甜高粱(學(xue)名:Sorghum dochna (Forssk.)Snowden)是禾本科一年生植物(wu)。須根(gen)較粗,常于(yu)稈的基部具支(zhi)撐根(gen)。稈粗壯,高2-4米(mi)(mi),多汁液(ye),味甜。葉長(chang)(chang)(chang)約1米(mi)(mi),寬約8厘(li)米(mi)(mi);葉舌(she)硬膜質;葉鞘無(wu)毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)有白粉(fen)。花序(xu)緊密或(huo)(huo)稍緊密;花序(xu)梗直立;花藥長(chang)(chang)(chang)3-4毫米(mi)(mi)。穎果成熟時頂端(duan)或(huo)(huo)兩側裸露,稀完全為(wei)穎所(suo)包,橢(tuo)圓形至橢(tuo)圓狀長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形;種胚明(ming)顯,橢(tuo)圓形。有柄小穗披針形,長(chang)(chang)(chang)4-6毫米(mi)(mi),雄性或(huo)(huo)中性,宿存,無(wu)芒(mang)。花果期6-9月。
原(yuan)產印度和緬甸,現世界(jie)各大洲都有栽培。甜高(gao)粱的(de)用途十分廣泛,它(ta)不(bu)僅(jin)產糧食(shi),也產糖(tang)、糖(tang)漿,還(huan)可以做酒、酒精(jing)和味精(jing),纖維還(huan)可以造紙。
工藝高梁(學名(ming):Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) Snowden var. technicum (Koern.)Snowden)
圓錐花(hua)序疏(shu)松,分(fen)枝(zhi)聚(ju)集于主軸的頂(ding)端呈傘房或(huo)(huo)(huo)近傘形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)排列;總(zong)花(hua)梗直(zhi)立,基部(bu)(bu)直(zhi)徑5-10毫(hao)米(mi)(mi);分(fen)枝(zhi)粗壯,具(ju)(ju)(ju)棱,光滑(hua)無(wu)毛或(huo)(huo)(huo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)柔毛,長(chang)(chang)30-50厘米(mi)(mi),下垂或(huo)(huo)(huo)鋪(pu)散;無(wu)柄小穗橢(tuo)(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)橢(tuo)(tuo)圓狀(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)4.5-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬2.5-3毫(hao)米(mi)(mi);第一穎(ying)花(hua)時多少近革質(zhi),果時為(wei)硬紙(zhi)質(zhi),具(ju)(ju)(ju)7-9脈,中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)以(yi)上明顯,向下消失或(huo)(huo)(huo)隱(yin)約(yue)可(ke)見;第二(er)穎(ying)舟形(xing)(xing)(xing),中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)以(yi)上具(ju)(ju)(ju)明顯的脊;第一外稃(fu)膜質(zhi),狹(xia)橢(tuo)(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),第二(er)外稃(fu)無(wu)芒(mang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)長(chang)(chang)約(yue)10毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)的芒(mang)。穎(ying)果橢(tuo)(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)橢(tuo)(tuo)圓狀(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),約(yue)與穎(ying)等長(chang)(chang),成熟(shu)時頂(ding)端或(huo)(huo)(huo)兩(liang)側微露,或(huo)(huo)(huo)完全(quan)為(wei)穎(ying)所包被。花(hua)果期7-9月。
中國自東北至華南均(jun)有栽培,但以黃河流域(yu)為多。世界各大(da)洲均(jun)栽培。
該變(bian)種(zhong)與原(yuan)變(bian)種(zhong)的(de)主(zhu)要區(qu)別是:圓錐花序(xu)的(de)分枝聚集于主(zhu)軸(zhou)的(de)頂(ding)端近傘形或傘房狀排列。
甜(tian)(tian)高粱(liang)喜(xi)溫(wen)暖(nuan),具(ju)有抗旱(han)、耐(nai)澇(lao)、耐(nai)鹽(yan)堿(jian)等特性,在全球大多數半干旱(han)地區都(dou)可以(yi)生長(chang)。對(dui)生長(chang)的(de)環境條件(jian)要求不太嚴格,對(dui)土壤(rang)的(de)適(shi)應能(neng)(neng)力強,特別是(shi)對(dui)鹽(yan)堿(jian)的(de)忍(ren)耐(nai)力比玉米還強,在pH值(zhi)5.0-8.5的(de)土壤(rang)上甜(tian)(tian)高粱(liang)都(dou)能(neng)(neng)生長(chang)。甜(tian)(tian)高粱(liang)在10°C以(yi)上積溫(wen)達2600°C-4500°C就可以(yi)生長(chang)。甜(tian)(tian)高粱(liang)是(shi)高能(neng)(neng)作物,其光合轉化率高達18%-28%。
全中(zhong)國均有(you)栽(zai)培(pei),但以黃河流域(yu)以南諸省為多(duo),隨著城鄉人民(min)生活水(shui)平的提高,亦不再(zai)作為主食,栽(zai)培(pei)面積減少(shao),現(xian)只見零星栽(zai)培(pei)。據記(ji)載該種原產印度和緬(mian)甸,現(xian)世界(jie)各(ge)大洲都(dou)有(you)栽(zai)培(pei)。
