野天(tian)胡荽(sui)(學名:Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.)是傘形(xing)科(ke)、天(tian)胡荽(sui)屬(shu)植物。多年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)整株(zhu)挺水或濕(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)草本。植株(zhu)蔓(man)生(sheng)(sheng)性,草髙(gao)5-15厘米,橫走莖(jing)節上(shang)常生(sheng)(sheng)根和葉。莖(jing)頂(ding)端呈(cheng)褐(he)色(se)。沉水葉互生(sheng)(sheng),具長(chang)柄(bing),圓盾形(xing),呈(cheng)放射狀(zhuang)。花(hua)兩性;傘形(xing)花(hua)序;小花(hua)白(bai)色(se)或粉黃綠(lv)色(se)。分果,小。花(hua)期6-8月。
原產于歐(ou)洲,北美洲南部及中美洲地(di)(di)區有(you)引種(zhong)。世界各(ge)地(di)(di)水(shui)族館、游覽靜(jing)水(shui)域均有(you)引種(zhong)栽培(pei)。中國各(ge)地(di)(di)生(sheng)態園水(shui)域、水(shui)族館有(you)栽培(pei)。其喜(xi)溫(wen)暖,怕寒冷,在10-25℃的(de)溫(wen)度(du)范圍內生(sheng)長良好,越冬溫(wen)度(du)不(bu)宜低于5℃。
該(gai)種(zhong)植物在溫(wen)暖地區可(ke)露地盆栽(zai),亦可(ke)用(yong)于室(shi)內水(shui)體綠化,在水(shui)族箱(xiang)栽(zai)培時,常作為前景草使(shi)用(yong)。全草可(ke)入藥,具有(you)利尿(niao)之(zhi)功效。
野天(tian)胡(hu)荽具(ju)有表型(xing)可(ke)塑性,能適應(ying)多(duo)樣化的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)境,從(cong)(cong)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、濕生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、中生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)到(dao)旱生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),從(cong)(cong)靜水(shui)(shui)到(dao)緩(huan)流水(shui)(shui),從(cong)(cong)強光(guang)照(zhao)到(dao)蔭蔽,從(cong)(cong)富營養(yang)到(dao)貧瘠(ji)。適生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)深(shen)0.2米以(yi)內(nei)淺水(shui)(shui)區域,水(shui)(shui)深(shen)超過0.2米時(shi)呈浮水(shui)(shui)植物(wu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),整個植株漂(piao)浮于(yu)水(shui)(shui)面(mian),可(ke)漂(piao)浮生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)至(zhi)離岸(an)1米左右,水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)環(huan)(huan)境下(xia)營養(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)旺盛,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)減弱。野天(tian)胡(hu)荽在(zai)濕生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、中生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、旱生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)環(huan)(huan)境下(xia)營養(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)良好(hao),還可(ke)耐一定程(cheng)度的踐踏、干旱和貧瘠(ji),隨土壤(rang)水(shui)(shui)分(fen)減少新生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)根(gen)莖(jing)節處不規則膨大成塊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。野天(tian)胡(hu)荽能生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)于(yu)沿海沼(zhao)澤,具(ju)備一定的耐鹽特性。喜光(guang)照(zhao)充足,也耐蔭蔽,陽(yang)光(guang)直照(zhao)時(shi)比蔭蔽條件(jian)下(xia)莖(jing)分(fen)支多(duo)。野天(tian)胡(hu)荽性喜溫(wen)暖,10-25℃為(wei)最(zui)適生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)溫(wen)度,5℃左右停止生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)進入休(xiu)眠狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態,可(ke)耐-5℃低溫(wen)。
原產于歐洲(zhou),北美(mei)洲(zhou)南部(bu)及中美(mei)洲(zhou)地(di)區有引種(zhong)。世界各地(di)水(shui)(shui)族館、游覽靜水(shui)(shui)域(yu)均(jun)有引種(zhong)栽培。20世紀90年代引入中國,在(zai)各地(di)生態園水(shui)(shui)域(yu)、水(shui)(shui)族館有栽培。
