ce)、北斗衛星(xing)導(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)、高(gao)分(fen)辨率(lv)對地(di)觀測(ce)系(xi)統等(deng)一(yi)(yi)系(xi)列(lie)重大(da)工程(cheng)任(ren)務的(de)成功(gong)(gong)(gong)實施,為(wei)推動相關領域發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展,加快科技(ji)強國(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)強國(guo)(guo)(guo)建設打下了(le)(le)(le)堅實基(ji)礎。據統計(ji),長征(zheng)(zheng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)300次(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)成功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)約(yue)為(wei)96%。與前50次(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)相比(bi),后(hou)250次(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)成功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)明(ming)顯提升且趨于(yu)穩定(ding)。在第(di)三個(ge)100次(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),長征(zheng)(zheng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)共將(jiang)225顆航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)器(qi)(qi)送(song)入(ru)預定(ding)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao),發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)成功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)高(gao)達(da)97%,居(ju)世界領先(xian)地(di)位(wei)。2018年,長征(zheng)(zheng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)年發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)連續(xu)(xu)成功(gong)(gong)(gong)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數達(da)到37次(ci)(ci)(ci),首(shou)次(ci)(ci)(ci)獨居(ju)世界航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數年度第(di)一(yi)(yi)位(wei),在近20年世界各國(guo)(guo)(guo)航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)史中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),是連續(xu)(xu)成功(gong)(gong)(gong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數最高(gao)的(de)一(yi)(yi)年,創造(zao)了(le)(le)(le)世界航(hang)(hang)(hang)天(tian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)新(xin)紀錄(lu)。
歐(ou)空局(ju)研(yan)制(zhi)的(de)(de)運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)系(xi)列(lie)。由歐(ou)洲11個國家組成的(de)(de)歐(ou)空局(ju)于1973年(nian)開始(shi)研(yan)制(zhi),迄(qi)今已發(fa)展了(le)阿(a)里(li)(li)(li)安(an)1~5五種型別。目前使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)最多的(de)(de)是(shi)阿(a)里(li)(li)(li)安(an)5火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。阿(a)里(li)(li)(li)安(an)5火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)于1988年(nian)1月(yue)開始(shi)研(yan)制(zhi),1996年(nian)6月(yue)首次(ci)飛行(xing),迄(qi)今為止,研(yan)制(zhi)并投(tou)入使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)有阿(a)里(li)(li)(li)安(an)5G、5GS、5ECA、5ES等型號,起(qi)飛質量為746~480噸(dun),起(qi)飛推(tui)力(li)為11400~13000kN,可用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于向地(di)球(qiu)同(tong)步轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi)軌(gui)道(dao)、太(tai)陽同(tong)步軌(gui)道(dao)、中低(di)(di)軌(gui)道(dao)以及飛離地(di)球(qiu)軌(gui)道(dao)發(fa)射(she)各(ge)類(lei)衛星和(he)航天器,同(tong)時也可執行(xing)一(yi)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)多星發(fa)射(she)任務,曾發(fa)射(she)過天網、SYRACUSE等軍用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)通信衛星。阿(a)里(li)(li)(li)安(an)5為兩級(ji)(ji)(ji)液體火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),一(yi)子級(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)液氫、液氧推(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji),二(er)子級(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)四氧化二(er)氮(dan)、一(yi)甲(jia)基肼或(huo)液氧/液氫推(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji),在(zai)一(yi)子級(ji)(ji)(ji)周圍捆綁了(le)2枚大型固體助(zhu)推(tui)器。目前在(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)型號主要有阿(a)里(li)(li)(li)安(an)5GS、5ECA、5ES。阿(a)里(li)(li)(li)安(an)5GS低(di)(di)溫(wen)主級(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)火(huo)神(shen)發(fa)動機,上面級(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)可重(zhong)復點(dian)火(huo)常(chang)溫(wen)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)發(fa)動機,地(di)球(qiu)同(tong)步轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi)軌(gui)道(dao)運載(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)達到(dao)6.5噸(dun)。阿(a)里(li)(li)(li)安(an)5ECA采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)改(gai)進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)火(huo)神(shen)2低(di)(di)溫(wen)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)發(fa)動機,二(er)子級(ji)(ji)(ji)改(gai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)低(di)(di)溫(wen)上面級(ji)(ji)(ji),使地(di)球(qiu)同(tong)步轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi)軌(gui)道(dao)運載(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)提高到(dao)10.5噸(dun)。阿(a)里(li)(li)(li)安(an)5ES火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于發(fa)射(she)歐(ou)洲自(zi)動轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi)飛行(xing)器(ATV),近地(di)軌(gui)道(dao)運載(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)為21噸(dun)。
