元代青(qing)花釉里紅(hong)開(kai)光(guang)貼花蓋(gai)罐1964年出土于河北保定永華南路(lu)元代窖藏,通高41cm,口徑15.5cm,足徑18.5cm。該(gai)罐采用青(qing)花和(he)釉里紅(hong)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi),通體(ti)施青(qing)白釉,釉層凝厚,釉面青(qing)亮,極(ji)為滋潤。紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)豐(feng)富,層次清晰,主(zhu)題突出,全(quan)器紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)有10余層。該(gai)罐的蹲獅鈕罐蓋(gai)的蓋(gai)面采用變(bian)形(xing)蓮瓣紋(wen)(wen)和(he)回紋(wen)(wen)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)。罐身的頸(jing)肩部為纏(chan)枝(zhi)(zhi)牡丹(dan)紋(wen)(wen)、忍冬紋(wen)(wen),并有下垂(chui)的如意云(yun)頭紋(wen)(wen),云(yun)頭紋(wen)(wen)內(nei)飾(shi)(shi)蓮池(chi)紋(wen)(wen),云(yun)頭之間飾(shi)(shi)折枝(zhi)(zhi)牡丹(dan)紋(wen)(wen)。腹部四面用連(lian)珠紋(wen)(wen)作菱花形(xing)開(kai)光(guang)4個,開(kai)光(guang)內(nei)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)牡丹(dan)、石(shi)榴、菊花、四季花卉紋(wen)(wen)。枝(zhi)(zhi)葉用青(qing)花渲染,花朵和(he)山(shan)石(shi)用釉里紅(hong)涂繪,紅(hong)、藍(lan)色交相輝映,具有極(ji)強的裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)效(xiao)果(guo)。
類似的元代青花釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)開光貼花蓋罐(guan)器(qi)物(wu)(wu)在世(shi)界僅存(cun)4件(jian)(jian),其中兩件(jian)(jian)流失到國外(wai),一件(jian)(jian)存(cun)放在北京故宮博物(wu)(wu)院(yuan)。此4件(jian)(jian)器(qi)物(wu)(wu)相比,河北省博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)這件(jian)(jian)保存(cun)最(zui)為完整,是中國乃(nai)至(zhi)全世(shi)界最(zui)完整的青花釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)極(ji)品。
1964年5月(yue)的一天,保定(ding)市(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)公(gong)司(si)的工人在永(yong)華路南小學一建(jian)筑(zhu)工地(di)施工時,發現地(di)下有一個圓(yuan)形窖穴(xue),里面(mian)排列著一批器形高(gao)大(da),胎體厚重、花(hua)紋(wen)繁密、色彩濃艷(yan)的青(qing)花(hua)瓷(ci)和(he)做工精細(xi)的藍釉描金瓷(ci)器。其中就有青(qing)花(hua)釉里紅鏤雕(diao)開光蓋(gai)罐(guan)兩件,此外(wai)還有青(qing)花(hua)海水龍(long)紋(wen)帶(dai)蓋(gai)八棱(leng)(leng)梅瓶2件、青(qing)花(hua)八棱(leng)(leng)玉壺(hu)春(chun)小瓶1件、青(qing)花(hua)八棱(leng)(leng)執壺(hu)1件,共6件元(yuan)青(qing)花(hua),還有其他種類的瓷(ci)器5件。
元青(qing)(qing)花(hua)釉里紅(hong)鏤雕蓋罐,通高41cm,口徑(jing)15.5cm,足徑(jing)18.5cm。罐直(zhi)口,短頸,溜肩(jian),鼓腹,圈足,砂底無釉。胎(tai)體(ti)上薄下厚(hou),胎(tai)質細膩,青(qing)(qing)花(hua)色彩濃艷(yan),釉里紅(hong)略(lve)暗。罐蓋頂堆(dui)塑(su)坐獅鈕。通體(ti)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)釉里紅(hong)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)。罐蓋繪(hui)(hui)(hui)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)蓮(lian)瓣(ban)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、卷(juan)(juan)草(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、回紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)各(ge)一(yi)周(zhou)。罐身近口沿處繪(hui)(hui)(hui)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)纏枝花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、卷(juan)(juan)草(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)各(ge)一(yi)周(zhou)。肩(jian)部(bu)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)下垂(chui)如意(yi)云頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),云頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)水波紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)托(tuo)白蓮(lian),云頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)之間繪(hui)(hui)(hui)折枝牡丹紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。