一(yi)年生。須根(gen)較(jiao)粗(cu),常于稈(gan)的基部(bu)(bu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)支撐(cheng)根(gen)。稈(gan)粗(cu)壯,高2-4米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),基部(bu)(bu)徑2-2.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),多(duo)汁液(ye),味甜。葉(xie)7-12片(pian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)較(jiao)多(duo),長約1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)約8厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);葉(xie)舌硬膜(mo)質;葉(xie)鞘無毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)有白粉。花(hua)序(xu)緊密(mi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)稍緊密(mi),橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)長圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長20-40厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)5-15厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)序(xu)梗直(zhi)立(li)(li),主軸延伸,具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)數(shu)節至(zhi)多(duo)節;分枝多(duo)數(shu)至(zhi)數(shu)枚于節上(shang)近輪(lun)生,直(zhi)立(li)(li)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)斜升,通常疏生柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)細刺毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)而粗(cu)糙(cao)。無柄小(xiao)穗(sui)(sui)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)倒(dao)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長4.5-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)時寬(kuan)2-3毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),結果時寬(kuan)3.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),基盤無毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)髯毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao);穎(ying)幼時紙質或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)薄(bo)革質,熟(shu)時硬紙質,第一(yi)穎(ying)頂(ding)(ding)端鈍(dun),具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)12-15脈(mo)(mo),上(shang)部(bu)(bu)較(jiao)明顯,常于中部(bu)(bu)以下漸消失或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)隱約可(ke)見,并(bing)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)3-6條橫脈(mo)(mo),上(shang)部(bu)(bu)1/3處具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)脊,微呈(cheng)狹翅(chi),脊上(shang)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)微刺毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)而粗(cu)糙(cao),頂(ding)(ding)端具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)3小(xiao)齒;第二穎(ying)舟形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)不明顯的7-9脈(mo)(mo),并(bing)有1-4條橫脈(mo)(mo),頂(ding)(ding)端具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)脊,邊緣有纖毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao);外(wai)稃(fu)膜(mo)質透明,橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),多(duo)少具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),長4-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);內稃(fu)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),頂(ding)(ding)端近全(quan)緣,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)微2裂(lie),具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)1.5-2毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的芒(mang)(mang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)無芒(mang)(mang);花(hua)藥長3-4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。