日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)研制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)系列。研制(zhi)始(shi)于(yu)(yu)1981年(nian)(nian),迄今已發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了H-1、H-2、H-2A等多種(zhong)型號(hao),目前正在(zai)研制(zhi)H-2B火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)H-2轉(zhuan)移(yi)飛行(xing)器(qi)(HTV)。H-1火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同步轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)道運(yun)(yun)載能力(li)為(wei)1.1噸(dun)(dun),由(you)于(yu)(yu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)了美國(guo)(guo)技術,只允許用(yong)(yong)(yong)來發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)國(guo)(guo)內衛(wei)星,1988年(nian)(nian)投(tou)入使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong),1992年(nian)(nian)退役。H-2火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)是日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)獨立研制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)枚(mei)大型兩(liang)級(ji)捆綁式液體運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)1~2噸(dun)(dun)級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同步軌(gui)道衛(wei)星,于(yu)(yu)1994年(nian)(nian)開始(shi)首(shou)飛,由(you)于(yu)(yu)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)高、可靠(kao)性差以及操作復雜等問題,1999被(bei)停止使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。目前在(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是以H-2為(wei)基礎(chu)進(jin)行(xing)了較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)改進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)H-2A火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)系列,有(you)(you)標準型(H2A202、H2A2022、H2A2024)和(he)增強型(H2A204),均為(wei)二級(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),一(yi)、二子級(ji)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)液氧/液氫推進(jin)劑(ji),通過模塊化設計(ji),采用(yong)(yong)(yong)相同火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)結構模塊的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同配置來組成(cheng)不(bu)同火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)型號(hao),最(zui)大近地(di)(di)軌(gui)道運(yun)(yun)載能力(li)為(wei)10噸(dun)(dun),最(zui)大地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同步轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)載能力(li)為(wei)6噸(dun)(dun),用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)政府軍(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)和(he)民用(yong)(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)載荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she),包括地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同步軌(gui)道通信衛(wei)星、偵察(cha)衛(wei)星、月球(qiu)(qiu)探測器(qi)和(he)星際(ji)探測器(qi)等,同時承攬國(guo)(guo)際(ji)商業發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)服務(wu)。日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)正在(zai)H-2A火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)H-2B火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),其一(yi)子級(ji)直徑從4米增加到(dao)5米,主(zhu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動機增加到(dao)2臺,可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)載荷質(zhi)量為(wei)16.5噸(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)HTV,向國(guo)(guo)際(ji)空間站運(yun)(yun)送貨物,也可將質(zhi)量8噸(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他類型有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)載荷送入地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同步轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)道。
蘇(su)聯/俄羅(luo)斯研(yan)制的(de)(de)第(di)一種非(fei)導(dao)彈衍生的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。是(shi)專(zhuan)為航(hang)天任(ren)務(wu)(wu)設(she)計的(de)(de)大型(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)器(qi),包(bao)括二(er)(er)級(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、三級(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和四(si)級(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing),于(yu)1965年進行(xing)首(shou)飛(fei),曾發(fa)(fa)射(she)了“熒光屏”、“彩虹”、“地(di)平(ping)線”系列通信衛(wei)星、格洛納斯(GLONSS)軍民兩(liang)用(yong)導(dao)航(hang)衛(wei)星及(ji)“月(yue)球(qiu)(qiu)”、“金(jin)星”、“火(huo)(huo)(huo)星”等探測(ce)器(qi),執行(xing)過月(yue)面采(cai)樣返回和金(jin)星表面軟著陸任(ren)務(wu)(wu)。