驢食草(學名:Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.)是豆科、驢食草屬多年生(sheng)草本,高40-80厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)。莖直立,中空,被(bei)向上貼(tie)(tie)伏(fu)的短柔毛。小葉片長圓(yuan)狀披針(zhen)形(xing)或披針(zhen)形(xing),長20-30毫米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)4-10毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)。總狀花序腋(ye)生(sheng),明顯超(chao)出葉層;花多數,長9-11毫米(mi)(mi)(mi),具(ju)l毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右的短花梗;子房密被(bei)貼(tie)(tie)伏(fu)柔毛。莢(jia)果具(ju)1個(ge)節(jie)莢(jia),節(jie)莢(jia)半圓(yuan)形(xing),上部(bu)邊緣(yuan)具(ju)或尖或鈍的刺。
中國(guo)華北(bei)、西(xi)北(bei)地區栽培;主(zhu)要分布于歐(ou)洲。適應性強,喜溫暖半干(gan)燥(zao)的氣(qi)候條件(jian),在海拔3500米(mi)左右的甘南高寒牧區也能生長(chang)。
莖稈柔軟,適口性好,營養(yang)豐富,蛋白質含量(liang)高(gao),因含丹寧,家畜采食后不得臌脹病。為(wei)各(ge)類畜禽所喜食。被(bei)譽為(wei)“牧草皇后”。是優良的(de)(de)蜜源植物。其根上有根瘤(liu),固氮能(neng)力強,對改善(shan)土壤(rang)理化性質,增加土壤(rang)養(yang)分,促進土壤(rang)團粒結構的(de)(de)形成,都具(ju)有重要(yao)的(de)(de)意義(yi)。
驢食草適(shi)應性強,喜(xi)溫暖半干燥的氣候條件,適(shi)宜在年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)氣溫12-13℃、年(nian)(nian)降水(shui)量350-500毫米的地區(qu)(qu)生(sheng)長(chang)。在海拔3500米左右(you)的甘南高寒牧(mu)區(qu)(qu)也能生(sheng)長(chang)。
中國華北、西北地區栽(zai)培(pei);中國新疆天山和阿爾泰(tai)山北麓(lu)都有野生種分布(bu)。主要分布(bu)于歐洲。
多年生草本,高40-80厘米(mi)(mi)。莖直立,中(zhong)空(kong),被(bei)向上貼伏(fu)的短柔毛。小(xiao)葉(xie)13-19,幾無小(xiao)葉(xie)柄;小(xiao)葉(xie)片長(chang)圓狀(zhuang)披針(zhen)(zhen)形或披針(zhen)(zhen)形,長(chang)20-30毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬4-10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),上面(mian)無毛,下面(mian)被(bei)貼伏(fu)柔毛。
總狀花序腋生,明顯(xian)超出葉層;花多數,長(chang)9-11毫米(mi)(mi),具l毫米(mi)(mi)左右的短花梗;萼鐘狀,長(chang)6-8毫米(mi)(mi),萼齒(chi)披針狀鉆(zhan)形,長(chang)為萼筒的2-2.5倍,下(xia)萼齒(chi)較短;花冠玫瑰紫(zi)色,旗(qi)瓣倒卵形,翼瓣長(chang)為旗(qi)瓣的1/4,龍(long)骨瓣與瓣約等長(chang);子房密被貼伏柔(rou)毛(mao)。莢(jia)果(guo)具1個節莢(jia),節莢(jia)半圓形,上(shang)部(bu)邊緣具或(huo)尖或(huo)鈍(dun)的刺。
雜草嚴重時可(ke)采用(yong)除草劑處理后(hou)翻(fan)耕(geng)。在(zai)(zai)農田(tian)種植(zhi),前(qian)作收獲(huo)后(hou)及時翻(fan)耕(geng)。秋耕(geng)宜深,春耕(geng)宜淺。翻(fan)耕(geng)后(hou)須及時耙地(di)和壓地(di),粉碎土塊(kuai),平(ping)整土地(di)。翻(fan)耕(geng)前(qian)施(shi)有機(ji)肥(fei)1000-2000千克/畝和過磷(lin)酸鈣100-150千克/畝作基肥(fei)。在(zai)(zai)酸性土壤上(shang)應(ying)增施(shi)石灰。土壤瘠薄時,播前(qian)還可(ke)施(shi)尿素5-10千克/畝、磷(lin)酸二銨(an)5-6千克/畝。
驢食草適宜的土(tu)壤含水(shui)(shui)量(liang)為田間持(chi)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)的70%。在(zai)年降水(shui)(shui)量(liang)為500毫米以上地區可以不灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)。在(zai)干旱(han)地區視降水(shui)(shui)情況(kuang)每年須灌(guan)溉3-5次。返青期、每次刈割(ge)前(qian)10天左(zuo)右和(he)入冬前(qian)各(ge)灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)一(yi)次。每次灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)以30-40立方米/畝為宜。
高(gao)產驢(lv)食草(cao)草(cao)地(di)須(xu)在生(sheng)長初期或(huo)每次刈割后結合(he)灌(guan)水施肥。可(ke)追施尿素5-7千(qian)克/畝、磷(lin)酸(suan)二胺7-10千(qian)克/畝,氮磷(lin)比以1:1最佳。北方土(tu)壤中(zhong)大多富鉀(jia),可(ke)滿(man)足紅豆(dou)草(cao)生(sheng)長需要,一般不(bu)再(zai)施用(yong)鉀(jia)肥。
驢食草(cao)從出(chu)苗到封壟40-50天,為雜(za)草(cao)盛發(fa)期,須(xu)及時中耕除(chu)草(cao)。返青前(qian)和(he)每次刈割后,根(gen)據雜(za)草(cao)發(fa)生(sheng)情況,及時中耕除(chu)草(cao)。
青飼或(huo)青貯時在現蕾至(zhi)盛花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)刈(yi)(yi)割,調制(zhi)干(gan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)在盛花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)刈(yi)(yi)割。溫(wen)暖地區(qu)年(nian)可(ke)刈(yi)(yi)割兩茬,高寒地區(qu)年(nian)刈(yi)(yi)割一茬。再(zai)生草(cao)(cao)(cao)可(ke)放牧利用。初(chu)花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)刈(yi)(yi)割干(gan)物質粗(cu)蛋白質含量(liang)可(ke)達(da)18%左右。初(chu)花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)刈(yi)(yi)割可(ke)刈(yi)(yi)割三茬,但產草(cao)(cao)(cao)量(liang)不及(ji)盛花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi),而(er)且影響草(cao)(cao)(cao)地使用壽命。機械(xie)收(shou)獲(huo)時留茬高度根據地面狀(zhuang)況調至(zhi)最(zui)低,人工收(shou)獲(huo)可(ke)齊地面刈(yi)(yi)割。
