五星出東方利(li)中(zhong)國(guo),漢代織錦護臂,為(wei)國(guo)家一(yi)級文(wen)物(wu),中(zhong)國(guo)首批禁(jin)止出國(guo)(境)展覽文(wen)物(wu)。被譽為(wei)20世(shi)紀(ji)中(zhong)國(guo)考古學最偉大的發現之一(yi)。1995年10月,中(zhong)日尼雅(ya)遺址學術考察隊成員(yuan)在(zai)新(xin)疆和田(tian)地(di)區民豐(feng)縣尼雅(ya)遺址一(yi)處(chu)古墓中(zhong)發現該織錦。收藏于新(xin)疆博(bo)物(wu)館。
該織錦(jin)呈圓(yuan)角長方(fang)形,長18.5厘(li)米,寬12.5厘(li)米,用“五星出東方(fang)利(li)中(zhong)國(guo)”織錦(jin)為面料,邊(bian)上用白(bai)絹鑲(xiang)邊(bian),兩個(ge)長邊(bian)上各縫綴有3條長約21厘(li)米、寬1.5厘(li)米的白(bai)色絹帶,其中(zhong)3條殘(can)斷。織有八個(ge)篆體(ti)漢(han)字:“五星出東方(fang)利(li)中(zhong)國(guo)”。
通過“五星(xing)聚(ju)會”研究,科學(xue)家們(men)推(tui)算出2040年9月(yue)9日將會出現罕見的(de)五星(xing)聚(ju)會天文奇觀。
1995年10月,中國—日本尼雅遺(yi)址學術考(kao)察隊成(cheng)員在新疆(jiang)和田(tian)地區民豐(feng)縣尼雅遺(yi)址一(yi)(yi)處墓地上進(jin)行例(li)行考(kao)古挖掘,然而幾個(ge)月來(lai),他們在尼雅遺(yi)址上的(de)(de)挖掘一(yi)(yi)直沒有什么(me)新的(de)(de)發(fa)現。
就在(zai)失(shi)望中,考古(gu)人員(yuan)挖(wa)開了(le)一(yi)座古(gu)墓。這是(shi)一(yi)個兩人合葬(zang)墓。合葬(zang)的兩人身上穿著(zhu)(zhu)許多衣物(wu),最顯(xian)眼(yan)的是(shi),其中一(yi)具尸體的右臂上綁著(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)個色彩鮮艷(yan)的織錦。織錦色彩絢爛,文字激(ji)揚(yang),紋樣詭秘,意蘊神奇,立刻吸引了(le)所(suo)有人的眼(yan)光。
沒有經過太(tai)多的辨認,考(kao)古人員(yuan)就看出織錦(jin)上織的文字:五(wu)星(xing)出東方利中國(guo)。
五(wu)星出東方(fang)利中國除(chu)去文(wen)字之(zhi)外,還有用鮮(xian)艷的(de)白、赤、黃、綠四色在青地(di)上(shang)織出的(de)漢(han)式典型的(de)圖案:云(yun)氣紋、鳥獸、辟邪和代表日月的(de)紅(hong)白圓形紋,方(fang)寸不大內涵豐富。
此護(hu)膊面積不大,長18.5厘(li)(li)米(mi),寬12.5厘(li)(li)米(mi),經密(mi)為(wei)2200根(gen)/10厘(li)(li)米(mi),緯密(mi)240根(gen)/10厘(li)(li)米(mi),經向花紋循環(huan)7.4厘(li)(li)米(mi)。
織錦(jin)的(de)(de)右側(ce)保留著幅邊。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)樣從右側(ce)開(kai)始(shi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)對牝(pin)牡珍禽,雄鳥站(zhan)在(zai)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)低部(bu),昂首挺立。它的(de)(de)頭頂是(shi)篆(zhuan)體“五”字(zi)(zi),胸(xiong)部(bu)左(zuo)(zuo)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)上(shang)懸(xuan)(xuan)掛著一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)茱(zhu)萸(yu)花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。雌鳥站(zhan)在(zai)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)上(shang)垂首面向雄鳥,其頸(jing)上(shang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)白色圓(yuan)形(xing)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)象(xiang)征“太陰”,背上(shang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)“星”字(zi)(zi),尾部(bu)下(xia)(xia)方(fang)(fang)(fang)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)茱(zhu)萸(yu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。與“星”字(zi)(zi)間隔一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)茱(zhu)萸(yu)花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)是(shi)“出(chu)”字(zi)(zi)。“東”字(zi)(zi)在(zai)兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)間隙之上(shang)。“東”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)左(zuo)(zuo)下(xia)(xia)方(fang)(fang)(fang)、一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)之上(shang)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)紅(hong)色圓(yuan)形(xing)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)象(xiang)征“太陽”。“太陽”左(zuo)(zuo)下(xia)(xia)側(ce)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)倒懸(xuan)(xuan)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)凹進處(chu),有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)張口伸(shen)舌,昂首嗥(hao)叫的(de)(de)獨(du)角瑞獸,尾部(bu)下(xia)(xia)垂,背上(shang)長有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)翅膀(bang),可能是(shi)“辟邪”。