二(er)(er)級(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)(hao)1961年開始(shi)研(yan)制,采(cai)用(yong)四(si)氧(yang)化二(er)(er)氮(dan)及(ji)偏二(er)(er)甲(jia)肼(jing)推(tui)進劑(ji),用(yong)于(yu)發(fa)(fa)射(she)大型(xing)(xing)(xing)月(yue)球(qiu)(qiu)探測(ce)器(qi)、星際探測(ce)器(qi)、空間(jian)(jian)站艙件和地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)衛(wei)星,能(neng)(neng)把(ba)12.5噸(dun)有效載(zai)(zai)荷(he)送入近地(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)。三級(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)由二(er)(er)級(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)加(jia)上一個液體三子(zi)級(ji)(ji)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng),主要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)發(fa)(fa)射(she)蘇(su)聯空間(jian)(jian)站與量子(zi)號(hao)(hao)、晶(jing)體號(hao)(hao)及(ji)宇(yu)宙號(hao)(hao)空間(jian)(jian)站艙,能(neng)(neng)把(ba)21噸(dun)的(de)(de)有效載(zai)(zai)荷(he)送入近地(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)。目前(qian)(qian)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)主要(yao)是(shi)四(si)級(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)(hao)K/DM和質(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)(hao)M/微風M兩(liang)種型(xing)(xing)(xing)號(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),是(shi)在三級(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上增加(jia)上面級(ji)(ji)Block DM 和微風M構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng),Block DM采(cai)用(yong)液氧(yang)和煤油推(tui)進劑(ji),微風M采(cai)用(yong)四(si)氧(yang)化二(er)(er)氮(dan)和偏二(er)(er)甲(jia)肼(jing)推(tui)進劑(ji)。質(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)(hao)K/DM主要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)發(fa)(fa)射(she)政(zheng)府的(de)(de)有效載(zai)(zai)荷(he),地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)移軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)覆蓋2.75-4.35噸(dun),月(yue)球(qiu)(qiu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)達(da)到(dao)6.2噸(dun)。質(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)(hao)M/微風M火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)主要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)國際商業發(fa)(fa)射(she)服務(wu)(wu),同(tong)時也可執行(xing)政(zheng)府的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)射(she)任(ren)務(wu)(wu),是(shi)目前(qian)(qian)質(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)號(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)中(zhong)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)最大的(de)(de)型(xing)(xing)(xing)號(hao)(hao),地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)移軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)達(da)到(dao)6.2噸(dun),地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)達(da)到(dao)2.92噸(dun)。
蘇(su)聯(lian)/俄羅斯(si)的(de)(de)聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)系列(lie)是世界上(shang)歷史最久(jiu)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)射次數(shu)最多的(de)(de)多用(yong)(yong)途運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。前蘇(su)聯(lian)以戰略(lve)導彈為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎(chu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了(le)(le)東方號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),后續又發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了(le)(le)聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),現已發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了(le)(le)上(shang)升號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、閃電(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)U、聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/伊卡爾(er)、聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/弗雷(lei)蓋特、聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)FG、聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)2等10余(yu)個(ge)型(xing)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),最大近(jin)地(di)(di)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能力為(wei)(wei)8.2噸(dun)(dun)(dun),太(tai)陽(yang)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能力為(wei)(wei)4.8噸(dun)(dun)(dun),地(di)(di)球同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能力為(wei)(wei)2.4噸(dun)(dun)(dun)。目前主要使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)是聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U、閃電(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)M、聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)FG和聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)2火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U和聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)FG火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)兩級(ji)(ji)(ji)結(jie)構,全部采(cai)用(yong)(yong)液氧、煤油推進劑,主要用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射載(zai)(zai)人/不(bu)載(zai)(zai)人貨運(yun)(yun)(yun)飛(fei)船(chuan)或軍(jun)用(yong)(yong)照相偵(zhen)察(cha)衛星(xing),曾發(fa)(fa)(fa)射過上(shang)升號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)載(zai)(zai)人飛(fei)船(chuan)、聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)載(zai)(zai)人飛(fei)船(chuan)、進步(bu)(bu)(bu)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)貨運(yun)(yun)(yun)飛(fei)船(chuan)以及第2代宇宙號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)照相偵(zhen)察(cha)衛星(xing)。