播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)秋皆宜。一年一熟地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)宜春(chun)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo),一年兩熟地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)宜秋播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。干(gan)旱地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)可(ke)(ke)在雨(yu)后(hou)搶墑播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)(yong)0.05%鉬酸銨溶液處理種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)會(hui)(hui)提高根(gen)系(xi)有效根(gen)瘤數。播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)前種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)紅豆(dou)草(cao)(cao)專用(yong)(yong)根(gen)瘤菌接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),也(ye)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)搗碎的根(gen)瘤帶(dai)土(tu)拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。單播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)收草(cao)(cao)田(tian)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量3-5千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝,干(gan)旱地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)3-4千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝,濕潤和灌(guan)溉地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)5-6千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)田(tian)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量2-3千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝。濕潤和灌(guan)溉地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)行距(ju)20-30厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),干(gan)旱地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)30-40厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)田(tian)行距(ju)50-70厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。帶(dai)莢播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不影響發芽,去(qu)莢反而可(ke)(ke)能(neng)會(hui)(hui)傷害到胚。覆(fu)土(tu)深(shen)度3-4厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)后(hou)鎮壓,以利(li)出苗。紅豆(dou)草(cao)(cao)與苜蓿、老芒麥(mai)混播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)于刈牧兼用(yong)(yong)草(cao)(cao)地(di)(di)(di)。與苜蓿混播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)時(shi)紅豆(dou)草(cao)(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)用(yong)(yong)量1.4千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝,苜蓿0.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝。與老芒麥(mai)混播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)時(shi)紅豆(dou)草(cao)(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)用(yong)(yong)量1.4千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝,老芒麥(mai)1千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝。播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)如遇降(jiang)雨(yu)表(biao)土(tu)板結時(shi),須適時(shi)耙地(di)(di)(di)。
驢(lv)食草易感(gan)染銹(xiu)(xiu)病(bing)(bing)、白(bai)粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)和(he)菌(jun)(jun)核病(bing)(bing)。要及(ji)(ji)早發現(xian)及(ji)(ji)時治療。生長后期發現(xian)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)應提前(qian)刈割。銹(xiu)(xiu)病(bing)(bing)防(fang)治可采用(yong)(yong)波(bo)爾多液、石(shi)硫合劑、硫磺(huang)粉(fen)、代森鋅、福美雙、萎銹(xiu)(xiu)靈(ling)等(deng),自發病(bing)(bing)初期起,每7-10天(tian)噴(pen)酒一次。白(bai)粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)用(yong)(yong)膠體硫、多菌(jun)(jun)靈(ling)、甲基托(tuo)布(bu)津、苯來特和(he)十三(san)嗎啉等(deng)。菌(jun)(jun)核病(bing)(bing)可采取土表撒施五氯硝基苯預防(fang)。害(hai)蟲有苜蓿(xu)葉象甲、青(qing)葉跳蟬等(deng),可噴(pen)灑敵殺(sha)死、速滅殺(sha)丁等(deng)藥物。刈割前(qian)20天(tian)內禁止用(yong)(yong)藥。
驢(lv)食(shi)草花色粉紅(hong)艷麗,飼用價值(zhi)可與紫花苜蓿(xu)(xu)媲美(mei),故(gu)有“牧草皇(huang)后(hou)”之稱。適口性比(bi)紫花苜蓿(xu)(xu)和(he)三(san)葉(xie)草好,牛、羊、豬、兔均喜食(shi),且食(shi)后(hou)不易得膨脹(zhang)病。紅(hong)豆草的耐牧性和(he)再(zai)生(sheng)性不如白(bai)三(san)葉(xie)和(he)紫花苜蓿(xu)(xu)。開花早,花期長達2-3個月,是優良的蜜源植物。其根(gen)上有根(gen)瘤,固(gu)氮(dan)能力強,對改善土壤理化(hua)性質,增加土壤養分,促進(jin)土壤團粒結構的形成,都(dou)具(ju)有重(zhong)要的意義。