獸角上(shang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)上(shang)端是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)“方(fang)(fang)(fang)”字(zi)(zi)。“利”字(zi)(zi)隔著一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)云(yun)(yun)端在(zai)“方(fang)(fang)(fang)”字(zi)(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)。“利”字(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)方(fang)(fang)(fang)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)左(zuo)(zuo)側(ce)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)身著豎條斑紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、豹眼圓(yuan)睜的(de)(de)虎(hu)形(xing)動物,后右足踩在(zai)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)上(shang),舉步向右行,尾部(bu)高聳,剛勁有(you)(you)力。其尾部(bu)右側(ce)是(shi)“中”字(zi)(zi),左(zuo)(zuo)側(ce)是(shi)“國”字(zi)(zi)。
“五(wu)星(xing)(xing)出東(dong)(dong)方利(li)中國”八字出自西(xi)漢史學家司馬(ma)遷的(de)《史記·天(tian)(tian)官書(shu)(shu)》“五(wu)星(xing)(xing)分(fen)天(tian)(tian)之中,積(ji)于(yu)(yu)東(dong)(dong)方,中國利(li);積(ji)于(yu)(yu)西(xi)方,外國用(兵)者(zhe)利(li)。五(wu)星(xing)(xing)皆從辰星(xing)(xing)而聚于(yu)(yu)一舍,其所舍之國可以法致天(tian)(tian)下。”古(gu)代的(de)“五(wu)星(xing)(xing)”指(zhi)歲星(xing)(xing)、熒惑星(xing)(xing)、填星(xing)(xing)、太白星(xing)(xing)和辰星(xing)(xing)。天(tian)(tian)地回(hui)轉,日月流逝,五(wu)星(xing)(xing)難以聚合。然而,漢元年十月,五(wu)星(xing)(xing)聚于(yu)(yu)東(dong)(dong)井,這在(zai)《天(tian)(tian)宮書(shu)(shu)》、《漢書(shu)(shu)》、《張耳傳》、《漢紀》均(jun)有記載。
此漢(han)錦采用的(de)(de)青赤(chi)黃(huang)(huang)白(bai)(bai)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)五色(se),皆為秦漢(han)以(yi)(yi)來發展廣泛的(de)(de)植物染(ran)料所得。五色(se)應(ying)(ying)為“青赤(chi)黃(huang)(huang)白(bai)(bai)黑(hei)”,而(er)該(gai)(gai)錦用色(se)為“青赤(chi)黃(huang)(huang)白(bai)(bai)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)”,其中綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)應(ying)(ying)為黑(hei),這里用了(le)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se),可能(neng)黑(hei)色(se)不夠亮麗而(er)以(yi)(yi)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)替而(er)代之。五色(se)的(de)(de)“青赤(chi)黃(huang)(huang)白(bai)(bai)黑(hei)”分(fen)別(bie)與五星的(de)(de)“歲星、熒惑星、填星、太白(bai)(bai)星和(he)辰星”一一相對應(ying)(ying)。古人能(neng)在一塊方寸不大的(de)(de)織錦上(shang)把陰陽五行學說表(biao)現得如此淋漓酣暢,實屬罕見。該(gai)(gai)錦的(de)(de)織造工(gong)藝非常復雜,為漢(han)式織錦最(zui)高技術的(de)(de)代表(biao)。
中(zhong)(zhong)國古代關注天(tian)(tian)象的(de)歷(li)史(shi)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)國文(wen)(wen)明本身的(de)歷(li)史(shi)一樣悠久,由(you)于在古代中(zhong)(zhong)國星(xing)占學和(he)歷(li)法天(tian)(tian)文(wen)(wen)學是(shi)由(you)皇(huang)家史(shi)官專門掌管,而且(qie)(qie)王朝對歷(li)法和(he)天(tian)(tian)象擁有著絕對的(de)解(jie)釋權,私自論及秘密的(de)“天(tian)(tian)文(wen)(wen)歷(li)算”者是(shi)要處以極刑的(de),所以,能夠使用這些(xie)星(xing)占用辭(ci),并且(qie)(qie)敢將其作為織錦(jin)上的(de)一句吉祥語,明示(shi)了(le)這件織錦(jin)是(shi)皇(huang)家官府(織室)專門織造的(de)。與“五(wu)星(xing)”織錦(jin)制品同時還(huan)出土了(le)一件“討(tao)南(nan)羌”織錦(jin)殘片,是(shi)從與“五(wu)星(xing)”錦(jin)相同的(de)錦(jin)料(liao)上裁剪下來的(de)一部分,根據(ju)對具(ju)體史(shi)實的(de)研究和(he)圖案的(de)綴合(he)分析顯示(shi),織文(wen)(wen)可以連續為“五(wu)星(xing)出東方利中(zhong)(zhong)國討(tao)南(nan)羌……”。