在二級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/FG的(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)還可(ke)增加伊卡爾(er)和弗雷(lei)蓋特上(shang)面(mian)級(ji)(ji)(ji),用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)商業高軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射。閃電(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)M火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)是三級(ji)(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),主要用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射軍(jun)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)大橢圓軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)衛星(xing),地(di)(di)球同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能力為(wei)(wei)1.6噸(dun)(dun)(dun),曾發(fa)(fa)(fa)射過閃電(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)通(tong)信衛星(xing)和預警(jing)衛星(xing)。聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)2火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)是聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系列(lie)中改動最大的(de)(de)型(xing)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)新的(de)(de)二子級(ji)(ji)(ji)和三子級(ji)(ji)(ji)。其基(ji)本型(xing)(二級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing))可(ke)將近(jin)地(di)(di)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能力提高到8.2噸(dun)(dun)(dun),帶上(shang)面(mian)級(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)三級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)可(ke)將有(you)效載(zai)(zai)荷送入大橢圓軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)和地(di)(di)球同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao),地(di)(di)球同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能力為(wei)(wei)2.7~3噸(dun)(dun)(dun),太(tai)陽(yang)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能力為(wei)(wei)4.5~4.9噸(dun)(dun)(dun)。聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)2火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)既與原來的(de)(de)聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)很好的(de)(de)繼(ji)承性,又能更好地(di)(di)適應國際(ji)商業發(fa)(fa)(fa)射市場的(de)(de)需求,最終將取代現用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/FG和閃電(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)M,進行載(zai)(zai)人飛(fei)船(chuan)、軍(jun)事(shi)和商業衛星(xing)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射。
印度(du)為發射衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)在探空火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)基(ji)礎上發展而來(lai)的運載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。先后成功研制了(le)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)3(SLV-3)、加(jia)大推(tui)力衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(ASLV)、極地(di)(di)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(PSLV)和(he)地(di)(di)球同(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(GSLV)。PSLV、GSLV是印度(du)在用(yong)的主(zhu)力運載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。PSLV采用(yong)四(si)級(ji)(ji)(ji)結構(gou)(gou),一(yi)、三子(zi)(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)使用(yong)固體推(tui)進劑,二、四(si)子(zi)(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)使用(yong)一(yi)甲基(ji)肼和(he)四(si)氧化(hua)二氮,主(zhu)要用(yong)于向(xiang)極軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)發射遙感衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing),近地(di)(di)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)能力達到3.2噸(dun)(dun)(dun),太陽(yang)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)能力為2噸(dun)(dun)(dun)。GSLV火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是在PSLV火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)基(ji)礎上改進而來(lai),主(zhu)要用(yong)于向(xiang)地(di)(di)球同(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)發射衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing),同(tong)(tong)時也可執(zhi)行近地(di)(di)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)發射任務。GSLV由固體一(yi)子(zi)(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)、液(ye)(ye)體二子(zi)(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)、低溫上面(mian)級(ji)(ji)(ji)等三級(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)成,并在一(yi)子(zi)(zi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)周圍捆綁了(le)4枚(mei)液(ye)(ye)體助推(tui)器,地(di)(di)球同(tong)(tong)步(bu)轉移軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)運載(zai)(zai)(zai)能力約為2噸(dun)(dun)(dun)。
