或曰:“賦者,古詩(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流也。”昔(xi)成、康(kang)沒(mei)而頌(song)聲寢,王(wang)澤竭而詩(shi)不(bu)作(zuo)。大(da)漢初定,日不(bu)暇(xia)給。至于(yu)武、宣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世,乃崇禮官,考文(wen)章(zhang)。內(nei)設金馬(ma)、石渠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)署,外興樂府、協律之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)興廢繼(ji)絕,潤(run)色(se)鴻業。是以(yi)(yi)(yi)眾庶悅(yue)豫,福應尤盛,白麟、赤雁、芝房、寶(bao)鼎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌,薦(jian)于(yu)郊廟。神雀、五鳳、甘(gan)露、黃龍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瑞(rui),以(yi)(yi)(yi)為年紀。故言語侍從(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen),若司馬(ma)相(xiang)如、虞丘壽王(wang)、東方(fang)朔、枚(mei)皋(gao)(gao)、王(wang)褒、劉(liu)向之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬,朝夕論(lun)思(si),日月獻納。而公卿大(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)御史大(da)夫(fu)倪寬、太常孔臧(zang)、大(da)中大(da)夫(fu)董仲舒、宗(zong)正劉(liu)德、太子太傅蕭望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等,時(shi)時(shi)間作(zuo)。或以(yi)(yi)(yi)抒下(xia)情(qing)而通(tong)諷(feng)諭,或以(yi)(yi)(yi)宣上德而盡忠孝,雍容揄揚(yang),著于(yu)后嗣,抑亦《雅》《頌(song)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亞(ya)也,故孝成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世,論(lun)而錄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。蓋奏(zou)御者千有余(yu)篇,而后大(da)漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)章(zhang),炳焉(yan)與三代同風。且夫(fu)道有夷隆,學有粗密,因時(shi)而建德者,不(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)遠近易(yi)則,故皋(gao)(gao)陶(tao)歌虞,奚(xi)斯頌(song)魯,同見采于(yu)孔氏,列(lie)于(yu)《詩(shi)》《書(shu)》,其義一也。稽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上古則如彼,考之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)漢室又如此(ci)。斯事(shi)雖細,然先臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舊(jiu)式,國(guo)家(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺(yi)美,不(bu)可闕(que)也。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)竊見海內(nei)清(qing)平,朝廷無事(shi),京師修(xiu)宮室,浚(jun)城隍,起苑囿,以(yi)(yi)(yi)備(bei)制(zhi)度。西土(tu)耆(qi)老,咸懷(huai)怨思(si),冀上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眷顧,而盛稱(cheng)長安舊(jiu)制(zhi),有陋雒邑(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)議。故臣(chen)(chen)(chen)作(zuo)《兩都賦》,以(yi)(yi)(yi)極眾人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所眩曜,折以(yi)(yi)(yi)今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法度,其詞曰:
西都賦
有西都(dou)賓問于東都(dou)主人曰(yue):“蓋聞(wen)(wen)皇漢之初經營也,嘗有意乎(hu)都(dou)河(he)、洛矣。輟(chuo)而(er)弗康,實用西遷,作我上(shang)都(dou)。主人聞(wen)(wen)其故而(er)睹(du)其制乎(hu)?”主人曰(yue):“未也。愿賓攄(shu)懷舊之蓄念(nian),發思(si)古之幽情,博我以皇道,弘我以漢京(jing)。”賓曰(yue):“唯(wei)唯(wei)。”
“漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)都,在于雍(yong)州(zhou),實曰長安。左據(ju)函谷、二崤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阻,表以(yi)(yi)太華(hua)、終(zhong)(zhong)南之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山。右界(jie)褒斜、隴(long)首之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險,帶(dai)以(yi)(yi)洪河、涇、渭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)川。眾(zhong)流(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隈,汧涌(yong)其(qi)西(xi)。華(hua)實之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毛,則九州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上腴焉。防御之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阻,則天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隩區焉。是(shi)(shi)故橫(heng)被(bei)六(liu)合,三(san)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)帝畿(ji),周以(yi)(yi)龍興,秦(qin)以(yi)(yi)虎視。及至(zhi)大(da)漢(han)受命而(er)都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也,仰(yang)寤東井之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精,俯協《河圖》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)靈。奉(feng)春(chun)(chun)建策,留侯演成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。天(tian)人合應(ying),以(yi)(yi)發皇(huang)明(ming),乃眷西(xi)顧,實惟作京。于是(shi)(shi)睎(xi)秦(qin)嶺,睋(e)北阜,挾酆灞,據(ju)龍首。圖皇(huang)基于億載,度(du)宏規而(er)大(da)起。肇自(zi)高而(er)終(zhong)(zhong)平,世增飾(shi)以(yi)(yi)崇麗。歷十二之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)延祚,故窮奢而(er)極侈(chi)。建金(jin)城(cheng)其(qi)萬雉,呀周池(chi)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)淵。披三(san)條(tiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廣(guang)路,立十二之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通門(men)。內則街(jie)衢(qu)洞達(da),閭閻且千,九市開場,貨別隧分。入不(bu)得顧,車不(bu)得旋,闐城(cheng)溢郭,旁流(liu)百廛。紅塵四合,煙(yan)云相(xiang)連(lian)。于是(shi)(shi)既(ji)庶且富,娛樂無(wu)疆。都人士女,殊(shu)異乎五方。游士擬于公侯,列肆侈(chi)于姬(ji)姜。鄉曲(qu)豪(hao)舉,游俠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雄(xiong),節慕原(yuan)、嘗,名亞春(chun)(chun)、陵。連(lian)交合眾(zhong),騁騖乎其(qi)中。