穎(ying)果成熟(shu)時頂(ding)(ding)端或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)兩側裸露,稀完全(quan)為穎(ying)所包,橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)向基部(bu)(bu)漸狹成倒(dao)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長3.5-5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)2-3毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);種(zhong)胚明顯,橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長約為谷粒之半(ban)。有柄小(xiao)穗(sui)(sui)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長4-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),雄性或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)中性,宿存,第一(yi)穎(ying)7-9脈(mo)(mo),第二穎(ying)5-7脈(mo)(mo),無芒(mang)(mang)。花(hua)果期6-9月。
幼苗(miao)2-3葉(xie)期進(jin)行(xing)第(di)(di)1次(ci)(ci)中耕(geng),可起到消(xiao)滅雜草、防旱(han)保墑(di)的作用;4-6葉(xie)時結合(he)定苗(miao)進(jin)行(xing)第(di)(di)2次(ci)(ci)中耕(geng),深度在(zai)10厘米左右;第(di)(di)3次(ci)(ci)中耕(geng),在(zai)第(di)(di)2次(ci)(ci)中耕(geng)后10-15天進(jin)行(xing),當植(zhi)株長到70厘米左右、即將(jiang)封行(xing)時進(jin)行(xing)中耕(geng)培土(tu),將(jiang)行(xing)間的土(tu)壤培于甜高(gao)粱的根(gen)基部,在(zai)行(xing)間形成壟溝(gou),促進(jin)支柱根(gen)的生(sheng)長。
甜高(gao)粱(liang)(liang)開花至成(cheng)(cheng)熟期,生育中(zhong)心轉移到籽(zi)粒成(cheng)(cheng)熟過程(cheng)和甜高(gao)粱(liang)(liang)莖稈糖(tang)(tang)分(fen)積累(lei)過程(cheng),籽(zi)粒產量和莖稈糖(tang)(tang)分(fen)積累(lei)基本是(shi)同步進行(xing)的。此階段要注意養根護葉,防止植株早衰(shuai)。抽(chou)穗后植株若有脫肥現象,可(ke)用磷酸二氫鉀溶(rong)液等進行(xing)葉面噴施,以促進籽(zi)粒成(cheng)(cheng)熟和莖稈糖(tang)(tang)分(fen)的積累(lei)。田間若發現黑穗病,應及時拔除病株,隨即深埋處理。
巧(qiao)施拔節(jie)肥(fei)施足基肥(fei),根(gen)據長(chang)(chang)勢適量(liang)追(zhui)肥(fei),以利糖(tang)分積(ji)累。種(zhong)植甜(tian)高粱中(zhong)后期不宜過多施入(ru)氮肥(fei),以免貪青徒長(chang)(chang),影響(xiang)莖稈中(zhong)糖(tang)分積(ji)累和籽(zi)粒的正常成熟。追(zhui)肥(fei)可在(zai)拔節(jie)初期,結(jie)合(he)第3次中(zhong)耕進行追(zhui)肥(fei),畝追(zhui)施尿素10-15千克(ke),嚴禁將肥(fei)料施于土壤表面。
適時(shi)灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)甜高(gao)(gao)粱(liang)一生(sheng)總需水(shui)(shui)量是“兩頭少、中(zhong)間多(duo)”。全生(sheng)育期(qi)灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)3-4次。第(di)1次灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)在(zai)(zai)播種后(hou)(hou)25-30天(tian)左右的(de)拔(ba)節期(qi)(7月(yue)20-25日),結合(he)追(zhui)肥(fei)進行(xing)(xing);第(di)2次灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)一般在(zai)(zai)第(di)1次灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)后(hou)(hou)15天(tian),高(gao)(gao)粱(liang)抽穗(sui)揚花后(hou)(hou)(8月(yue)10日左右)進行(xing)(xing);第(di)3次灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)一般在(zai)(zai)9月(yue)初高(gao)(gao)粱(liang)灌(guan)漿期(qi)進行(xing)(xing)。后(hou)(hou)期(qi)灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)時(shi)要防止(zhi)低洼(wa)地積水(shui)(shui),特(te)別要注意天(tian)氣變(bian)化(hua),嚴防倒伏。
選種:一般選擇生(sheng)育(yu)期120天左(zuo)(zuo)右、莖(jing)稈堅韌抗倒伏的糧、稈兼用甜(tian)高粱雜交種,如平安(an)甜(tian)糖6號,需有效積溫2100℃左(zuo)(zuo)右,株(zhu)高350厘(li)米(mi)、莖(jing)粗1.74厘(li)米(mi)、單(dan)稈重1.08千克,畝產莖(jing)稈5000千克,莖(jing)汁糖度16.8%,穗長(chang)29厘(li)米(mi),紅殼白粒(li)(li),穗粒(li)(li)重60-70克,畝產籽(zi)粒(li)(li)350千克左(zuo)(zuo)右,著殼率10%。
種(zhong)子處理(li):播前將種(zhong)子用(yong)清(qing)水浸泡一晝夜,撈(lao)出晾干,可提高種(zhong)子發芽率。
