產內蒙古、黑龍(long)江、吉林、遼寧、貴州,陜西、湖北(bei)、湖南、安徽、河南、山東(dong)、江蘇、浙江、福建、廣(guang)東(dong)、廣(guang)西。生于(yu)山坡(po)草地、路邊、河灘、灌叢中、林緣及(ji)林下、草甸,海拔400-1700米。模式(shi)標本采自亞(ya)洲東(dong)部(bu)。在俄羅斯、朝鮮、日本也有分布。
多(duo)年生(sheng)草本,高30-60厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)。根(gen)(gen)莖(jing)平(ping)臥(wo)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)直立,短(duan)縮或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)達5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),具多(duo)數(shu)粗(cu)壯、略肉質(zhi)的須根(gen)(gen)。花(hua)(hua)枝(zhi)單生(sheng),直立,黃(huang)綠(lv)色或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)紫紅色,中空,近(jin)(jin)(jin)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),具條棱(leng),棱(leng)上(shang)(shang)(shang)具乳突,稀光(guang)滑(hua)。枝(zhi)下(xia)(xia)部葉(xie)膜(mo)質(zhi),淡紫紅色,鱗(lin)片(pian)(pian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)4-6毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)分離(li),中部以下(xia)(xia)連(lian)合成筒(tong)狀(zhuang)抱(bao)莖(jing);中、上(shang)(shang)(shang)部葉(xie)近(jin)(jin)(jin)革質(zhi),無柄(bing),卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至線(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2-7厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)2-3厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),有(you)時寬(kuan)(kuan)僅約0.4厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),愈向(xiang)莖(jing)上(shang)(shang)(shang)部葉(xie)愈小,先(xian)端(duan)(duan)急尖(jian),基部心形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣(yuan)微外卷,粗(cu)糙(cao)(cao),上(shang)(shang)(shang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)密(mi)生(sheng)極(ji)細(xi)乳突,下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)光(guang)滑(hua),葉(xie)脈3-5條,在(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)不明顯,在(zai)下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)突起(qi),粗(cu)糙(cao)(cao)。花(hua)(hua)多(duo)數(shu),簇生(sheng)枝(zhi)頂(ding)和葉(xie)腋;無花(hua)(hua)梗;每朵花(hua)(hua)下(xia)(xia)具2個(ge)苞片(pian)(pian),苞片(pian)(pian)披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)線(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),與花(hua)(hua)萼(e)(e)近(jin)(jin)(jin)等長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2-2.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)萼(e)(e)筒(tong)倒錐狀(zhuang)筒(tong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)寬(kuan)(kuan)筒(tong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)10-12毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)常(chang)外反或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)開展,不整(zheng)齊,線(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)線(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)8-10毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)急尖(jian),邊緣(yuan)粗(cu)糙(cao)(cao),中脈在(zai)背面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)突起(qi),彎缺截形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);花(hua)(hua)冠(guan)藍紫色,有(you)時喉部具多(duo)數(shu)黃(huang)綠(lv)色斑點,筒(tong)狀(zhuang)鐘形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)4-5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)7-9毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)有(you)尾尖(jian),全緣(yuan),褶偏斜,狹(xia)(xia)三(san)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)急尖(jian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)2淺裂(lie)(lie);雄蕊(rui)著生(sheng)冠(guan)筒(tong)中部,整(zheng)齊,花(hua)(hua)絲鉆形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)9-12毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)藥狹(xia)(xia)矩圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3.5-4.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。子(zi)房狹(xia)(xia)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.2-1.4厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)漸狹(xia)(xia)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)基部鈍,柄(bing)粗(cu),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)0.9-1.1厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)短(duan)連(lian)柱(zhu)頭長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),柱(zhu)頭2裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)矩圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。蒴果內藏(zang),寬(kuan)(kuan)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2-2.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)鈍,柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)至1.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi);種子(zi)褐色,有(you)光(guang)澤,線(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)紡錘形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.8-2.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)具增粗(cu)的網紋(wen),兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)具寬(kuan)(kuan)翅(chi)。花(hua)(hua)果期5-11月。