“若乃觀其(qi)四郊,浮游(you)近縣,則(ze)南望杜(du)、霸(ba),北眺五陵(ling)。名都對郭,邑居相承。英俊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)域,紱冕(mian)所(suo)(suo)興。冠蓋如云,七相五公。與乎州郡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)豪(hao)杰,五都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貨殖,三(san)選(xuan)七遷,充(chong)奉(feng)陵(ling)邑。蓋以(yi)強(qiang)干弱枝,隆上都而(er)觀萬國也。封畿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,厥土千里,逴躒諸夏,兼其(qi)所(suo)(suo)有。其(qi)陽則(ze)崇山(shan)隱天,幽林(lin)(lin)穹(qiong)谷,陸海珍藏(zang),藍田(tian)美玉。商、洛緣其(qi)隈,鄠、杜(du)濱(bin)其(qi)足,源(yuan)(yuan)泉(quan)灌注,陂池交屬。竹(zhu)林(lin)(lin)果園(yuan),芳草甘木,郊野之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富,號(hao)為近蜀(shu)。其(qi)陰則(ze)冠以(yi)九嵕,陪以(yi)甘泉(quan),乃有靈(ling)宮起乎其(qi)中(zhong)。秦漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)極觀,淵云之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)頌嘆(tan),于是(shi)乎存焉。下有鄭、白(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沃,衣食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源(yuan)(yuan)。提封五萬,疆埸綺分,溝塍刻縷,原隰龍鱗,決渠降雨,荷插(cha)成云。五谷垂穎,桑麻鋪棻(fen)。東郊則(ze)有通(tong)溝大漕,潰渭洞河,泛舟山(shan)東,控引(yin)淮湖,與海通(tong)波。西郊則(ze)有上囿(you)禁苑,林(lin)(lin)麓藪澤,陂池連(lian)乎蜀(shu)漢,繚(liao)以(yi)周(zhou)墻,四百余里。離(li)宮別館,三(san)十六所(suo)(suo)。神池靈(ling)沼,往往而(er)在。其(qi)中(zhong)乃有九真之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)麟(lin),大宛(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馬,黃支(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)犀,條支(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鳥。逾昆(kun)侖,越巨海,殊方異類,至(zhi)于三(san)萬里。
“其(qi)宮(gong)室(shi)也,體象乎(hu)天地,經緯乎(hu)陰陽。據坤(kun)靈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正位,放太紫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圓(yuan)方。樹(shu)中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)華(hua)(hua)闕,豐冠山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朱堂。因瑰材而(er)(er)究奇(qi),抗(kang)應龍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虹梁。列棼橑以(yi)(yi)(yi)布(bu)翼,荷棟桴而(er)(er)高驤。雕玉瑱以(yi)(yi)(yi)居楹,裁金(jin)壁以(yi)(yi)(yi)飾珰。發(fa)(fa)五色之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)渥彩,光(guang)(guang)焰朗以(yi)(yi)(yi)景彰。于(yu)(yu)是左(zuo)(zuo)墄右平,重(zhong)軒三(san)階。閨房(fang)周(zhou)通(tong),門闥洞(dong)開(kai)。列鐘虡于(yu)(yu)中庭(ting)(ting),立金(jin)人(ren)(ren)于(yu)(yu)端(duan)闈。仍(reng)增(zeng)崖而(er)(er)衡閾,臨峻路(lu)而(er)(er)啟扉。徇以(yi)(yi)(yi)離殿別(bie)寢,承以(yi)(yi)(yi)崇臺(tai)閑館(guan),煥(huan)若列宿,紫宮(gong)是環(huan)。清涼、宣溫、神(shen)仙、長年(nian)、金(jin)華(hua)(hua)、玉堂、白(bai)虎、麒(qi)麟(lin),區宇若茲,不可殫論(lun)。增(zeng)盤崔嵬,登降炤爛,殊形詭制,每各(ge)異觀(guan)。乘茵步輦,惟所息宴。后(hou)宮(gong)則有(you)掖庭(ting)(ting)、椒(jiao)房(fang),后(hou)妃(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)。合(he)歡(huan)、增(zeng)城(cheng)、安處、常寧、茝(chai)若、椒(jiao)風、披香、發(fa)(fa)越、蘭林、蕙草、鴛鸞、飛翔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列,昭陽特盛,隆(long)乎(hu)孝成。屋不呈材,墻不露(lu)形。裛(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)藻繡,絡以(yi)(yi)(yi)綸(lun)連(lian)。隨(sui)侯明(ming)月,錯落其(qi)間。金(jin)釭銜璧,是為列錢。翡翠火齊(qi),流耀含英。懸黎垂棘,夜光(guang)(guang)在焉。于(yu)(yu)是玄墀筘(kou)砌,玉階彤庭(ting)(ting),碝(ruan)磩彩致(zhi),琳珉青熒,珊瑚碧樹(shu),周(zhou)阿而(er)(er)生。紅(hong)羅(luo)颯纚,綺組繽(bin)紛。精曜(yao)華(hua)(hua)燭,俯(fu)仰如神(shen)。后(hou)宮(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)號,十有(you)四位。窈窕繁華(hua)(hua),更盛迭(die)貴。處乎(hu)斯(si)列者(zhe),蓋以(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)數。左(zuo)(zuo)右庭(ting)(ting)中,朝堂百(bai)(bai)(bai)寮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位,蕭、曹、魏、邴(bing),謀謨(mo)乎(hu)其(qi)上。佐命則垂統(tong),輔翼則成化。流大漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愷悌(ti),蕩亡秦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毒螫。