元(yuan)代青(qing)花(hua)釉(you)(you)里紅(hong)開(kai)(kai)光貼花(hua)蓋(gai)罐1964年出(chu)土于河北保定永(yong)華南路元(yuan)代窖藏(zang),通高(gao)41cm,口徑15.5cm,足徑18.5cm。該(gai)罐采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)青(qing)花(hua)和(he)釉(you)(you)里紅(hong)裝飾(shi)(shi),通體施青(qing)白(bai)釉(you)(you),釉(you)(you)層(ceng)凝厚(hou),釉(you)(you)面(mian)青(qing)亮,極為(wei)滋(zi)潤。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)豐富(fu),層(ceng)次清(qing)晰,主題突出(chu),全器紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)有10余層(ceng)。該(gai)罐的蹲(dun)獅鈕罐蓋(gai)的蓋(gai)面(mian)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)變形(xing)蓮瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)回(hui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)裝飾(shi)(shi)。罐身的頸肩(jian)部為(wei)纏(chan)枝牡丹紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、忍冬紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),并有下垂的如意(yi)云頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),云頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)飾(shi)(shi)蓮池紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),云頭之間飾(shi)(shi)折枝牡丹紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。腹(fu)部四面(mian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)連(lian)珠紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)作菱(ling)花(hua)形(xing)開(kai)(kai)光4個(ge),開(kai)(kai)光內(nei)裝飾(shi)(shi)牡丹、石榴、菊花(hua)、四季花(hua)卉(hui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。枝葉用(yong)(yong)(yong)青(qing)花(hua)渲染,花(hua)朵(duo)和(he)山石用(yong)(yong)(yong)釉(you)(you)里紅(hong)涂繪,紅(hong)、藍色交相輝(hui)映,具(ju)有極強的裝飾(shi)(shi)效果(guo)。
類似的元代青花釉(you)(you)里(li)紅開(kai)光貼花蓋罐(guan)器(qi)物(wu)在世界僅存(cun)(cun)4件,其中兩件流失到國外(wai),一(yi)件存(cun)(cun)放在北(bei)京(jing)故宮博(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)。此4件器(qi)物(wu)相比(bi),河北(bei)省博(bo)物(wu)館這件保存(cun)(cun)最(zui)為完整,是中國乃至全世界最(zui)完整的青花釉(you)(you)里(li)紅極品。
1964年5月的(de)一天,保定市建(jian)筑公司的(de)工(gong)人(ren)在永華路(lu)南小(xiao)學(xue)一建(jian)筑工(gong)地施工(gong)時,發(fa)現地下有一個(ge)圓形(xing)窖穴,里面排列著一批器形(xing)高大,胎體(ti)厚重、花(hua)紋(wen)繁密、色彩濃艷的(de)青(qing)花(hua)瓷(ci)和做工(gong)精(jing)細的(de)藍釉描金瓷(ci)器。其中就(jiu)有青(qing)花(hua)釉里紅鏤雕開(kai)光(guang)蓋罐(guan)兩件(jian)(jian),此外還(huan)(huan)有青(qing)花(hua)海(hai)水龍紋(wen)帶蓋八棱梅瓶2件(jian)(jian)、青(qing)花(hua)八棱玉壺春小(xiao)瓶1件(jian)(jian)、青(qing)花(hua)八棱執(zhi)壺1件(jian)(jian),共6件(jian)(jian)元青(qing)花(hua),還(huan)(huan)有其他種類的(de)瓷(ci)器5件(jian)(jian)。
元青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)釉(you)里(li)(li)紅(hong)鏤(lou)雕(diao)蓋罐,通高(gao)41cm,口(kou)(kou)徑15.5cm,足徑18.5cm。罐直口(kou)(kou),短頸,溜肩,鼓腹,圈足,砂(sha)底(di)無(wu)釉(you)。胎體(ti)上薄下(xia)厚(hou),胎質細膩,青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)色彩(cai)濃艷,釉(you)里(li)(li)紅(hong)略暗。罐蓋頂堆(dui)塑坐(zuo)獅鈕。通體(ti)青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)釉(you)里(li)(li)紅(hong)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)。罐蓋繪(hui)青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)蓮瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、卷草(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、回(hui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)各一周(zhou)。罐身近口(kou)(kou)沿處繪(hui)青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)纏枝(zhi)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、卷草(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)各一周(zhou)。肩部(bu)繪(hui)下(xia)垂如意云頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),云頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)繪(hui)青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)水波紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)托(tuo)白蓮,云頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)之間(jian)繪(hui)折枝(zhi)牡丹紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。