美國軌道科學(xue)公司(si)研制的(de)(de)一種空(kong)(kong)射(she)(she)型(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。它是世界上唯一投入使用(yong)的(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)射(she)(she)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),主(zhu)要用(yong)于將小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)送入近(jin)地(di)(di)(di)軌道,進行微重力(li)實(shi)驗、材料(liao)試(shi)驗、通信、定(ding)位(wei)、地(di)(di)(di)球資(zi)源探測或完成(cheng)其他特殊(shu)任(ren)務。它具有較大的(de)(de)軍用(yong)潛力(li),適合于戰時(shi)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)小(xiao)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing),也(ye)可用(yong)來運(yun)(yun)送武(wu)器彈(dan)藥,使軍事指揮員擁有攻擊(ji)地(di)(di)(di)球上任(ren)何目標(biao)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)。飛(fei)馬(ma)(ma)座(zuo)(zuo)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)包(bao)括標(biao)準(zhun)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和加(jia)(jia)長型(xing)(xing)(xing)(飛(fei)馬(ma)(ma)座(zuo)(zuo)XL)兩個型(xing)(xing)(xing)號,均(jun)為三級(ji)固體運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),采用(yong)端(duan)羥基(ji)聚(ju)丁(ding)二烯推(tui)進劑。標(biao)準(zhun)型(xing)(xing)(xing)飛(fei)馬(ma)(ma)座(zuo)(zuo)全長15.5米(mi),直徑1.27米(mi),翼(yi)展(zhan)6.7米(mi),起飛(fei)質量18.886噸,起飛(fei)推(tui)力(li)498.2千(qian)牛,近(jin)地(di)(di)(di)軌道運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)375千(qian)克,1998年停止(zhi)使用(yong)。加(jia)(jia)長型(xing)(xing)(xing)飛(fei)馬(ma)(ma)座(zuo)(zuo)XL是在(zai)(zai)基(ji)本(ben)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上通過加(jia)(jia)長一、二級(ji)和提高性能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)而來的(de)(de),全長16.9米(mi),起飛(fei)質量23.13噸,近(jin)地(di)(di)(di)軌道運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)443千(qian)克。發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)標(biao)準(zhun)型(xing)(xing)(xing)飛(fei)馬(ma)(ma)座(zuo)(zuo)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)載(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)為改裝的(de)(de)B-52轟(hong)炸機(ji)(ji)(ji),運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)吊(diao)(diao)掛在(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)翼(yi)下。加(jia)(jia)長型(xing)(xing)(xing)飛(fei)馬(ma)(ma)座(zuo)(zuo)XL使用(yong)改裝的(de)(de)L-1011飛(fei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)作(zuo)載(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji),火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)吊(diao)(diao)掛在(zai)(zai)載(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)腹部。發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)時(shi),火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)由載(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)攜帶至預定(ding)地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)上空(kong)(kong)投放,自由下落5秒后點(dian)火(huo)(huo),投放時(shi),飛(fei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)高度(du)(du)約11900米(mi),飛(fei)行速度(du)(du)0.8馬(ma)(ma)赫。
在大(da)力(li)神洲際(ji)彈道導(dao)彈基(ji)礎上發展起來(lai)的運載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)系列。包括(kuo)大(da)力(li)神2、大(da)力(li)神3、大(da)力(li)神34和大(da)力(li)神4等運載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian),主要用(yong)于發射軍用(yong)衛星。大(da)力(li)神2為兩級可貯推進劑(混肼/四(si)氧化二氮)火(huo)箭(jian),是該系列中最早投入使用(yong)的型
號(hao),曾(ceng)用(yong)于發(fa)(fa)射(she)美國的雙(shuang)子(zi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)座(zuo)飛船、氣象(xiang)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)月(yue)球(qiu)探測器。大(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神3、34和(he)大(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神4均(jun)為(wei)三級(ji)(ji)火(huo)箭(jian),其中大(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神3和(he)大(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神34主要用(yong)于發(fa)(fa)射(she)極地(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)軍(jun)事(shi)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(偵(zhen)察)、地(di)球(qiu)同步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(國防(fang)通(tong)信(xin)、預(yu)警)以及(ji)星(xing)(xing)(xing)際探測器。大(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神4火(huo)箭(jian)于1985年開始研制,在1986年挑戰者號(hao)航天飛機(ji)失事(shi)之后,成為(wei)發(fa)(fa)射(she)大(da)(da)型(xing)軍(jun)用(yong)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)的主要運載火(huo)箭(jian),承(cheng)擔美國空軍(jun)地(di)球(qiu)同步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(預(yu)警、通(tong)信(xin)、中繼(ji)、氣象(xiang))和(he)近地(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)偵(zhen)察衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)的發(fa)(fa)射(she)任務。