故令斯(si)人(ren)(ren)揚樂和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)聲,作(zuo)畫一之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌。功德著于(yu)(yu)祖宗,膏澤洽(qia)于(yu)(yu)黎庶(shu)。又有(you)天祿、石渠(qu),典籍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府。命夫諄(zhun)誨故老,名儒師(shi)傅,講論(lun)乎(hu)六藝(yi),稽(ji)合(he)乎(hu)同異。又有(you)承明(ming)、金(jin)馬、著作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庭(ting)(ting)。大雅宏(hong)達,于(yu)(yu)茲為群。元(yuan)元(yuan)本本,周(zhou)見洽(qia)聞。啟發(fa)(fa)篇章,校(xiao)理秘文(wen)。周(zhou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)鉤(gou)陳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位,衛以(yi)(yi)(yi)嚴更之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)署,總禮(li)官(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甲科,群百(bai)(bai)(bai)郡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廉孝。虎賁贅衣,閹(yan)尹閽寺。陛戟(ji)百(bai)(bai)(bai)重(zhong),各(ge)有(you)典司。
“周(zhou)(zhou)廬千(qian)列,徼道綺錯。輦路經營,修除(chu)飛(fei)閣(ge)。自未(wei)央(yang)而(er)(er)(er)連桂宮(gong),北彌明光(guang)而(er)(er)(er)亙長樂。凌隥道而(er)(er)(er)超(chao)西墉,掍建章而(er)(er)(er)連外屬(shu)。設璧門之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鳳(feng)闕,上觚棱而(er)(er)(er)棲金爵。內則別風之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嶕峣,眇(miao)麗(li)巧而(er)(er)(er)聳擢(zhuo)(zhuo),張千(qian)門而(er)(er)(er)立(li)萬戶(hu),順陰陽以開闔。爾乃(nai)正殿崔嵬,層構厥高(gao),臨乎(hu)未(wei)央(yang)。經駘蕩而(er)(er)(er)出(chu)馺(sa)娑(suo),洞枍(yi)詣(yi)以與(yu)天(tian)梁。上反(fan)宇以蓋戴,激日(ri)景而(er)(er)(er)納光(guang)。神(shen)(shen)明郁其特起(qi),遂(sui)偃蹇而(er)(er)(er)上躋。軼(yi)云雨于(yu)太(tai)半,虹(hong)霓回帶于(yu)棼楣。雖輕迅與(yu)僄狡,猶(you)愕(e)眙而(er)(er)(er)不能階。攀井干而(er)(er)(er)未(wei)半,目(mu)眴轉(zhuan)而(er)(er)(er)意迷(mi),舍(she)欞檻而(er)(er)(er)卻倚,若顛(dian)墜(zhui)而(er)(er)(er)復稽,魂怳怳以失度,巡回途而(er)(er)(er)下(xia)低,既懲懼于(yu)登望,降周(zhou)(zhou)流以彷徨。步甬道以縈紆,又杳窱而(er)(er)(er)不見陽。排(pai)飛(fei)闥而(er)(er)(er)上出(chu),若游目(mu)于(yu)天(tian)表(biao),似(si)無(wu)依而(er)(er)(er)洋(yang)洋(yang)。前唐(tang)中(zhong)而(er)(er)(er)后太(tai)液,攬滄海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)湯湯。揚(yang)波濤于(yu)碣石,激神(shen)(shen)岳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嶈(qiang)嶈(qiang)。濫瀛洲與(yu)方壺,蓬萊起(qi)乎(hu)中(zhong)央(yang)。于(yu)是靈草冬榮,神(shen)(shen)木叢(cong)生。巖峻崷(qiu)崪,金石崢(zheng)嶸。抗仙(xian)掌(zhang)以承露,擢(zhuo)(zhuo)雙(shuang)立(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)金莖(jing),軼(yi)埃壒(kai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)混濁(zhuo),鮮顥氣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清(qing)英。騁(cheng)文成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丕誕,馳五利之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所刑(xing)。庶松喬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)群類,時游從乎(hu)斯庭。實列仙(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)攸館,非吾人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所寧。
“爾(er)乃(nai)(nai)盛娛游之壯觀,奮(fen)泰武乎上囿。因(yin)茲以威戎夸(kua)狄,耀威靈而(er)(er)講武事。命荊州(zhou)使起(qi)鳥、詔梁野而(er)(er)驅獸(shou)。毛群內闐,飛羽上覆(fu),接翼(yi)側(ce)足,集禁林而(er)(er)屯聚。水衡虞人,修其營表。種別群分,部曲有署。罘網連纮,籠(long)山絡野。列(lie)卒周匝,星羅云布。于(yu)是乘鑾(luan)輿,備法駕,帥群臣,披飛廉,入苑門。遂繞酆鄗,歷上蘭。六(liu)師(shi)發逐(zhu),百獸(shou)駭(hai)殫,震(zhen)震(zhen)爚爚,雷奔電激,草木(mu)(mu)涂地,山淵(yuan)反(fan)覆(fu)。蹂躪其十二三,乃(nai)(nai)拗怒而(er)(er)少息。爾(er)乃(nai)(nai)期(qi)門佽飛,列(lie)刃鉆鍭(hou),要趹(jue)追蹤。鳥驚(jing)觸絲,獸(shou)駭(hai)值(zhi)鋒。機不(bu)虛掎(ji),弦不(bu)再(zai)控(kong)。矢不(bu)單殺,中必疊雙。颮颮紛紛,矰(zeng)繳相纏。風毛雨(yu)血,灑野蔽天。平原赤,勇(yong)士厲。猿狖失木(mu)(mu),豺狼懾竄。爾(er)乃(nai)(nai)移師(shi)趨險,并蹈潛穢。窮虎奔突,狂兕觸蹶。許少施(shi)巧,秦成力折(zhe)。掎(ji)僄狡(jiao),扼猛噬。脫(tuo)角挫脰,徒搏獨殺。挾(xie)師(shi)豹(bao),拖(tuo)熊螭(chi)。曳犀(xi)犛(li),頓(dun)象羆。超洞壑,越峻(jun)崖。蹶巉巖,巨石頹。松柏仆,叢林摧(cui)。草木(mu)(mu)無余,禽獸(shou)殄夷。
