芒果视频下载

基本介紹

順化皇(huang)城是(shi)越南阮氏王朝的(de)皇(huang)宮(gong)，位于古都順化，是(shi)越南現存較(jiao)大而(er)較(jiao)完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)古建筑群(qun)，代表了(le)越南古代建筑藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)較(jiao)高成就。其建筑樣(yang)式基本仿照北京城和北京故宮(gong)。皇(huang)城為方形，有4個(ge)城門。四周有護城河，宮(gong)城、皇(huang)城與京城的(de)職(zhi)能劃分也效仿北京。

皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)殿(dian)黃瓦白(bai)墻，門前(qian)立有(you)(you)"正(zheng)大光明"牌坊。屋檐四角雕(diao)刻有(you)(you)龍(long)形飛檐，漢白(bai)玉(yu)石柱(zhu)上(shang)亦刻有(you)(you)蛟(jiao)龍(long)。正(zheng)殿(dian)內有(you)(you)數十個(ge)漆紅大柱(zhu)，柱(zhu)子上(shang)繪有(you)(you)金色龍(long)騰圖案。此(ci)外(wai)，皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)中還供有(you)(you)一(yi)尊巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)彌勒佛，罩在(zai)一(yi)個(ge)八角形的(de)(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)璃罩下，時常有(you)(you)人打(da)掃、供奉。古(gu)(gu)(gu)越南(nan)王(wang)朝選擇順化(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)作為自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)首都(dou)并且進行了(le)長(chang)達(da)一(yi)個(ge)半世(shi)紀的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)，那里遺(yi)(yi)留下了(le)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)。其中包括了(le)大量壯麗(li)又(you)極(ji)其豪華的(de)(de)(de)(de)宮殿(dian)、陵墓、堡壘、城(cheng)(cheng)墻、廟宇和(he)其他重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)。更令人贊嘆的(de)(de)(de)(de)是其無形的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)產，如寶貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)精神源泉、古(gu)(gu)(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)風俗習(xi)慣(guan)、節(jie)日、藝術(shu)和(he)傳統手工(gong)藝品。這些一(yi)代(dai)又(you)一(yi)代(dai)努力(li)(li)建(jian)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)就如順化(hua)(hua)皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)獨一(yi)無二的(de)(de)(de)(de)地位一(yi)般，給予這座古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)以顯著(zhu)和(he)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)富。然而，這一(yi)浪漫的(de)(de)(de)(de)地區卻長(chang)久以來遭(zao)到許(xu)多戰爭、環境和(he)氣候的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。因此(ci)，順化(hua)(hua)皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)筑(zhu)群一(yi)度(du)遭(zao)受了(le)嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)損害。順化(hua)(hua)皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)于1993年被列入世(shi)界文化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產名錄(lu)。他們(men)對順化(hua)(hua)是這樣評價的(de)(de)(de)(de)："順化(hua)(hua)皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)作為防御性都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)，是都(dou)市和(he)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)例子。在(zai)輝煌的(de)(de)(de)(de)20世(shi)紀它向我(wo)們(men)展(zhan)示(shi)了(le)越南(nan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)封建(jian)王(wang)朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)大力(li)(li)量。

建設沿革

皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于18 世紀初葉建(jian)(jian)筑宮殿(dian)(dian)，阮(ruan)朝嘉隆四年(nian)（公(gong)元1805 年(nian)）開始大規(gui)模(mo)擴建(jian)(jian)整修，建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)現(xian)存(cun)規(gui)模(mo)歷經數(shu)十年(nian)。整體(ti)建(jian)(jian)筑大致呈(cheng)坐北朝南方向，建(jian)(jian)筑式(shi)樣基本上是(shi)(shi)(shi)仿(fang)照北京的(de)(de)紫禁城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（故宮）建(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de)。環繞皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)外層城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)，也(ye)(ye)叫(jiao)京城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)法國式(shi)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑式(shi)樣。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)呈(cheng)正(zheng)方形，周長9950 米(mi)，周圍有(you)(you)(you)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)。護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)寬22.8 米(mi)，深4 米(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻全部用(yong)磚(zhuan)砌(qi)成(cheng)，高(gao)8 米(mi)，厚達20 米(mi)，還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)10 座(zuo)(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)，每座(zuo)(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)高(gao)約16 米(mi)。皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)正(zheng)方形，四周也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻每邊長500 多米(mi)，有(you)(you)(you)4 座(zuo)(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)，前(qian)門(men)(men)為午(wu)門(men)(men)，后門(men)(men)為和平(ping)門(men)(men)，左門(men)(men)稱顯仁門(men)(men)，右門(men)(men)叫(jiao)彰德門(men)(men)。午(wu)門(men)(men)內有(you)(you)(you)石砌(qi)的(de)(de)寬大廣場，即大朝儀(yi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)朝庭舉行重大慶(qing)典(dian)活動的(de)(de)場所。皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內宮殿(dian)(dian)崔嵬，主(zhu)要有(you)(you)(you)太和殿(dian)(dian)、勤(qin)政殿(dian)(dian)、文明殿(dian)(dian)、光明殿(dian)(dian)、延壽宮以及御醫院等，在(zai)午(wu)門(men)(men)前(qian)，還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)一座(zuo)(zuo)封建(jian)(jian)王朝舉行慶(qing)典(dian)時掛旗(qi)用(yong)的(de)(de)旗(qi)臺。