原產地:阿爾(er)巴尼(ni)亞(ya)(ya)、阿爾(er)及利(li)亞(ya)(ya)、奧(ao)地利(li)、比利(li)時、波(bo)斯(si)尼(ni)亞(ya)(ya)和(he)黑塞(sai)哥維(wei)那(nei)、克羅地亞(ya)(ya)、捷克、丹(dan)麥、愛沙尼(ni)亞(ya)(ya)、法國(法國大(da)陸(lu)、科西嘉島(dao))、格(ge)魯吉亞(ya)(ya)、德國、希(xi)臘(希(xi)臘大(da)陸(lu))、匈牙利(li)、愛爾(er)蘭、以色列(lie)、意大(da)利(li)(意大(da)利(li)大(da)陸(lu)、撒丁島(dao))、約旦、拉(la)脫維(wei)亞(ya)(ya)、列(lie)支(zhi)敦士登、立(li)陶宛、盧森堡(bao)、黑山、摩(mo)洛哥、荷蘭、北馬其(qi)頓、挪威、波(bo)蘭、葡萄(tao)牙(葡萄(tao)牙大(da)陸(lu)、亞(ya)(ya)速爾(er)群島(dao))、俄羅斯(si)(中歐部分)、塞(sai)爾(er)維(wei)亞(ya)(ya)、斯(si)洛文尼(ni)亞(ya)(ya)、西班牙(西班牙大(da)陸(lu))、瑞典、瑞士、烏克蘭、英國。
多(duo)(duo)年生(sheng)(sheng)整(zheng)株(zhu)挺水(shui)(shui)或濕(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)草本。株(zhu)高5-15厘(li)(li)米(在中國(guo)杭州達10-45)厘(li)(li)米,全(quan)株(zhu)光滑無(wu)毛(mao);植株(zhu)具有蔓(man)生(sheng)(sheng)性;根莖發(fa)達,多(duo)(duo)成(cheng)(cheng)網狀(zhuang)密集交錯生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang),偶露地表成(cheng)(cheng)匍匐狀(zhuang);節上密生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)定根,每節20-60不(bu)等;節間長(chang)(chang)3-10厘(li)(li)米;非水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)狀(zhuang)態(tai)幼莖節處多(duo)(duo)膨大(da),成(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)規(gui)則塊狀(zhuang),近球形(xing),直(zhi)徑0.6-1.8厘(li)(li)米;沉水(shui)(shui)葉互(hu)生(sheng)(sheng),具長(chang)(chang)柄,圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),直(zhi)徑3-7厘(li)(li)米,葉緣波狀(zhuang)、有鈍圓(yuan)(yuan)鋸(ju)齒,葉面油綠具光澤(ze),射出(chu)脈13-20條。呈放射狀(zhuang)。葉柄細長(chang)(chang),無(wu)葉鞘;托(tuo)葉細小,膜(mo)質。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)兩(liang)性;小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)白色(se)或粉(fen)黃綠色(se),密(mi)集呈頭(tou)狀;傘形花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序總狀排(pai)列,由(you)10-50朵小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)組成;花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序細長(chang),約(yue)10-35厘米(mi),著(zhu)生(sheng)于根(gen)莖節處(chu),無萼(e)齒;小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng)長(chang)約(yue)2-6毫米(mi);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)2性,小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)白色(se);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣5片,卵形,在花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)蕾時鑷(nie)合狀排(pai)列。雄蕊5枚(mei)(mei),雌蕊2枚(mei)(mei);子房下位,2室(shi);分果(guo),長(chang)1-2毫米(mi),寬2-4毫米(mi),扁(bian)圓形,2側扁(bian)平,背棱和中(zhong)棱明(ming)顯(xian)。側棱常藏于合生(sheng)面,表面無網紋,油管不明(ming)顯(xian),內果(guo)皮有(you)1層(ceng)厚壁細胞,圍繞著(zhu)種子胚乳。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期6-8月。
栽(zai)培(pei)基質可使用由腐葉、河泥、園土所配成(cheng)的(de)混合基質,它們的(de)比例按體積(ji)計依次為(wei)0.5:2:2。在野(ye)天胡荽小苗成(cheng)形后即(ji)(ji)可進(jin)(jin)行操作(zuo)。多用無排水孔的(de)中型(xing)花盆作(zuo)為(wei)定(ding)植(zhi)容器。為(wei)了(le)(le)獲得較好(hao)的(de)觀賞效果,每盆可放(fang)入1株種苗,在操作(zuo)結束后灌水即(ji)(ji)可。為(wei)了(le)(le)便(bian)于緩苗,定(ding)植(zhi)操作(zuo)最(zui)好(hao)在陰天時(shi)進(jin)(jin)行。