“于是(shi)天子乃(nai)登屬玉之(zhi)(zhi)館(guan),歷長揚(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)榭。覽山之(zhi)(zhi)體勢,觀(guan)三軍之(zhi)(zhi)殺獲。原野(ye)蕭條,目極四裔。禽(qin)相鎮壓,獸相枕藉(jie)。然(ran)后收禽(qin)會眾(zhong),論功賜胙。陳輕(qing)騎以行(xing)炰(pao),騰酒車以斟酌(zhuo)。割鮮(xian)野(ye)食(shi),舉(ju)烽命釂。饗賜畢,勞(lao)逸齊,大輅(lu)鳴(ming)鑾,容(rong)與徘(pai)徊。集(ji)乎豫章之(zhi)(zhi)宇(yu),臨乎昆(kun)明之(zhi)(zhi)池。左牽牛而(er)右(you)織女(nv),似云漢之(zhi)(zhi)無涯。茂樹蔭蔚,芳草被堤。蘭茝發色(se),曄曄猗猗。若摛錦(jin)布繡,燭(zhu)燿乎其(qi)陂。鳥則玄鶴白鷺,黃(huang)鵠鵁鸛,鸧鴰(gua)鴇鶂(ni),鳧鷖(yi)鴻(hong)雁(yan)。朝發河海,夕(xi)宿江漢。沉浮往(wang)來,云集(ji)霧散。于是(shi)后宮乘輚(zhan)輅(lu),登龍(long)舟。張鳳蓋,建(jian)華旗。祛黼帷,鏡清(qing)流。靡微(wei)風(feng),澹淡浮。棹女(nv)謳(ou),鼓(gu)吹震,聲激越(yue),謍厲天,鳥群翔,直窺淵。招白鷴,下雙鵠。揄文竿,出比目。撫(fu)鴻(hong)罿(tong),御矰繳,方舟并騖,俯仰極樂(le)。遂(sui)乃(nai)風(feng)舉(ju)云搖(yao),浮游溥覽。前乘秦嶺,后越(yue)九嵕,東(dong)薄河華,西涉岐(qi)雍。宮館(guan)所(suo)歷,百有余區。行(xing)所(suo)朝夕(xi),儲不改供。禮(li)上下而(er)接山川,究休(xiu)佑之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)用。采游童之(zhi)(zhi)歡(huan)謠(yao),第從臣之(zhi)(zhi)嘉頌。于斯之(zhi)(zhi)時,都都相望,邑邑相屬。國(guo)籍(ji)十世之(zhi)(zhi)基,家承百年之(zhi)(zhi)業,士食(shi)舊德之(zhi)(zhi)名氏,農服(fu)先疇之(zhi)(zhi)畎畝,商循族世之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)鬻,工用高(gao)曾之(zhi)(zhi)規矩。粲乎隱隱,各得其(qi)所(suo)。
“若臣(chen)者徒觀跡于舊墟,聞之乎故老,十(shi)分而未得(de)其(qi)一端,故不(bu)能遍舉也。”
東都賦
東都主(zhu)人喟然而(er)(er)嘆曰:“痛乎(hu)風俗之(zhi)移(yi)人也。子(zi)(zi)實秦人,矜夸(kua)館室,保界(jie)河(he)山,信識昭、襄而(er)(er)知始(shi)皇矣,烏睹大漢(han)之(zhi)云為(wei)乎(hu)?夫大漢(han)之(zhi)開(kai)元也,奮布衣以(yi)登皇位,由數期而(er)(er)創萬代,蓋六籍(ji)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)談,前圣靡得(de)言焉當此之(zhi)時(shi),功(gong)有橫而(er)(er)當天,討有逆(ni)而(er)(er)順民(min)。故(gu)婁敬度勢(shi)而(er)(er)獻其(qi)說,蕭公權宜(yi)而(er)(er)拓(tuo)其(qi)制。時(shi)豈泰而(er)(er)安之(zhi)哉(zai),計不(bu)(bu)得(de)以(yi)已也。吾子(zi)(zi)曾不(bu)(bu)是睹,顧曜后嗣之(zhi)末造,不(bu)(bu)亦(yi)暗(an)乎(hu)?今(jin)將語子(zi)(zi)以(yi)建武之(zhi)治,永(yong)平之(zhi)事,監于太清,以(yi)變子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)惑志。
“往者王(wang)(wang)莽作(zuo)逆,漢祚中缺,天人(ren)(ren)致(zhi)誅(zhu),六(liu)合相滅。于時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂,生人(ren)(ren)幾亡,鬼(gui)神泯(min)絕,壑無完柩,郛罔遺室(shi)。原(yuan)野厭(yan)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肉,川谷流人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血,秦、項之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)災,猶不(bu)克半,書契以(yi)來,未之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或紀。故下人(ren)(ren)號(hao)而(er)(er)上訴,上帝(di)懷而(er)(er)降監,乃(nai)(nai)致(zhi)命乎(hu)圣(sheng)(sheng)皇。于是(shi)圣(sheng)(sheng)皇乃(nai)(nai)握乾符,闡坤珍,披皇圖,稽帝(di)文(wen),赫然(ran)發憤(fen),應若興云(yun),霆擊(ji)昆陽,憑怒(nu)雷震。遂超(chao)大河,跨北岳,立(li)號(hao)高邑,建(jian)都(dou)河、洛。紹百王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)荒屯,因造化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蕩滌,體元立(li)制,繼天而(er)(er)作(zuo)。系唐(tang)統,接漢緒,茂育(yu)群生,恢復疆宇,勛兼乎(hu)在(zai)昔(xi),事勤(qin)乎(hu)三五。豈特方軌并(bing)跡,紛(fen)紛(fen)后辟,治(zhi)近古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)務,蹈一圣(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險易云(yun)爾哉。且夫建(jian)武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元,天地(di)革命,四海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei),更造夫婦,肇有(you)父(fu)子,君(jun)臣初建(jian),人(ren)(ren)倫實(shi)始,斯(si)乃(nai)(nai)伏犧氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)基皇德也。分州(zhou)土,立(li)市朝,作(zuo)盤輿,造器械(xie),斯(si)乃(nai)(nai)軒轅氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)開(kai)帝(di)功也。龔行天罰,應天順(shun)人(ren)(ren),斯(si)乃(nai)(nai)湯、武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)業也。遷都(dou)改邑,有(you)殷宗中興之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則焉。即土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,有(you)周成(cheng)(cheng)隆平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制焉。不(bu)階尺土一人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柄,同符乎(hu)高祖。克己復禮,以(yi)奉終始,允恭乎(hu)孝文(wen)。憲(xian)章稽古,封岱勒成(cheng)(cheng),儀炳乎(hu)世宗。案《六(liu)經》而(er)(er)校(xiao)德,眇(miao)古昔(xi)而(er)(er)論功,仁圣(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事既該,而(er)(er)帝(di)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道備矣(yi)。