大(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神4系列包括大(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神4A、4B兩種型(xing)號(hao),為(wei)芯級(ji)(ji)加(jia)捆(kun)綁(bang)構型(xing),一(yi)、二子(zi)級(ji)(ji)也采用(yong)混(hun)肼/四氧(yang)化二氮推進劑,可(ke)以在無上面級(ji)(ji)的狀態下把(ba)(ba)有效載荷送(song)入近地(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao),也可(ke)以使(shi)用(yong)慣性(xing)上面級(ji)(ji)(IUS)或半(ban)人馬座(zuo)上面級(ji)(ji),把(ba)(ba)有效載荷直接送(song)入地(di)球(qiu)同步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao),近地(di)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)運載能力(li)(li)(li)達(da)到21.7噸(dun),地(di)球(qiu)同步(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)運載能力(li)(li)(li)達(da)到5.7噸(dun)。2005年10月(yue),大(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神4完成最(zui)后一(yi)次(ci)發(fa)(fa)射(she)后,被更為(wei)廉價、可(ke)靠的德爾它4和(he)宇宙(zhou)神5火(huo)箭(jian)取代。至(zhi)此,大(da)(da)力(li)(li)(li)神系列火(huo)箭(jian)全部(bu)退役。
美國(guo)(guo)(guo)從(cong)事火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)研究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要機構(gou)有(you): 美國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家航空(kong)(kong)航天局(NASA)、陸海空(kong)(kong)軍、能源研究(jiu)與發(fa)展委員會(ERDA)和大學(xue)(xue)(xue)等單位。 據(ju)(ju)統計,1959-1976年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)NASA在全球(qiu)37個發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)場(國(guo)(guo)(guo)內24個)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)30種1912枚(mei)(mei)(mei)。其中(zhong)(zhong),1968年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)175枚(mei)(mei)(mei),20世(shi)(shi)紀70年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)后,每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)70-80枚(mei)(mei)(mei),近年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)數量仍據(ju)(ju)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)之首。對(dui)于(yu)微(wei)重(zhong)力(li)(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)展有(you)兩次(ci)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)任務。1971年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月(yue)(yue)NASA發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she) 了(le)(le)(le)“空(kong)(kong)蜂”170A,首次(ci)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)進行了(le)(le)(le)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)材(cai)料加(jia)工(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi)驗嘗試(shi);1972年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)再次(ci)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)“黑(hei)雁”5C 火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)進行金屬(shu)熔煉實(shi)(shi)驗。這兩枚(mei)(mei)(mei)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she),證(zheng)實(shi)(shi)了(le)(le)(le)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)進行微(wei)重(zhong)力(li)(li)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)驗是一條可行的(de)(de)(de)技術途徑, 揭開(kai)了(le)(le)(le)微(wei)重(zhong)力(li)(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)研制和應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)序幕(mu)。20世(shi)(shi)紀70年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)初美國(guo)(guo)(guo)開(kai)始利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)進行空(kong)(kong)間(jian)材(cai)料加(jia)工(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi) 驗。NASA于(yu)1974年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初制定空(kong)(kong)間(jian)材(cai)料加(jia)工(gong)(gong)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(SPAR)計劃,這是世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上第一個微(wei)重(zhong)力(li)(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)研究(jiu)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)計劃。從(cong)1975年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue)(yue)至1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue),NASA 共發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)9枚(mei)(mei)(mei) SPAR 火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),其中(zhong)(zhong)6枚(mei)(mei)(mei)成功,2枚(mei)(mei)(mei)失敗,1枚(mei)(mei)(mei)局部成功,共進行了(le)(le)(le)49項空(kong)(kong)間(jian)材(cai)料科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)和加(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)驗研究(jiu)。 隨著1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)(yue)“伙伴(ban)”1 號火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)首次(ci)成功發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she),NASA決定20世(shi)(shi)紀90年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)需(xu)要每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)2-4 枚(mei)(mei)(mei)類似火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),其中(zhong)(zhong)大部分為生物技術實(shi)(shi)驗,其他為空(kong)(kong)間(jian)材(cai)料科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)和加(jia)工(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi)驗。