這(zhe)句織(zhi)錦文(wen)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng),無(wu)疑是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)王朝為了祝祈政治(zhi)上(shang)軍事上(shang)順利(li)(li)和(he)成(cheng)功,而將天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)象占(zhan)辭與(yu)“討南(nan)羌”結合(he)起(qi)來,以圖祥瑞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際(ji)見證。在(zai)其(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)織(zhi)錦上(shang),還(huan)見有類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容,如“琦瑋并出(chu)(chu)(chu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)大(da)昌四夷服誅南(nan)羌樂安定與(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)無(wu)疆”等(deng)。與(yu)這(zhe)條吉祥語(yu)可能有聯(lian)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史事,是(shi)(shi)《漢書(shu)·趙充國(guo)傳》記載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)漢王朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)次討伐西(xi)羌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)爭(zheng),漢宣帝曾將“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)(chu)(chu)東方(fang)利(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)”星(xing)(xing)(xing)占(zhan)術語(yu)教條地(di)用(yong)在(zai)了督促(cu)、鼓勵對羌人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詔書(shu)里,可見皇家(jia)對五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)占(zhan)用(yong)辭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕對話(hua)語(yu)權及(ji)當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文(wen)星(xing)(xing)(xing)占(zhan)對漢帝國(guo)軍國(guo)大(da)事決策所起(qi)到(dao)巨大(da)作(zuo)用(yong)。“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)(chu)(chu)東方(fang)利(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)”,是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代星(xing)(xing)(xing)占(zhan)用(yong)辭,是(shi)(shi)古(gu)代先民(min)觀察五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)運行(xing)(xing)變化而歸納(na)總結出(chu)(chu)(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)辭術語(yu)。五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)指(zhi)水、火、木(mu)、金、土五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing);“東方(fang)”是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代星(xing)(xing)(xing)占(zhan)術中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)穹位(wei)置,“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)”指(zhi)黃河中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)游(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)京畿地(di)區及(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan),是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個地(di)理概念(nian)。“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)(chu)(chu)東方(fang)”指(zhi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)顆行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期內同(tong)時(shi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)于東方(fang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)空(kong),即“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)連珠”或“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)聚會”現(xian)象;“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)(chu)(chu)東方(fang)利(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)”,即出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)共見東方(fang)之天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)象,則(ze)于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)軍國(guo)大(da)事有利(li)(li)。