“至于永平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際,重熙(xi)而(er)累洽,盛三雍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上儀,修袞龍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法服,鋪(pu)鴻藻,信景鑠,揚世廟,正雅樂(le)(le)。人神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)允洽,群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)序既肅。乃(nai)(nai)動大輅,遵皇(huang)(huang)衢,省(sheng)方巡狩(shou),窮覽(lan)萬國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)無,考(kao)聲(sheng)教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)被,散皇(huang)(huang)明(ming)以(yi)(yi)燭幽。然后(hou)增周(zhou)舊,修洛邑,扇巍(wei)巍(wei),顯翼翼。光漢京于諸夏(xia),總八方而(er)為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)極(ji)。是(shi)以(yi)(yi)皇(huang)(huang)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei),宮室(shi)光明(ming),闕(que)庭(ting)神麗,奢(she)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)逾,儉不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能侈。外則因原(yuan)野(ye)以(yi)(yi)作苑,填流(liu)泉(quan)而(er)為(wei)(wei)沼,發蘋藻以(yi)(yi)潛魚,豐圃草以(yi)(yi)毓獸,制同乎(hu)梁鄒,誼(yi)合乎(hu)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)囿。若乃(nai)(nai)順時節而(er)蒐狩(shou),簡車(che)徒以(yi)(yi)講(jiang)武(wu)(wu),則必臨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)《王制》,考(kao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)《風》《雅》,歷(li)《騶虞》,覽(lan)《駟鐵》,嘉《車(che)攻》,采《吉日》,禮官整(zheng)儀,乘輿乃(nai)(nai)出。于是(shi)發鯨魚,鏗華(hua)鐘(zhong),登(deng)(deng)玉輅,乘時龍,鳳蓋棽麗,和(he)鑾玲瓏,天(tian)官景從,寢威盛容。山(shan)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)護野(ye),屬御方神,雨師泛灑,風伯清(qing)塵,千乘雷(lei)起,萬騎(qi)紛紜(yun),元戎竟野(ye),戈鋌彗(hui)云,羽旄掃霓(ni),旌旗拂天(tian)。焱焱炎(yan)炎(yan),揚光飛文,吐焰生風,欱野(ye)噴山(shan),日月(yue)為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奪明(ming),丘陵為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)搖震。遂(sui)(sui)集乎(hu)中囿,陳師案屯,駢(pian)部曲(qu),列(lie)校隊,勒三軍,誓將帥(shuai)。然后(hou)舉(ju)烽伐鼓(gu),申令(ling)三驅(qu),輶車(che)霆激,驍(xiao)騎(qi)電騖(wu),由(you)基發射,范氏施御,弦不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)睼是(shi)禽,轡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)詭遇,飛者未(wei)(wei)及(ji)翔,走者未(wei)(wei)及(ji)去。指顧倏忽,獲車(che)已實(shi),樂(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)極(ji)盤,殺不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)盡(jin)物,馬踠(wan)余足,士怒未(wei)(wei)渫,先驅(qu)復路(lu),屬車(che)案節。于是(shi)薦(jian)三犧(xi),效(xiao)五牲,禮神祇,懷(huai)百(bai)(bai)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),覲(jin)明(ming)堂,臨辟雍,揚緝熙(xi),宣皇(huang)(huang)風,登(deng)(deng)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)臺,考(kao)休徵。俯仰乎(hu)乾坤,參象(xiang)乎(hu)圣躬,目中夏(xia)而(er)布德(de),瞰四裔而(er)抗棱(leng)。西蕩(dang)河源,東澹海(hai)漘(chun),北動幽崖,南趯朱垠。殊方別(bie)區(qu),界絕而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)鄰。自(zi)孝(xiao)武(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)征,孝(xiao)宣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)未(wei)(wei)臣(chen),莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)陸詟水栗,奔走而(er)來賓。遂(sui)(sui)綏哀牢,開永昌,春(chun)王三朝,會(hui)同漢京。是(shi)日也,天(tian)子(zi)受四海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖籍,膺萬國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貢珍,內(nei)撫(fu)諸夏(xia),外綏百(bai)(bai)蠻(man)。爾乃(nai)(nai)盛禮興樂(le)(le),供帳置(zhi)乎(hu)云龍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庭(ting),陳百(bai)(bai)寮(liao)而(er)贊群(qun)(qun)后(hou),究皇(huang)(huang)儀而(er)展帝容。于是(shi)庭(ting)實(shi)千品,旨酒萬鐘(zhong),列(lie)金罍,班玉觴,嘉珍御,太(tai)牢饗。爾乃(nai)(nai)食舉(ju)《雍》徹(che),太(tai)師奏(zou)樂(le)(le),陳金石,布絲竹,鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)鏗鍧,管弦燁煜。抗五聲(sheng),極(ji)六律(lv),歌九功,舞八佾,《韶》《武(wu)(wu)》備,泰古(gu)華(hua)。四夷間奏(zou),德(de)廣(guang)所(suo)及(ji),僸佅(mai)兜離,罔不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具集。萬樂(le)(le)備,百(bai)(bai)禮暨,皇(huang)(huang)歡(huan)浹,群(qun)(qun)臣(chen)醉,降煙煴,調元氣,然后(hou)撞(zhuang)鐘(zhong)告罷,百(bai)(bai)寮(liao)遂(sui)(sui)退。
“是圣上親萬方之(zhi)歡娛(yu),又(you)沐浴于(yu)(yu)膏(gao)澤,懼其侈心(xin)之(zhi)將萌,而(er)(er)(er)怠于(yu)(yu)東作也,乃(nai)申舊間,下明詔(zhao),命有司,班憲度(du),昭節儉,示(shi)太素(su)。去后宮(gong)之(zhi)麗飾,損乘輿之(zhi)服(fu)御,抑工商之(zhi)淫業,興農桑之(zhi)盛(sheng)務(wu)。遂令海內棄末而(er)(er)(er)反本,背(bei)偽而(er)(er)(er)歸(gui)真(zhen),女修(xiu)織,男務(wu)耕(geng)耘,器(qi)用陶匏,服(fu)尚素(su)玄,恥(chi)纖(xian)靡而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)服(fu),賤奇麗而(er)(er)(er)弗(fu)珍,捐金于(yu)(yu)山,沈珠于(yu)(yu)淵。于(yu)(yu)是百姓滌瑕蕩穢(hui),而(er)(er)(er)鏡(jing)至清,形神寂(ji)漠(mo),耳目弗(fu)營,嗜欲之(zhi)源(yuan)滅,廉恥(chi)之(zhi)心(xin)生,莫不(bu)優游(you)而(er)(er)(er)自得,玉潤而(er)(er)(er)金聲。是以四(si)海之(zhi)內,學(xue)校(xiao)如林(lin),庠(xiang)序盈(ying)門,獻酬交錯,俎豆莘莘,下舞上歌,蹈(dao)德詠仁(ren)。登降飪宴(yan)之(zhi)禮既(ji)畢(bi),因相與嗟嘆玄德,讜言弘說,咸(xian)含和而(er)(er)(er)吐氣,頌曰:盛(sheng)哉(zai)乎斯世!