NASA 著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)項目NSROC(NASA SoundingRocket Operations Contract)從(cong)1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)始實(shi)(shi)施(shi),為其火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)研究(jiu)提供了(le)(le)(le)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)期(qi)計劃、設計、開(kai)發(fa)、集成、測(ce)試(shi)、發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)和后期(qi)分析(xi)等工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。 NSROC于(yu)2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(yue)達(da)到ISO 9000標準(zhun),平均每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)約20次(ci),涵蓋(gai)了(le)(le)(le)不同的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)測(ce)高(gao)度和科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍。
日(ri)本在(zai)火箭(jian)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)方面進行了(le)(le)(le)非(fei)常廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)研究,在(zai)大(da)氣(qi)科(ke)學(xue)、電離(li)層(ceng)(ceng)、太陽物(wu)(wu)理、天體物(wu)(wu)理以及大(da)氣(qi)氣(qi)候和預報方面取得了(le)(le)(le)許多科(ke)學(xue)成(cheng)果,并與美、英(ying)、法、西德等合作完(wan)成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)多種類型的(de)(de)(de)火箭(jian)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),進行了(le)(le)(le)獨(du)具特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)赤道區高(gao)層(ceng)(ceng)大(da)氣(qi)、電離(li)層(ceng)(ceng)和天文學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)測研究。1977年日(ri)本宇宙開發(fa)事業團(NASDA)制定了(le)(le)(le)TT-500A微(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火箭(jian)計劃。1980年9月至(zhi)1983年8月共發(fa)射(she)了(le)(le)(le)6枚(mei),均用于空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)材料加(jia)工實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),有(you)(you)19臺設(she)備進行了(le)(le)(le)飛行實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),只(zhi)有(you)(you)約(yue)一半(ban)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備獲得實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)結果。20 世紀80年代后(hou)(hou)期(qi),NASDA重(zhong)(zhong)新制定了(le)(le)(le)微(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火箭(jian)研究計劃,命名為TR-1A 的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火箭(jian)于1991年9月首次發(fa)射(she)成(cheng)功,搭載了(le)(le)(le)5種用于空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)材料科(ke)學(xue)研究和加(jia)工的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)裝置。之后(hou)(hou),又制定了(le)(le)(le)繼續發(fa)射(she) 3 枚(mei)TR-1A 微(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火箭(jian)計劃。2003 年10月,為了(le)(le)(le)提高(gao)日(ri)本的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)研究水平(ping),日(ri)本宇宙航空(kong)(kong)研究開發(fa)機構(gou)(JAXA)重(zhong)(zhong)組完(wan)成(cheng),所屬ISAS繼續用探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火箭(jian)等獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)手段提高(gao)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)科(ke)學(xue)研究水平(ping)。JAXA 目前(qian)使用的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)空(kong)(kong)火箭(jian)系列有(you)(you)S-310、S-520 和 SS-520。
歐(ou)洲空間局(ESA)將微(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)力科(ke)(ke)學實(shi)驗研(yan)(yan)究作(zuo)為(wei)主要任務之一(yi),制(zhi)定了全面的發展研(yan)(yan)究計(ji)(ji)劃,包括用探(tan)(tan)(tan)空火(huo)箭(jian)進行(xing)微(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)力實(shi)驗研(yan)(yan)究,1990-1996年(nian)間,每年(nian)發射1枚(mei)長(chang)時間探(tan)(tan)(tan)空火(huo)箭(jian),4枚(mei)短時間探(tan)(tan)(tan)空火(huo)箭(jian)。在德國(guo)政府2001年(nian)5月批準(zhun)的新航天計(ji)(ji)劃中(zhong)(zhong),用于(yu)微(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)力實(shi)驗的探(tan)(tan)(tan)空火(huo)箭(jian)為(wei)其重(zhong)(zhong)要的組(zu)成(cheng)部分(fen)。德國(guo)的兩種朗繆爾探(tan)(tan)(tan)針設備分(fen)別于(yu) 2002年(nian)和(he) 2003年(nian)搭載 NASA 的探(tan)(tan)(tan)空火(huo)箭(jian)上天。探(tan)(tan)(tan)空火(huo)箭(jian)是(shi)德國(guo)空間項目(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)的重(zhong)(zhong)要工(gong)具,主要涉(she)及空間科(ke)(ke)學、對地(di)觀測、微(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)力研(yan)(yan)究和(he)返回技術。2004年(nian)10月23日,德國(guo)宇航中(zhong)(zhong)心(DLR)研(yan)(yan)制(zhi)的VSB-30 型火(huo)箭(jian)試飛成(cheng)功,它標志著歐(ou)洲微(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)力探(tan)(tan)(tan)空火(huo)箭(jian)計(ji)(ji)劃的復興。