由于五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)周期性圍(wei)繞太陽公轉時(shi)間不同(tong),從地(di)球上(shang)觀察它(ta)們會合(he)、會聚天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)象出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概率小,所以它(ta)們各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質、亮度(du)、形狀、大(da)小、顏色等(deng)變化,以及(ji)經過或停留在(zai)廿八(ba)星(xing)(xing)(xing)宿或其(qi)他星(xing)(xing)(xing)官(guan)處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置和(he)聚合(he),就被占(zhan)星(xing)(xing)(xing)家(jia)們賦予了五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)占(zhan)學(xue)(xue)意義,而五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)聚合(he)一(yi)(yi)處(chu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)象出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概率甚少,就自然(ran)地(di)具(ju)有了非常重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)占(zhan)學(xue)(xue)意義:將五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)視為五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)之精,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)佐,佐天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)行(xing)(xing)德;現(xian)實關懷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)——戰(zhan)爭(zheng)勝負、王位(wei)安危(wei)、年(nian)成(cheng)豐(feng)歉、水旱災害等(deng)政治(zhi)、軍國(guo)大(da)事,因此,《史記·天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)官(guan)書(shu)》“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),積于東方(fang),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)利(li)(li);積于西(xi)方(fang),外國(guo)用(yong)兵者利(li)(li)”、《漢書(shu)·天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文(wen)志》“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”。
經過現代天文學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)計算(suan)和(he)研(yan)究,“漢(han)之興,五(wu)星聚(ju)東(dong)方(fang)”盡管是漢(han)代儒生們(men)附會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)結果,但是實(shi)際天象的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現,證(zheng)明古代星占(zhan)記(ji)錄大部分是準確可(ke)信的(de)(de)(de)。當(dang)今(jin)世界(jie),國內外(wai)天文考古界(jie)運用科學(xue)方(fang)法(fa)對關于五(wu)星聚(ju)會(hui)(hui)及(ji)其與史事關系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究,已取得了一(yi)系(xi)列成果,例如(ru)對武王克(ke)商(shang)年(nian)代的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究、對古代中國人(ren)觀測到的(de)(de)(de)五(wu)星聚(ju)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)理想周期為516.33年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)認識(天文學(xue)家(jia)研(yan)究得出(chu),木(mu)星、土星、火星,這三顆(ke)運行最慢的(de)(de)(de)行星,平(ping)均會(hui)(hui)合(he)周期是516.33年(nian),如(ru)果條件有利,運行更快的(de)(de)(de)金星和(he)水星會(hui)(hui)在短時間內與它們(men)會(hui)(hui)合(he)在一(yi)起)。
幾千(qian)年(nian)來,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代(dai)(dai)對(dui)“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)聚合”天象(xiang)的(de)觀(guan)(guan)測,投入了特殊的(de)感情,期待這一(yi)天象(xiang)奇觀(guan)(guan)的(de)出(chu)現(xian),期冀(ji)大吉、大利之(zhi)兆示;古代(dai)(dai)封建帝王(wang)也藉此自詡得“天命”而(er)使王(wang)朝(chao)(chao)合法化(hua)(hua)。在劉邦攻入秦地(di)咸陽的(de)第(di)二年(nian)五(wu)(wu)月,確實出(chu)現(xian)過(guo)一(yi)次五(wu)(wu)大行(xing)星(xing)聚會(hui)天象(xiang),這一(yi)現(xian)象(xiang)受到了漢王(wang)朝(chao)(chao)和(he)儒生們的(de)高度重(zhong)視;將“漢之(zhi)興”附(fu)會(hui)于“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)聚會(hui)”天象(xiang)的(de)出(chu)現(xian);“漢之(zhi)興,五(wu)(wu)星(xing)聚東井(jing)”也就成為(wei)具(ju)有(you)濃(nong)厚迷信(xin)色彩的(de)漢朝(chao)(chao)人和(he)漢代(dai)(dai)社會(hui)的(de)重(zhong)要思想觀(guan)(guan)念。將期圖大吉、大利思想和(he)理念的(de)社會(hui)化(hua)(hua)、世俗化(hua)(hua)、藝術(shu)化(hua)(hua),“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)”織錦上(shang)“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)出(chu)東方利中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)”文字、星(xing)紋和(he)象(xiang)征祥瑞(rui)的(de)云氣紋以及鴕(tuo)鳥(niao)、仙鶴、獅虎紋,辟邪紋等祥瑞(rui)動物紋樣的(de)和(he)諧聚匯,可以說是一(yi)個突出(chu)的(de)例子。