選擇輕黏土、腐質(zhi)土為好,不易高燥和陽光直射強烈(lie)的地區栽培(pei)。地整好后,翻(fan)耕(geng),施農家肥(fei)。
龍膽幼苗生長緩慢(man),生長年(nian)限長。苗期(qi)應及(ji)時除(chu)草(cao),春(chun)季(ji)干旱時應灌水,雨(yu)季(ji)注意排水。花期(qi)追肥,如不留(liu)種,8月花蕾形成時應摘蕾,以增加(jia)根的產(chan)量。植株枯萎后清(qing)除(chu)殘莖,再在畦面上蓋3~5厘米(mi)糞土,以保護越冬芽安全過冬。
褐(he)斑病、斑枯病、花蕾蠅(ying)等可用(yong)常(chang)規方(fang)法防治(zhi)。
(1)種子繁殖
龍膽種子(zi)細小(xiao),千粒重(zhong)約(yue)24毫克,萌發要求較高的溫(wen)濕(shi)(shi)環境(jing)和(he)光(guang)照條件。25℃左右7天開始萌發,幼苗(miao)期(qi)生(sheng)長緩(huan)慢,喜弱光(guang),忌強光(guang)。生(sheng)產上種子(zi)繁殖保苗(miao)有一定(ding)的難度。一定(ding)要精耕細作,加強苗(miao)期(qi)管(guan)理,保持苗(miao)床濕(shi)(shi)潤,用葦(wei)簾(lian)遮光(guang)。
(2)分很繁殖法
秋季挖出地(di)下根(gen)及根(gen)莖部分,注意不要損傷冬芽,將根(gen)莖切(qie)成三(san)節以(yi)上段,連同須根(gen)埋入土(tu)(tu)里,覆土(tu)(tu),保持土(tu)(tu)壤濕潤,第二年即可長成新株。
(3)扦插繁殖
花芽分化(hua)前(qian)剪取成年植株枝條,每三節為插穗,剪除(chu)下部葉片,插于事先準備好的扦插苗床上,立即澆(jiao)水,土溫(wen)18~28℃約3周可生(sheng)根,成活率和達80%左右。
抗菌
藍玉簪龍膽提(ti)取物對(dui)(dui)耐甲氧西(xi)林金(jin)黃(huang)色(se)葡萄球菌(jun)(jun)( MRSA) 和甲氧西(xi)林敏感金(jin)黃(huang)色(se)葡萄球菌(jun)(jun)( MSSA) 均具有(you)一定(ding)的(de)抗菌(jun)(jun)作用,對(dui)(dui) MRSA 感染小(xiao)鼠也有(you)一定(ding)治療作用。高山龍膽乙酸乙酯分(fen)離部位對(dui)(dui)大腸桿(gan)菌(jun)(jun)、金(jin)黃(huang)色(se)葡萄球菌(jun)(jun)、肺炎(yan)鏈球菌(jun)(jun)、綠膿桿(gan)菌(jun)(jun)、地衣芽孢桿(gan)菌(jun)(jun)等 5 種菌(jun)(jun)有(you)較好地抑菌(jun)(jun)活性。
對呼吸系統的影響
藍(lan)玉(yu)簪龍膽提取(qu)(qu)物(wu)(wu)對(dui)治療(liao)慢性支氣(qi)(qi)管炎小(xiao)鼠有一定(ding)作用(yong),其活(huo)性成分(fen)在乙酸乙酯、正(zheng)丁醇(chun)提取(qu)(qu)物(wu)(wu)中含量較(jiao)高。侯穎等(deng)(deng)認為藍(lan)玉(yu)簪顆(ke)粒可對(dui)抗氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)損傷,增強機體抗氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)酶的(de)活(huo)力,調節(jie)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua),抗氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)平衡,從而治療(liao)慢性支氣(qi)(qi)管炎。張力江等(deng)(deng)研究(jiu)發現,藍(lan)玉(yu)簪顆(ke)粒能(neng)抑制慢性哮喘小(xiao)鼠氣(qi)(qi)道(dao)炎癥及氣(qi)(qi)道(dao)重建,其機制可能(neng)與抑制 TGF-β1的(de)表達有關。
抗病毒
藍玉簪龍膽水煎液及正丁醇、乙酸(suan)乙酯、氯仿提取液在(zai)體內外均有抑制(zhi)呼吸道(dao)合(he)胞病毒( RSV) 的作用。
抗肝纖維化
藍玉簪龍膽(dan)具(ju)有(you)預防 DMN 誘(you)導的(de)肝纖維化的(de)作用(yong)(yong),這可能與它調(diao)節體(ti)內的(de)脂質過氧(yang)化,抑制肝星狀細胞(bao)( HSC) 活(huo)化作用(yong)(yong)有(you)關。
抗腫瘤
高山龍膽(dan)中化合物3-雁齒烯、Arborinone、Boehmerol、胡(hu) 蘿 卜 苷、3β-乙(yi) 酰 氧(yang) 基(ji)-28-羥(qian) 基(ji)-12-烯-烏蘇烷和當藥黃素對人(ren)子(zi)宮頸(jing)癌(ai) HeLa 細(xi)胞均有不同程度的抗腫瘤活性(xing)。
龍(long)(long)(long)膽(dan)(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)語和(he)象征代表(biao)意義:喜歡(huan)看憂(you)傷時的(de)(de)你(ni)。龍(long)(long)(long)膽(dan)(dan),因(yin)為(wei)它(ta)的(de)(de)根像龍(long)(long)(long)膽(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)苦(ku),所(suo)以(yi)才(cai)有(you)這樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)名字。不(bu)知道是不(bu)是因(yin)為(wei)他的(de)(de)味(wei)苦(ku)的(de)(de)原因(yin)才(cai)有(you)了(le)這種(zhong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)語呢(ni)?因(yin)為(wei)苦(ku)就會憂(you)傷嘛。不(bu)苦(ku)何(he)來憂(you)傷呢(ni)?但是,現實中的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)膽(dan)(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)卻是很漂(piao)亮的(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)懸崖上,數不(bu)清(qing)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)膽(dan)(dan)你(ni)挨著我,我擠著你(ni),爬(pa)滿了(le)山坡(po)上、草叢間、石巖縫中…… 在(zai)(zai)發達的(de)(de)根系(xi)上抽出(chu)嫩芽(ya),發出(chu)細莖,一(yi)(yi)對(dui)對(dui)葉子(zi)冒出(chu)展開,把(ba)山崖染得格(ge)外(wai)漂(piao)亮。龍(long)(long)(long)膽(dan)(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)長在(zai)(zai)遠離喧(xuan)囂市鎮,空氣清(qing)純(chun)的(de)(de)世界中,它(ta)本身(shen)似乎也顯(xian)得那(nei)么高潔,一(yi)(yi)塵(chen)不(bu)染。那(nei)獨有(you)的(de)(de)藍色,分明就是燃燒不(bu)熄的(de)(de)人,給人們帶(dai)來一(yi)(yi)股深(shen)深(shen)的(de)(de)暖意;分明就是放蕩(dang)不(bu)羈的(de)(de)精靈的(de)(de)召喚,給人們送去一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)啟迪,一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)感悟(wu)。