旗臺(tai)建于阮朝嘉(jia)隆八年（公元(yuan)1809 年），正面與御屏山(shan)遙遙相對，分(fen)3層，下層高5.60 米，中層高5.80 米，上層高6 米。旗桿最初是木制(zhi)，分(fen)成2 段，高29.50 米，曾經數(shu)次折斷，于成泰十(shi)六年（公元(yuan)1904 年）換成鋼筒。

在(zai)1947 年(nian)(nian)戰爭(zheng)中(zhong)旗(qi)桿(gan)又一次被毀，第二年(nian)(nian)用鋼筋混凝土接合(he)而成，分3 段，高57 米。有(you)慶(qing)典活動時(shi)，旗(qi)臺(tai)用作(zuo)升(sheng)掛旗(qi)幟，平(ping)時(shi)就作(zuo)為瞭望(wang)臺(tai)。旗(qi)臺(tai)巍峨(e)壯(zhuang)觀，高聳入云，在(zai)數十(shi)里之外都(dou)能(neng)看見。太和(he)殿(dian)(dian)建(jian)于(yu)1805 年(nian)(nian)（嘉(jia)隆年(nian)(nian)間），明命五年(nian)(nian)（公元1824 年(nian)(nian)）重修，20世(shi)紀(ji)初葉(xie)（啟定年(nian)(nian)間）大修。大殿(dian)(dian)7 開門，殿(dian)(dian)基高2 米，殿(dian)(dian)前(qian)有(you)清(qing)化石(shi)砌成的(de)石(shi)臺(tai)，分兩級，分別為一至(zhi)九品文(wen)武(wu)百官上(shang)朝(chao)時(shi)站立的(de)地方。殿(dian)(dian)內朱大柱(zhu)，花石(shi)地板(ban)。勤(qin)政(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)和(he)文(wen)明殿(dian)(dian)以前(qian)是朝(chao)議場所，勤(qin)政(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)還是皇(huang)帝接見外國使者(zhe)的(de)地方。

皇城里還建有(you)專(zhuan)為奉祀阮朝歷代皇帝(di)的宮殿式廟(miao)(miao)(miao)宇。如太廟(miao)(miao)(miao)、世(shi)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)、興廟(miao)(miao)(miao)等。在世(shi)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)前面有(you)9 個(ge)銅鼎，人稱(cheng)“九(jiu)鼎”，鼎上都刻著先王的謐號。九(jiu)鼎于1835 年明命年間制造(zao)，除(chu)刻有(you)先王謐號外，還刻有(you)越南山水、人物等圖飾。

皇(huang)(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)中還建有(you)一個(ge)專門為皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)、后妃居(ju)住(zhu)的紫禁城(cheng)(cheng)，是(shi)不規則的四邊形，城(cheng)(cheng)墻每邊長200 到(dao)300 米(mi)，厚1 米(mi)，高約4 米(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)墻上有(you)7 座門，里面的乾(qian)城(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)是(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)的居(ju)所，養心殿(dian)(dian)是(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)讀書的地方。皇(huang)(huang)(huang)后住(zhu)坤泰殿(dian)(dian)，東宮(gong)太子住(zhu)光明殿(dian)(dian)，皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太后住(zhu)延壽宮(gong)，嬪妃們住(zhu)端(duan)(duan)順院、端(duan)(duan)和(he)院、端(duan)(duan)徵院、端(duan)(duan)莊院和(he)端(duan)(duan)祥院，這里還有(you)御廚、御醫院、戲院“閱(yue)視堂”、侍衛房(fang)等。

皇城(cheng)在抗法、抗美(mei)戰爭中(zhong)，很多建筑遭到破壞，后來均按原樣(yang)逐步(bu)修復。