腹部(bu)四面堆(dui)塑(su)雙菱形串(chuan)珠開(kai)光,開(kai)光內(nei)山石、牡丹、菊(ju)花(hua)等(deng)四季園景(jing),以釉里紅(hong)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)山石、花(hua)卉(hui),青(qing)(qing)花(hua)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)花(hua)葉,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)有浮雕效果(guo)。腹下部(bu)飾(shi)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)折枝蓮(lian)花(hua),與肩(jian)部(bu)云頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)相(xiang)(xiang)對應。近底處繪(hui)(hui)(hui)卷(juan)(juan)草(cao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)及變形蓮(lian)瓣(ban)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),蓮(lian)瓣(ban)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)倒垂(chui)寶相(xiang)(xiang)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。罐型豐滿渾厚(hou),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)層(ceng)次鮮明,綜(zong)合繪(hui)(hui)(hui)、鏤、塑(su)、貼(tie)等(deng)多(duo)種技(ji)法。青(qing)(qing)花(hua)、釉里紅(hong)互為襯(chen)(chen)托(tuo),紅(hong)、藍交相(xiang)(xiang)輝(hui)映。造型豐滿渾厚(hou),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)層(ceng)次鮮明,綜(zong)合了繪(hui)(hui)(hui)、鏤、塑(su)、模印、貼(tie)等(deng)多(duo)種技(ji)法。青(qing)(qing)花(hua)、釉里紅(hong)在作品(pin)中互為襯(chen)(chen)托(tuo),紅(hong)、藍交相(xiang)(xiang)輝(hui)映,整體(ti)形成(cheng)一(yi)種氣度雍容而又花(hua)團錦簇的藝術效果(guo)。
元青(qing)(qing)花釉(you)里紅鏤(lou)雕蓋罐采用模印貼花的復雜工藝,造型厚重典雅,氣勢宏大;裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)技(ji)法多樣(yang),紋(wen)樣(yang)繁縟精美(mei)(mei),色彩(cai)藍艷含(han)蓄,彩(cai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)和胎裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)技(ji)法得到完美(mei)(mei)的結合,青(qing)(qing)花和釉(you)里紅集于一(yi)器,白地藍花與藍地白花相映成趣;罐腹部開光紋(wen)飾(shi)采用貼花技(ji)法,使器物的平面(mian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)又增(zeng)添(tian)了(le)幾分鏤(lou)雕藝術(shu)的立體效果,這種(zhong)集多種(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)手法于一(yi)器的工藝特征,在珍貴的元代青(qing)(qing)花瓷(ci)中也(ye)極為少見,當(dang)為國(guo)之瑰寶。
青(qing)(qing)花(hua)的(de)呈(cheng)(cheng)色(se)(se)劑(ji)是(shi)氧化鈷,呈(cheng)(cheng)色(se)(se)穩定;釉(you)里紅(hong)(hong)的(de)呈(cheng)(cheng)色(se)(se)劑(ji)是(shi)氧化銅,極易揮發,因(yin)此(ci)對(dui)窯室(shi)的(de)燒成(cheng)氣溫要(yao)求十分嚴(yan)格。由于青(qing)(qing)花(hua)和(he)釉(you)里紅(hong)(hong)是(shi)性(xing)質不同、燒成(cheng)條件不同的(de)兩(liang)種(zhong)釉(you)下(xia)彩(cai),要(yao)使青(qing)(qing)花(hua)和(he)釉(you)里紅(hong)(hong)都呈(cheng)(cheng)色(se)(se)鮮艷,燒制工藝(yi)難(nan)度很大。元(yuan)(yuan)代瓷(ci)器是(shi)中國(guo)陶瓷(ci)發展當(dang)中的(de)重大轉折點,在陶瓷(ci)裝飾歷史上有著劃時(shi)代的(de)意(yi)義。但因(yin)元(yuan)(yuan)代青(qing)(qing)花(hua)瓷(ci)器燒制時(shi)間短等原(yuan)因(yin)使其存世量較少,元(yuan)(yuan)代青(qing)(qing)花(hua)釉(you)里紅(hong)(hong)作(zuo)品更是(shi)少,存世也就(jiu)更為罕見。
青(qing)花(hua)瓷(ci)(ci)出現于唐代,釉里紅(hong)則(ze)是元代的(de)新(xin)品種。以氧化鈷和氧化銅在(zai)白(bai)色瓷(ci)(ci)坯(pi)上繪彩(cai),施高溫釉后在(zai)窯(yao)爐中以約1200℃的(de)還原焰燒造而成,表面呈現藍(lan)、白(bai)、紅(hong)相(xiang)間的(de)花(hua)紋的(de)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi),就(jiu)是青(qing)花(hua)釉里紅(hong)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)。這一新(xin)的(de)釉下彩(cai)品種的(de)出現,是元代瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)生產技術(shu)進步的(de)重(zhong)要標(biao)志(zhi)。
開光(guang)(guang)內花(hua)卉形(xing)似鏤空(kong),其(qi)實嚴格意義上應是貼塑。已發現的此(ci)類器物很少,元代青花(hua)釉(you)里紅(hong)開光(guang)(guang)鏤雕大罐的有幾(ji)個(ge)部分(fen)是模(mo)壓成(cheng)型,然后(hou)組合(he)粘(zhan)貼完成(cheng),整個(ge)過(guo)程不存在鏤雕過(guo)程。