順化皇城(cheng)(cheng)是越南(nan)阮氏王朝的皇宮(gong)(gong),位于古都(dou)順化,是越南(nan)現存較大而較完整的古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群,代表了越南(nan)古代建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)藝術的較高成就。其建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)樣式基本(ben)仿照(zhao)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)和北(bei)(bei)京(jing)故宮(gong)(gong)。皇城(cheng)(cheng)為方形,有(you)4個城(cheng)(cheng)門。四周(zhou)有(you)護城(cheng)(cheng)河,宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)、皇城(cheng)(cheng)與京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)的職(zhi)能劃分也效仿北(bei)(bei)京(jing)。
皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)殿黃瓦白墻,門(men)前(qian)立(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)"正(zheng)(zheng)大(da)(da)光明(ming)"牌坊。屋檐四(si)角(jiao)雕刻(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)龍(long)形飛檐,漢(han)白玉(yu)石柱(zhu)上(shang)亦刻(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)蛟龍(long)。正(zheng)(zheng)殿內有(you)(you)(you)(you)數十個(ge)漆紅大(da)(da)柱(zhu),柱(zhu)子上(shang)繪有(you)(you)(you)(you)金色龍(long)騰(teng)圖案。此外,皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中還供有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)尊巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彌(mi)勒佛,罩在一(yi)(yi)個(ge)八角(jiao)形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玻璃罩下,時常有(you)(you)(you)(you)人打掃、供奉。古越南王朝選擇順(shun)化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作為(wei)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首都并且進行了長(chang)達(da)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)半世(shi)(shi)紀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設,那里遺留下了豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古代(dai)建(jian)(jian)筑。其中包括了大(da)(da)量(liang)壯(zhuang)麗又極(ji)其豪華的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宮殿、陵(ling)墓、堡壘、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻、廟宇和(he)其他重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古建(jian)(jian)筑。更令人贊嘆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)其無形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺產,如寶貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)源(yuan)泉、古老的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風俗習慣、節日、藝(yi)術和(he)傳統手工藝(yi)品。這(zhe)(zhe)些一(yi)(yi)代(dai)又一(yi)(yi)代(dai)努力建(jian)(jian)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)就(jiu)如順(shun)化(hua)皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)獨(du)一(yi)(yi)無二的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位一(yi)(yi)般,給予這(zhe)(zhe)座(zuo)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)以顯著和(he)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財富。然而,這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)浪漫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區卻長(chang)久以來遭(zao)到許多戰爭(zheng)、環境(jing)和(he)氣候的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。因此,順(shun)化(hua)皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)筑群一(yi)(yi)度遭(zao)受了嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損害。順(shun)化(hua)皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于1993年被列入世(shi)(shi)界文化(hua)遺產名錄。他們(men)對順(shun)化(hua)是(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣評價的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de):"順(shun)化(hua)皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作為(wei)防(fang)御性都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),是(shi)都市和(he)建(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型例子。在輝煌(huang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)20世(shi)(shi)紀它向我們(men)展(zhan)示了越南古封建(jian)(jian)王朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強大(da)(da)力量(liang)。
皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于18 世紀初(chu)葉建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)宮殿(dian),阮(ruan)朝(chao)嘉(jia)隆四年(公(gong)元1805 年)開(kai)始大(da)規模擴建(jian)(jian)整修,建(jian)(jian)成現(xian)存規模歷經數十年。整體建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)大(da)致呈(cheng)坐(zuo)北朝(chao)南方向,建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)式(shi)樣基本(ben)上是(shi)仿照北京(jing)的(de)(de)(de)紫禁城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(故(gu)宮)建(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)。環(huan)繞皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)層城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi),也(ye)叫京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),則是(shi)法國式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)式(shi)樣。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)呈(cheng)正方形,周(zhou)長9950 米(mi),周(zhou)圍有(you)(you)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)(he)。護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)(he)寬(kuan)22.8 米(mi),深4 米(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)全部用磚砌成,高8 米(mi),厚達20 米(mi),還有(you)(you)10 座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men),每(mei)座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)高約(yue)16 米(mi)。皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)是(shi)正方形,四周(zhou)也(ye)有(you)(you)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)(he),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)每(mei)邊長500 多米(mi),有(you)(you)4 座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men),前門(men)(men)為午(wu)門(men)(men),后門(men)(men)為和(he)平門(men)(men),左門(men)(men)稱顯(xian)仁門(men)(men),右門(men)(men)叫彰德門(men)(men)。午(wu)門(men)(men)內(nei)有(you)(you)石砌的(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)大(da)廣場(chang),即大(da)朝(chao)儀,是(shi)朝(chao)庭舉(ju)行(xing)重(zhong)大(da)慶典(dian)活動的(de)(de)(de)場(chang)所(suo)。皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)宮殿(dian)崔嵬,主要有(you)(you)太和(he)殿(dian)、勤(qin)政殿(dian)、文明殿(dian)、光明殿(dian)、延壽宮以(yi)及御醫院等,在午(wu)門(men)(men)前,還有(you)(you)一座封建(jian)(jian)王朝(chao)舉(ju)行(xing)慶典(dian)時掛旗用的(de)(de)(de)旗臺(tai)。
旗臺建于阮朝嘉隆八(ba)年(nian)(公元(yuan)1809 年(nian)),正面與御(yu)屏山遙遙相對,分(fen)3層(ceng),下層(ceng)高5.60 米(mi)(mi),中層(ceng)高5.80 米(mi)(mi),上層(ceng)高6 米(mi)(mi)。旗桿(gan)最初是木制,分(fen)成(cheng)(cheng)2 段,高29.50 米(mi)(mi),曾經(jing)數次折斷,于成(cheng)(cheng)泰十六年(nian)(公元(yuan)1904 年(nian))換成(cheng)(cheng)鋼(gang)筒。
在1947 年(nian)(nian)戰爭中旗桿(gan)又(you)一次被毀,第二年(nian)(nian)用(yong)鋼筋混凝土(tu)接合而成(cheng),分(fen)3 段,高(gao)57 米(mi)。有(you)慶典(dian)活動時(shi)(shi),旗臺(tai)用(yong)作升(sheng)掛旗幟,平(ping)時(shi)(shi)就作為瞭望臺(tai)。旗臺(tai)巍峨壯觀,高(gao)聳入云,在數十里之外都能看(kan)見(jian)。太(tai)和(he)(he)殿(dian)建于1805 年(nian)(nian)(嘉隆年(nian)(nian)間),明命五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元1824 年(nian)(nian))重修,20世紀初葉(啟定年(nian)(nian)間)大修。大殿(dian)7 開門,殿(dian)基(ji)高(gao)2 米(mi),殿(dian)前(qian)(qian)有(you)清化石(shi)(shi)砌成(cheng)的(de)石(shi)(shi)臺(tai),分(fen)兩級,分(fen)別為一至九品文(wen)(wen)武(wu)百官上朝時(shi)(shi)站立的(de)地(di)方。殿(dian)內朱大柱,花(hua)石(shi)(shi)地(di)板。勤政(zheng)殿(dian)和(he)(he)文(wen)(wen)明殿(dian)以前(qian)(qian)是朝議場所(suo),勤政(zheng)殿(dian)還是皇帝接見(jian)外國使者的(de)地(di)方。
皇城里還(huan)建有專為奉祀(si)阮朝歷代皇帝(di)的宮殿式廟宇。如(ru)太(tai)廟、世廟、興廟等(deng)。在(zai)世廟前面(mian)有9 個銅鼎,人稱“九(jiu)鼎”,鼎上都刻(ke)(ke)著先(xian)王(wang)的謐(mi)號。九(jiu)鼎于1835 年明命年間制造(zao),除刻(ke)(ke)有先(xian)王(wang)謐(mi)號外(wai),還(huan)刻(ke)(ke)有越(yue)南(nan)山水(shui)、人物等(deng)圖飾。
皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)還建有一個專(zhuan)門為皇(huang)(huang)帝、后(hou)妃居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)的(de)(de)紫(zi)禁(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),是不規則的(de)(de)四邊形,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)每(mei)邊長200 到(dao)300 米(mi),厚1 米(mi),高(gao)約4 米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)上有7 座門,里面的(de)(de)乾城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)是皇(huang)(huang)帝的(de)(de)居(ju)(ju)所(suo),養(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)是皇(huang)(huang)帝讀書的(de)(de)地方。皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)住(zhu)坤泰殿(dian)(dian),東宮太子住(zhu)光明殿(dian)(dian),皇(huang)(huang)太后(hou)住(zhu)延壽宮,嬪妃們住(zhu)端順院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、端和院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、端徵院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、端莊院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和端祥(xiang)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),這里還有御廚、御醫院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、戲院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)“閱視(shi)堂”、侍衛房等。
皇(huang)城在抗法、抗美戰爭中,很多建(jian)筑遭到破壞(huai),后來均按(an)原樣逐(zhu)步修復(fu)。