“今(jin)論者(zhe)但知(zhi)誦(song)虞(yu)、夏之(zhi)《書》,詠(yong)殷、周之(zhi)《詩》,講羲、文之(zhi)《易》,論孔氏之(zhi)《春秋》,罕能精古今(jin)之(zhi)清(qing)濁(zhuo),究漢德之(zhi)所由。唯(wei)子(zi)頗識(shi)舊(jiu)典,又徒(tu)馳騁乎(hu)末流(liu)。溫故知(zhi)新已(yi)難,而(er)知(zhi)德者(zhe)鮮(xian)矣。且夫僻界西(xi)戎,險阻四塞,修(xiu)其防御,孰(shu)(shu)與(yu)處(chu)乎(hu)土中,平夷洞達,萬方輻湊?秦(qin)嶺、九嵕,涇、渭之(zhi)川,曷(he)(he)若四瀆、五岳(yue),帶河溯洛,圖書之(zhi)淵(yuan)?建章、甘(gan)泉(quan),館御列仙,孰(shu)(shu)與(yu)靈臺、明堂(tang),統(tong)和天人(ren)?太液、昆明,鳥獸之(zhi)囿,曷(he)(he)若辟(pi)雍海(hai)流(liu),道德之(zhi)富?游俠逾侈(chi),犯義侵禮,孰(shu)(shu)與(yu)同履法度(du),翼翼濟濟也?子(zi)徒(tu)習(xi)秦(qin)阿(a)房之(zhi)造天,而(er)不(bu)知(zhi)京洛之(zhi)有制也。識(shi)函谷之(zhi)可關,而(er)不(bu)知(zhi)王者(zhe)之(zhi)無外(wai)也。”
主(zhu)人之(zhi)辭未終(zhong),西都賓矍然失容,逡巡降階,揲(she)然意下,捧(peng)手欲辭。”主(zhu)人曰(yue):“復位,今將授(shou)予以五篇之(zhi)詩。”賓既卒業,乃稱(cheng)曰(yue):“美哉乎(hu)斯(si)詩!義正乎(hu)揚(yang)雄,事實乎(hu)相如,匪唯主(zhu)人之(zhi)好學,蓋乃遭遇乎(hu)斯(si)時也(ye)。小子狂簡,不知所(suo)裁(cai),既聞(wen)正道,請終(zhong)身而誦之(zhi)。”
其詩曰:
于(yu)昭(zhao)明堂(tang)(tang),明堂(tang)(tang)孔(kong)陽(yang)。圣皇宗祀,穆(mu)穆(mu)煌(huang)(huang)煌(huang)(huang)。上帝宴饗,五位時序。誰其配之?世祖(zu)、光武。普天率士,各以(yi)其職(zhi)。猗歟緝(ji)熙,允懷多(duo)福(fu)。(明堂(tang)(tang)詩)
乃流(liu)辟(pi)雍(yong),辟(pi)雍(yong)湯(tang)湯(tang)。圣(sheng)王蒞止,造舟為梁。皤皤國老,乃父乃兄。抑(yi)抑(yi)威儀,孝友光(guang)明。于(yu)赫(he)太(tai)上,示我漢行。洪(hong)化惟神,永觀厥成。(辟(pi)雍(yong)詩)
乃經靈(ling)臺,靈(ling)臺既崇。帝勤(qin)時登,爰考休徵。三光宣精(jing),五行布序。習習祥風,祁(qi)祁(qi)甘雨。百谷蓁蓁,庶草蕃(fan)廡。屢(lv)惟豐(feng)年,于皇樂胥。(靈(ling)臺詩)
岳(yue)修貢兮川效珍,吐(tu)金景兮歊浮云(yun)。寶鼎見(jian)兮色紛缊,煥其炳兮被龍文。登祖廟兮享(xiang)圣神,昭靈德兮彌億年。(寶鼎詩(shi))
啟靈篇兮(xi)(xi)(xi)披瑞圖(tu),獲白(bai)雉(zhi)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)效素烏,嘉祥阜兮(xi)(xi)(xi)集(ji)皇(huang)都。發皓羽(yu)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)奮(fen)翹英,容絜朗兮(xi)(xi)(xi)于純精。彰皇(huang)德(de)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)侔(mou)周成(cheng),永(yong)延長兮(xi)(xi)(xi)膺天(tian)慶(qing)。(白(bai)雉(zhi)詩)
班(ban)固(公元(yuan)32年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)—公元(yuan)92年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),字孟堅,扶風安陵(今陜西咸陽東(dong)北)人(ren),班(ban)彪長(chang)子。九歲能文。建武二十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)47年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))前后入洛陽太學,博覽群(qun)書(shu),窮究九流百家(jia)之言。建武三十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)54年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),其父(fu)班(ban)彪卒,自(zi)太學返回鄉(xiang)里。為父(fu)守喪時(shi)(shi)期(qi),在班(ban)彪續(xu)補《史(shi)記(ji)》之作(zuo)《史(shi)記(ji)后傳(chuan)》的基礎上開始(shi)編寫《漢書(shu)》,至建初(chu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間基本完成。漢明帝時(shi)(shi),曾(ceng)任蘭臺令(ling)史(shi),與陳(chen)宗、尹敏、孟異共同撰(zhuan)成《世祖本紀(ji)》,升遷為郎,負責校(xiao)定秘書(shu)。章帝時(shi)(shi),以史(shi)官兼任記(ji)錄,奉命把討論(lun)結果整理成《白虎通義》,又稱《白虎通德論(lun)》。永(yong)元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)89年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),大將軍(jun)竇(dou)憲(xian)奉旨(zhi)遠征匈奴,他(ta)參(can)與謀議,竇(dou)憲(xian)在政爭中(zhong)失(shi)敗自(zi)殺,洛陽令(ling)借機捕他(ta)入獄,后于永(yong)元(yuan)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)92年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))死于獄中(zhong)。他(ta)擅長(chang)作(zuo)賦(fu)(fu)(fu),撰(zhuan)有《兩都賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》、《幽通賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》等。
《兩(liang)(liang)都(dou)(dou)(dou)賦》在結體與(yu)手法上(shang)學習了(le)司馬相(xiang)如《子(zi)(zi)虛(xu)(xu)賦》《上(shang)林賦》的結構(gou)(gou)方式(shi),分《西(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)》、《東(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)》;《子(zi)(zi)虛(xu)(xu)賦》虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)亡(wang)是(shi)公針對(dui)楚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)虛(xu)(xu)、齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)烏有先生互相(xiang)炫耀,而(er)明(ming)天子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義 ,《兩(liang)(liang)都(dou)(dou)(dou)賦》由虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)東(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)主人(ren)針對(dui)西(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)賓贊揚長(chang)安(an), 望(wang)朝廷西(xi)(xi)顧 ,而(er)盛(sheng)稱洛(luo)邑制度(du)(du),以(yi)折西(xi)(xi)賓淫(yin)侈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論。上(shang)篇(pian)只(zhi)寫西(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou),下(xia)篇(pian)只(zhi)寫東(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou),內容(rong)劃(hua)分清楚,結構(gou)(gou)較(jiao)為(wei)合理。從主導思想上(shang)說,他不(bu)在規模和繁華的程度(du)(du)上(shang)貶(bian)西(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)而(er)褒東(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou),而(er)從禮法的角度(du)(du),從制度(du)(du)上(shang)衡(heng)量(liang)此前(qian)贊美(mei)西(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)者(zhe)所述西(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)的壯麗繁華實為(wei)奢(she)(she)淫(yin)過度(du)(du),無益(yi)于(yu)天下(xia)。《西(xi)(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)賦》寫長(chang)安(an)都(dou)(dou)(dou)城的壯麗宏大,宮(gong)殿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奇(qi)偉華美(mei),后宮(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奢(she)(she)侈淫(yin)靡,也(ye)極盡鋪排之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能事(shi),使(shi)作者(zhe)著(zhu)實表(biao)現出(chu)了(le)寫騁(cheng)辭大賦的才能。但結果卻不(bu)是(shi)寫得越奢(she)(she)華便越體現著(zhu)作者(zhe)對(dui)它(ta)的贊揚,而(er)是(shi)折之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)法度(du)(du),衡(heng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)王制。《東(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)賦》寫洛(luo)陽,雖也(ye)寫宮(gong)室(shi)、田獵的內容(rong),但比較(jiao)概括,而(er)從禮法制度(du)(du)出(chu)發,宣揚“宮(gong)室(shi)光明(ming),闕庭神(shen)麗,奢(she)(she)不(bu)可逾,儉不(bu)能侈”,“順時節(jie)而(er)蒐狩,簡車(che)徒以(yi)講武,則(ze)必臨(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《王制》,考之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《風》《雅(ya)》”。
杜篤的《論都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》建(jian)議遷(qian)都(dou)(dou)長安,寫得很策略;班固維(wei)護建(jian)都(dou)(dou)洛陽,在處(chu)理對前漢西(xi)都(dou)(dou)評(ping)價(jia)上(shang),也極為謹慎小心。《東都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》開頭(tou)云:“東都(dou)(dou)主(zhu)人(ren)喟然而嘆曰(yue):‘痛乎風俗之移人(ren)也。子實秦(qin)人(ren),矜(jin)夸館室,保界河山,信識昭襄而知始皇矣,烏睹大漢之云為乎?’”