野(ye)天胡荽對(dui)水質要求不(bu)嚴,可在硬度(du)較低的(de)(de)淡水中(zhong)進行栽(zai)培,鹽度(du)不(bu)宜過(guo)高。水體(ti)的(de)(de)pH最(zui)(zui)好(hao)控制在6.5-7間(jian),即呈微酸性至中(zhong)性。其對(dui)肥料的(de)(de)需求量較多(duo)(duo),生(sheng)長旺盛階段蔽植(zhi)(zhi)株生(sheng)長不(bu)良。最(zui)(zui)好(hao)讓(rang)它每天接受4-6小時(shi)的(de)(de)散射日光;使用專(zhuan)用熒(ying)光燈(deng),每天給予8-10小時(shi)的(de)(de)人(ren)工光照植(zhi)(zhi)株也能正常(chang)生(sheng)長。該種植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)為多(duo)(duo)年生(sheng),它發苗迅(xun)速(su),成形較快。在不(bu)翻盆的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下,成形植(zhi)(zhi)株連續(xu)栽(zai)種不(bu)宜超過(guo)2年,否則野(ye)天胡荽長勢就會越來(lai)越弱。
野(ye)天(tian)胡荽(sui)的繁殖(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式有營(ying)養繁殖(zhi)和種子繁殖(zhi)2種方(fang)(fang)式,以(yi)(yi)營(ying)養繁殖(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主。營(ying)養繁殖(zhi)多剪(jian)切地下莖扦插(cha)育苗(miao),春、夏季為(wei)(wei)最(zui)適期;分株繁殖(zhi)則取香(xiang)菇草母株成(cheng)片鏟起,連根(gen)莖切分成(cheng)小塊種植,全年(nian)可(ke)進行,成(cheng)活快且容易(yi)成(cheng)形。也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)播(bo)種繁殖(zhi),土質(zhi)以(yi)(yi)潮濕(shi)肥沃的沙壤土為(wei)(wei)佳,播(bo)種后保持土壤濕(shi)潤,1周(zhou)左右出苗(miao)。根(gen)據(ju)調查,在中國杭州(zhou)地區(qu),苗(miao)圃(pu)地里香(xiang)菇草1年(nian)自(zi)然生長繁殖(zhi)通(tong)常(chang)在50倍以(yi)(yi)上。
在(zai)良好的(de)(de)管理條件下,野(ye)天胡荽不易患病,亦較少(shao)受(shou)到有(you)害動物的(de)(de)侵襲。并且對某些(xie)植(zhi)食性物種(zhong)具(ju)有(you)相當的(de)(de)抵抗力,但是在(zai)水下嫩(nen)嫩(nen)的(de)(de)嫩(nen)葉(xie)很容易被魚類(lei)如(ru)鯉魚(錦鯉)吃掉。或(huo)金魚。水生蝸牛只消耗葉(xie)子(zi),使葉(xie)子(zi)失去葉(xie)綠素。
該種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)林上(shang)常作挺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、浮水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)栽(zai)培,也能(neng)沉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),具有(you)(you)(you)適(shi)應性(xing)廣(guang)、生(sheng)(sheng)長迅(xun)速、繁殖系數大(da)、覆蓋(gai)成(cheng)形快等特點,具有(you)(you)(you)強侵占性(xing),常與喜旱蓮子(zi)草(cao)(cao)伴(ban)生(sheng)(sheng),但競爭(zheng)優勢略弱于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)前(qian)者。從(cong)園(yuan)(yuan)林應用(yong)(yong)角度看(kan),在濕地(di)造(zao)景(jing)(jing)時常用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)際線綠化,叢植(zhi)(zhi)或片(pian)植(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體邊緣,也可(ke)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)疊石(shi)石(shi)縫(feng)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)族箱(xiang)前(qian)景(jing)(jing)底部,或用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)盆栽(zai)室(shi)觀賞(shang)、室(shi)內水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體綠化,是濕地(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)景(jing)(jing)造(zao)景(jing)(jing),尤其是景(jing)(jing)觀細部設計的好(hao)材料。在溫(wen)暖地(di)區可(ke)露地(di)盆栽(zai),亦可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)室(shi)內水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體綠化,在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)族箱(xiang)栽(zai)培時,常作為前(qian)景(jing)(jing)草(cao)(cao)使用(yong)(yong)。全草(cao)(cao)可(ke)入藥,具有(you)(you)(you)利尿(niao)之(zhi)功效。
列入《世界自然保護聯(lian)盟瀕危(wei)物(wu)種(zhong)紅色名(ming)錄》(IUCN 2013年 ver 3.1)——無危(wei)(LC)。