腹部(bu)四面堆(dui)塑雙菱形串(chuan)珠(zhu)開(kai)光,開(kai)光內(nei)(nei)山石(shi)、牡丹、菊花(hua)等(deng)四季園景(jing),以釉(you)里(li)(li)紅(hong)繪(hui)山石(shi)、花(hua)卉,青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)繪(hui)花(hua)葉,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)有浮雕(diao)效(xiao)果(guo)。腹下(xia)部(bu)飾(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)折枝(zhi)蓮花(hua),與肩部(bu)云頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)相(xiang)對應。近底(di)處繪(hui)卷草(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)及(ji)變形蓮瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),蓮瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)(nei)繪(hui)倒垂寶相(xiang)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。罐型(xing)豐(feng)(feng)滿渾厚(hou),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)層次鮮明,綜(zong)合繪(hui)、鏤(lou)、塑、貼(tie)(tie)等(deng)多(duo)種技(ji)法。青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)、釉(you)里(li)(li)紅(hong)互為(wei)襯(chen)托(tuo),紅(hong)、藍(lan)交相(xiang)輝映(ying)。造型(xing)豐(feng)(feng)滿渾厚(hou),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)層次鮮明,綜(zong)合了繪(hui)、鏤(lou)、塑、模印、貼(tie)(tie)等(deng)多(duo)種技(ji)法。青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)、釉(you)里(li)(li)紅(hong)在作品中互為(wei)襯(chen)托(tuo),紅(hong)、藍(lan)交相(xiang)輝映(ying),整體(ti)形成一種氣度雍容(rong)而(er)又(you)花(hua)團錦簇的藝術效(xiao)果(guo)。
元(yuan)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)釉里紅(hong)鏤(lou)雕蓋罐采用(yong)模印(yin)貼花(hua)的(de)(de)復雜工(gong)藝,造(zao)型厚重典雅,氣勢宏大;裝(zhuang)飾(shi)技法(fa)多樣(yang),紋樣(yang)繁縟精美,色彩藍艷含蓄,彩裝(zhuang)飾(shi)和(he)胎裝(zhuang)飾(shi)技法(fa)得(de)到完美的(de)(de)結合,青(qing)(qing)花(hua)和(he)釉里紅(hong)集于一器(qi),白(bai)(bai)地(di)藍花(hua)與藍地(di)白(bai)(bai)花(hua)相映成趣;罐腹部開光紋飾(shi)采用(yong)貼花(hua)技法(fa),使器(qi)物的(de)(de)平(ping)面裝(zhuang)飾(shi)又增添了幾分鏤(lou)雕藝術(shu)的(de)(de)立體效果,這種集多種裝(zhuang)飾(shi)手(shou)法(fa)于一器(qi)的(de)(de)工(gong)藝特征,在珍貴的(de)(de)元(yuan)代青(qing)(qing)花(hua)瓷中也極為少見,當(dang)為國之(zhi)瑰寶(bao)。
青(qing)花(hua)的(de)(de)呈(cheng)色(se)劑是(shi)(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)鈷,呈(cheng)色(se)穩定;釉(you)里(li)(li)紅(hong)的(de)(de)呈(cheng)色(se)劑是(shi)(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)銅,極(ji)易揮發,因此對窯室的(de)(de)燒成氣溫要求十(shi)分嚴格。由于(yu)青(qing)花(hua)和釉(you)里(li)(li)紅(hong)是(shi)(shi)性(xing)質不同、燒成條件不同的(de)(de)兩種(zhong)釉(you)下彩,要使青(qing)花(hua)和釉(you)里(li)(li)紅(hong)都呈(cheng)色(se)鮮艷,燒制工藝難(nan)度很大。元(yuan)代(dai)瓷器是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)陶瓷發展當中的(de)(de)重大轉折(zhe)點,在陶瓷裝飾(shi)歷(li)史上(shang)有著劃時(shi)(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)意義。但因元(yuan)代(dai)青(qing)花(hua)瓷器燒制時(shi)(shi)間短等原因使其存世(shi)量(liang)較(jiao)少,元(yuan)代(dai)青(qing)花(hua)釉(you)里(li)(li)紅(hong)作(zuo)品更是(shi)(shi)少,存世(shi)也就更為罕(han)見。
青花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓷(ci)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)于唐代(dai),釉里(li)紅則是(shi)元代(dai)的(de)新品(pin)種。以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)化鈷和氧(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)在(zai)白(bai)色瓷(ci)坯上繪彩,施高溫釉后在(zai)窯爐中以(yi)約1200℃的(de)還原焰燒造而成,表面(mian)呈現(xian)(xian)藍、白(bai)、紅相間(jian)的(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋的(de)瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi),就是(shi)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)釉里(li)紅瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。這一新的(de)釉下彩品(pin)種的(de)出(chu)現(xian)(xian),是(shi)元代(dai)瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)生產技術進步的(de)重要標志。
開光(guang)內花卉形似鏤空,其實嚴格意(yi)義上應是(shi)貼(tie)塑(su)。已發(fa)現的(de)此(ci)類器物很少,元代青花釉里紅開光(guang)鏤雕大罐(guan)的(de)有(you)幾個(ge)(ge)部分是(shi)模壓成型,然后組合粘貼(tie)完成,整個(ge)(ge)過程(cheng)不存在鏤雕過程(cheng)。