批評(ping)的(de)(de)(de)矛頭對(dui)(dui)(dui)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)秦皇(huang)而非漢(han)(han)(han)帝。下(xia)面接著一小段寫“大漢(han)(han)(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)開元”,十分概括。因為后(hou)漢(han)(han)(han)以(yi)承前(qian)漢(han)(han)(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皇(huang)統自居(ju),對(dui)(dui)(dui)前(qian)漢(han)(han)(han)不(bu)能(neng)不(bu)加肯定;但從前(qian)、后(hou)漢(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)較來(lai)說,當時(shi)統治者需要的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)后(hou)漢(han)(han)(han)功業(ye)(ye)和東(dong)都洛(luo)(luo)陽的(de)(de)(de)贊(zan)揚、歌頌,故對(dui)(dui)(dui)前(qian)漢(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)功業(ye)(ye)不(bu)能(neng)作太(tai)具體、詳細的(de)(de)(de)表述。下(xia)面說:“今將語子(zi)(zi)以(yi)建(jian)武(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治,永(yong)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,監(jian)于太(tai)清,以(yi)變子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惑志(zhi)”,開始(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)后(hou)漢(han)(han)(han)王朝(chao)功業(ye)(ye)、禮制的(de)(de)(de)鋪敘(xu)。又說:“遷(qian)都改(gai)邑(yi),有殷(yin)宗中(zhong)興之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則焉(yan);即土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),有周成隆(long)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制焉(yan)。”又從歷史方(fang)面來(lai)論證定都洛(luo)(luo)邑(yi),前(qian)有先例,且(qie)居(ju)天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),得地(di)利(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便。由賦中(zhong)內(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)安排(pai)和措詞的(de)(de)(de)上下(xia)照(zhao)應情況,可以(yi)看(kan)出(chu)當時(shi)最(zui)高統治者的(de)(de)(de)心態(tai)和班固對(dui)(dui)(dui)此(ci)的(de)(de)(de)把握(wo)。
《東都(dou)(dou)賦》以封(feng)建(jian)禮法為(wei)準則,贊揚了建(jian)武(wu)、永(yong)平的(de)(de)盛(sheng)世,以“盛(sheng)乎斯(si)世”一語作為(wei)大段描述的(de)(de)結尾,對西(xi)都(dou)(dou)賓先予(yu)稱贊,再予(yu)批評,行文搖曳多(duo)姿,善(shan)于達意(yi)。下面又將(jiang)西(xi)都(dou)(dou)同東都(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)形勢(shi)及(ji)風俗直接加以比(bi)較:“且夫僻界西(xi)戎,險阻四塞(sai),修(xiu)其(qi)防御,孰(shu)與處乎土中(zhong),平夷洞(dong)達,萬方輻湊?秦(qin)嶺、九嵕,涇、渭之(zhi)川,曷若四瀆、五岳(yue),帶河溯洛(luo),圖書之(zhi)淵?建(jian)章、甘泉(quan),館御列仙,孰(shu)與靈臺(tai)、明堂,統和天人(ren)?太液、昆明,鳥(niao)獸之(zhi)囿,曷若辟雍海流,道(dao)德之(zhi)富?游俠逾侈,犯(fan)義侵禮,孰(shu)與同履法度(du),翼翼濟濟也?”
態度鮮明地(di)稱贊東(dong)都(dou)洛陽(yang)地(di)利、形勢及禮俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淳厚(hou),建筑、設置之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)合于(yu)王道。“統和天人(ren)”、“同(tong)履法度”,點出(chu)了《東(dong)都(dou)賦(fu)》的主題;“圖書之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淵(yuan)”、“道德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)”,是(shi)《東(dong)都(dou)賦(fu)》著力鋪敘、宣(xuan)揚(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所在。下面照應本篇(pian)開頭部(bu)分(fen):“子徒(tu)習秦阿房(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造天,而不知京洛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有制也;識(shi)函(han)谷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)關,而不知王者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無外(wai)也”。完全以一個新(xin)的尺度來衡量秦(實際上是(shi)代指(zhi)西漢)和東(dong)漢王朝政教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)得失。接著以西都(dou)賓的折服為賦(fu)正文部(bu)分(fen)的收束。這同(tong)《上林賦(fu)》的結(jie)(jie)尾完全一樣。但整個說來,班固(gu)的《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》開頭、結(jie)(jie)尾、過渡等章(zhang)法更為嚴(yan)謹(jin)、自然,且富(fu)于(yu)情態,長于(yu)韻(yun)味(wei)。
班固《兩都賦(fu)》由于(yu)創(chuang)作的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)在于(yu)表述(shu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個政治問題上的(de)(de)(de)個人(ren)見(jian)解,甚至(zhi)是為了參與一(yi)(yi)(yi)場爭論,故它不(bu)似《子虛》《上林》的(de)(de)(de)有(you)很多(duo)虛夸(kua)的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen),以(yi)(yi)氣爭勝,而更多(duo)實證(zheng)。它主(zhu)要不(bu)是抒發一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)情感(gan),表現(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)精(jing)神,而是要表現(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)思想,體現(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)觀念。這(zhe)也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)說(shuo)是同時代風(feng)氣有(you)關(guan),是當時文(wen)風(feng)和社會風(feng)氣的(de)(de)(de)體現(xian)(xian)。另外,同該(gai)賦(fu)中(zhong)強調禮制、強調崇儒(ru)思想相一(yi)(yi)(yi)致,賦(fu)的(de)(de)(de)語(yu)言(yan)典雅和麗(馬積高先(xian)生《賦(fu)史》即已(yi)指出這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)點(dian)),節奏步武從容,和鑾相鳴,可(ke)謂金聲玉振,有(you)廟堂朝儀的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)度。