火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)是(shi)中國(guo)發(fa)展(zhan)航天事(shi)(shi)(shi)業的(de)起步項目之一(yi)。 中國(guo)于(yu)(yu)1958 年開(kai)始發(fa)展(zhan)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)業,在(zai)(zai)著(zhu)名科(ke)學家(jia)錢(qian)學森、趙九章、楊南生、王希季等(deng)(deng)倡導(dao)和(he)(he)領導(dao)下創建了(le)(le)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)業。在(zai)(zai)研制(zhi)發(fa)射了(le)(le)多種(zhong)(zhong)型號的(de)試驗研究(jiu)、試驗性(xing)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)基礎上,中國(guo)的(de)第(di)一(yi)枚(mei)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)1960 年9月首(shou)次發(fa)射。中國(guo)最早(zao)開(kai)展(zhan)研究(jiu)和(he)(he)利用(yong)的(de)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)氣(qi)(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)探(tan)(tan)測的(de)氣(qi)(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),研制(zhi)并發(fa)射了(le)(le)多種(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),在(zai)(zai)20世紀發(fa)射的(de)約260枚(mei)探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)中有半數以(yi)上為氣(qi)(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian),用(yong)于(yu)(yu)中層(ceng)大氣(qi)(qi)(海(hai)拔20~80公里)的(de)大氣(qi)(qi)溫度、壓力、密(mi)度、風速和(he)(he)風向(xiang)等(deng)(deng)氣(qi)(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)要(yao)素的(de)探(tan)(tan)測,在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)(qi)象(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)研究(jiu)和(he)(he)應用(yong)中取得(de)了(le)(le)豐(feng)碩(shuo)的(de)成果。另有一(yi)些(xie)取樣火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、生物(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)試驗火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。
2008年開(kai)始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國家大(da)科學工(gong)程“子午(wu)工(gong)程”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設由中(zhong)國科學院牽頭(tou),其(qi)中(zhong)由空(kong)(kong)(kong)間中(zhong)心負責建(jian)設實施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設目(mu)(mu)標是進行(xing)(xing)海南火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)射場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改造建(jian)設,以(yi)適應新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體制和(he)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)技術要求,將(jiang)為火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)事(shi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展提供有(you)利支撐,是重振中(zhong)國火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)事(shi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要一步。“子午(wu)工(gong)程”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)主要由探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)運載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)、有(you)效載(zai)荷艙(cang)、地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)遙測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)數據處理(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和(he)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)發(fa)(fa)射支持保障系(xi)(xi)統(tong)組(zu)成(cheng)。其(qi)目(mu)(mu)標是在海南建(jian)成(cheng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)聯合(he)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)大(da)氣和(he)電(dian)離(li)層(ceng)參數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合(he)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。 聯合(he)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)時,探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)設備(bei)、電(dian)離(li)層(ceng)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)設備(bei)和(he)大(da)氣觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)設備(bei)等同(tong)(tong)步工(gong)作(zuo), 其(qi)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是獲取全面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)200公里以(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間環境(jing)資料,同(tong)(tong)時進行(xing)(xing)各個(ge)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間層(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耦(ou)合(he)效應及應用研究,以(yi)期(qi)發(fa)(fa)現新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)機(ji)制和(he)規(gui)律。
2019年(nian)8月(yue),我國(guo)完成(cheng)了火箭(jian)殘(can)骸(hai)的(de)(de)精準控(kong)制,落在(zai)(zai)了設定的(de)(de)落區(qu)范(fan)圍內。這(zhe)次(ci)技術(shu)(shu)驗證(zheng)的(de)(de)成(cheng)功(gong),標(biao)志著我國(guo)成(cheng)為(wei)繼美國(guo)之后的(de)(de)第二個掌握這(zhe)項技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)國(guo)家。這(zhe)次(ci)驗證(zheng)技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)成(cheng)功(gong),柵格舵發揮了重要作(zuo)用,通過它們可(ke)以控(kong)制回收時的(de)(de)姿態,確保火箭(jian)殘(can)骸(hai)能(neng)夠落在(zai)(zai)設定的(de)(de)區(qu)域。此次(ci)技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)驗證(zheng)成(cheng)功(gong),則可(ke)以免去落區(qu)居民疏散問題,也為(wei)我國(guo)運載火箭(jian)后續助推(tui)器及(ji)子級(ji)的(de)(de)可(ke)控(kong)回收、軟(ruan)著陸(lu)、重復使用等(deng)技術(shu)(shu)奠定堅實基(ji)礎。