在結(jie)(jie)構上(shang),《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》對《子虛》《上(shang)林》也有(you)突破,上(shang)文已言及。下面再看看其(qi)結(jie)(jie)尾上(shang)的(de)創意。作為全賦(fu)的(de)結(jie)(jie)束,《東都(dou)賦(fu)》末尾不(bu)是在西都(dou)賓(bin)“矍然失容,逡巡降階(jie),惵然意下,捧手欲辭”之后即結(jie)(jie)束,下面接上(shang)說:“主(zhu)人曰:復位(wei),今將授予以五篇(pian)之詩(shi)。”大約是考慮(lv)到下面即錄附詩(shi),會(hui)使(shi)結(jie)(jie)尾割裂而(er)失去風韻(yun),故將詩(shi)附于篇(pian)末,而(er)以西都(dou)賓(bin)的(de)稱(cheng)贊(zan)為結(jie)(jie)尾:賓(bin)既(ji)卒業,乃稱(cheng)曰:“美哉乎斯詩(shi)!義正乎揚(yang)雄(xiong),事實(shi)(shi)乎相如,匪唯主(zhu)人之好學,蓋乃遭(zao)遇乎斯時也。小子狂簡,不(bu)知所裁(cai),既(ji)聞正遭(zao),請終身(shen)而(er)誦之。”顯得輕松而(er)詼諧,多少帶(dai)(dai)有(you)一點寓言的(de)味道,使(shi)這(zhe)篇(pian)騁辭大賦(fu)在莊嚴之中(zhong),帶(dai)(dai)有(you)活潑之氣。其(qi)中(zhong)“義正乎揚(yang)雄(xiong),事實(shi)(shi)乎相如”,也可以看作是班固(gu)自己(ji)對《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》特色的(de)概括(kuo)。
《兩都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)》所(suo)描述的(de)(de)具體(ti)內容,已不再像司馬相(xiang)如那樣重在(zai)帝(di)王(wang)宮苑(yuan)、游獵,而是(shi)借鑒揚雄(xiong)《蜀都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)》,創造性(xing)地發展為(wei)京都(dou)(dou)山河形(xing)勢、表里布局和雄(xiong)偉(wei)氣(qi)象,雖然不能全免大賦(fu)(fu)夸張(zhang)渲(xuan)染失實(shi)之(zhi)病(bing),但(dan)由于采用了不少(shao)實(shi)際的(de)(de)歷史地理(li)資料(liao),而不顯過分(fen)虛浮(fu),有真切的(de)(de)現實(shi)感。《兩都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)》同(tong)《子虛》《上(shang)林(lin)》的(de)(de)僅寫田獵者相(xiang)比,內容要更為(wei)豐(feng)富、開(kai)闊(kuo),也更能集中(zhong)地、多角度、多方面地展現一個時代政(zheng)治、經濟、文化的(de)(de)發展狀況。《兩都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)》中(zhong)無(wu)論是(shi)都(dou)(dou)城形(xing)勝(sheng)、街市繁(fan)華,還是(shi)郊野(ye)氣(qi)象、農桑豐(feng)碩,都(dou)(dou)有具體(ti)而生(sheng)動的(de)(de)藝術表現,做到了文贍(shan)而事(shi)詳(xiang) ,引人遐想。另外,在(zai)語言的(de)(de)運用上(shang),排偶之(zhi)中(zhong),音調和諧,極(ji)少(shao)奇僻(pi)的(de)(de)異體(ti)字,明暢順達(da),無(wu)漢(han)賦(fu)(fu)常見的(de)(de)臃腫澀滯(zhi)之(zhi)弊,又(you)確(que)實(shi)使讀之(zhi)者娓(wei)娓(wei)而不厭。
《兩(liang)都(dou)賦(fu)》被蕭統《文(wen)選》列為第(di)一(yi)(yi)篇(pian),劉(liu)勰也稱其“明絢(xuan)以(yi)雅贍”。后(hou)世時(shi)有(you)人對《兩(liang)都(dou)賦(fu)》加以(yi)摹擬,形成“京(jing)都(dou)賦(fu)”的類型。《文(wen)選》分(fen)賦(fu)為十五(wu)類,“京(jing)都(dou)賦(fu)”列在第(di)一(yi)(yi)。《文(wen)苑英華(hua)》《歷代賦(fu)匯》等也有(you)“京(jing)都(dou)”或“都(dou)邑”一(yi)(yi)類。
盡管在班(ban)固之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前已有(you)京都賦(fu)(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo),但能使這類題材以(yi)及表現方(fang)式(shi)、結構方(fang)式(shi)結合(he)而形(xing)成大賦(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)門(men)類,乃有(you)賴于(yu)《兩都賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》取得的(de)(de)成就(jiu)。歷史上很多優秀的(de)(de)作(zuo)品(pin),尤(you)其(qi)具有(you)某方(fang)面(mian)劃(hua)時代意義的(de)(de)作(zuo)品(pin),往往成為(wei)后來(lai)作(zuo)家學習、甚(shen)至摹擬的(de)(de)范本。班(ban)固之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前的(de)(de)京都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo),揚雄的(de)(de)《蜀都賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》已有(you)殘(can)(can)(can)缺(que),崔骃、傅毅(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)《反都賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》只余殘(can)(can)(can)章剩句,傅毅(yi)(yi)《洛都賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》也有(you)殘(can)(can)(can)缺(que),便說明了它們的(de)(de)歷史地位。
盡管《兩都賦(fu)》在藝(yi)術上(shang)取得了相當(dang)的成就,歷來為士大(da)(da)夫(fu)所重,但是(shi)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)來看(kan),沒(mei)有(you)(you)也不可能從(cong)根本上(shang)革除(chu)早已(yi)被揚雄針砭的散體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)賦(fu)自身具(ju)有(you)(you)的通(tong)弊,從(cong)而(er)扭轉其衰竭(jie)之勢。就賦(fu)體(ti)(ti)文學發(fa)展的趨勢而(er)言,當(dang)大(da)(da)賦(fu)已(yi)經定(ding)型(xing)為以(yi)(yi)窮泰極侈的筆(bi)墨(mo)達頌圣之旨,即便有(you)(you)諷(feng)諭,也不過“勸百諷(feng)一” ,而(er)以(yi)(yi)騷體(ti)(ti)為代表的抒發(fa)內(nei)心情懷之賦(fu),正越(yue)來越(yue)成熟,在顯示(shi)出(chu)強勁的藝(yi)術生命(ming)力之時,仍要恪守老(lao)路,企圖重新(xin)振興,畢竟是(shi)違反客觀(guan)規(gui)律,逆(ni)歷史(shi)潮流(liu)而(er)動,斷不會成功。