播(bo)種量(liang):甜(tian)高粱發芽率(lv)較低,畝播(bo)種量(liang)為(wei)1.5千克。甜(tian)高粱根頸短,頂土能力弱,播(bo)種深度為(wei)3厘米。
間苗(miao)(miao)、定苗(miao)(miao)、去分(fen)(fen)(fen)蘗(bo):2-3葉時(shi)間苗(miao)(miao),4-6葉時(shi)定苗(miao)(miao),結合定苗(miao)(miao)去除(chu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)蘗(bo),促使單(dan)株壯苗(miao)(miao)。甜(tian)高粱分(fen)(fen)(fen)蘗(bo)力較強,一般分(fen)(fen)(fen)蘗(bo)在3株以上,且分(fen)(fen)(fen)蘗(bo)長(chang)(chang)勢強,若不及早去除(chu),主(zhu)莖(jing)、分(fen)(fen)(fen)蘗(bo)混長(chang)(chang),消(xiao)耗養分(fen)(fen)(fen),延長(chang)(chang)主(zhu)莖(jing)的生育期(qi),造成主(zhu)莖(jing)細軟、晚熟等不良(liang)后果。
甜高粱(liang)抗病性較(jiao)強,但(dan)抗蟲(chong)(chong)性差,因莖葉中糖分含量較(jiao)高,易受鉆(zhan)心蟲(chong)(chong)和蚜蟲(chong)(chong)的危(wei)害,應及早防(fang)治(zhi)。防(fang)治(zhi)方法:蚜蟲(chong)(chong)用溴氰菊酯1:2000倍液或速滅殺丁(ding)5000-6000倍液噴(pen)灑防(fang)治(zhi);鉆(zhan)心蟲(chong)(chong)危(wei)害時(shi)可在心葉處撒數粒呋喃丹防(fang)治(zhi);地老虎危(wei)害時(shi)畝用敵殺死50克(ke)兌(dui)水30-45千(qian)克(ke)噴(pen)灑防(fang)治(zhi)。
甜高(gao)粱在中國和澳大利(li)亞等許多國家主要作為飼料用。甜高(gao)粱具有較強的生物學優勢,各項營養指標均優于(yu)玉(yu)米,含糖量(liang)比青貯(zhu)玉(yu)米高(gao)2倍;無氮浸出物和粗灰分分別比玉(yu)米高(gao)。
甜(tian)(tian)(tian)高(gao)(gao)粱(liang)制(zhi)糖(tang)(tang)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)高(gao)(gao)粱(liang)的(de)(de)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)稈富(fu)含糖(tang)(tang)分,可用(yong)(yong)(yong)以制(zhi)糖(tang)(tang)漿和結(jie)(jie)晶糖(tang)(tang)。甜(tian)(tian)(tian)高(gao)(gao)粱(liang)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)稈中含有(you)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)糖(tang)(tang)分汁液,可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于生(sheng)產酒產品,還可用(yong)(yong)(yong)高(gao)(gao)粱(liang)糠(kang)和甜(tian)(tian)(tian)高(gao)(gao)粱(liang)制(zhi)糖(tang)(tang)后的(de)(de)殘渣和廢(fei)稀制(zhi)酒。甜(tian)(tian)(tian)高(gao)(gao)粱(liang)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)稈產量(liang)高(gao)(gao)并含有(you)14%-18%的(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)素,是造(zao)紙的(de)(de)好原料。甜(tian)(tian)(tian)高(gao)(gao)粱(liang)的(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)具有(you)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)密度和產生(sheng)同質片狀物,因(yin)此非常適(shi)于用(yong)(yong)(yong)作造(zao)紙的(de)(de)原料。甜(tian)(tian)(tian)高(gao)(gao)粱(liang)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)稈表皮組織致密堅(jian)韌(ren),可加(jia)工出高(gao)(gao)質量(liang)的(de)(de)建(jian)材板(ban)。
甜(tian)高粱(liang)無論(lun)種(zhong)子還是莖稈均可用以生產酒(jiu)精,是一(yi)種(zhong)非(fei)常(chang)理想的能(neng)源作物(wu)。甜(tian)高粱(liang)是一(yi)種(zhong)新型可再(zai)生的高效能(neng)源作物(wu),用甜(tian)高粱(liang)莖稈粉碎后發酵制酒(jiu)精,在國外研究和應用較多。
甜(tian)高(gao)(gao)粱莖(jing)(jing)稈(gan)(gan)中糖(tang)分(fen)含(han)量最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)時(shi)期與籽粒(li)(li)(li)成(cheng)熟(shu)同步,若植(zhi)株(zhu)已(yi)成(cheng)熟(shu)遇霜凍(dong),莖(jing)(jing)稈(gan)(gan)中的糖(tang)分(fen)就會流(liu)失,要(yao)適(shi)時(shi)收獲。蠟(la)熟(shu)末期籽粒(li)(li)(li)變(bian)黑時(shi),籽粒(li)(li)(li)干物質積累最(zui)(zui)大值,籽粒(li)(li)(li)水分(fen)含(han)量在20%左右,莖(jing)(jing)稈(gan)(gan)含(han)糖(tang)量最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao),出汁率也最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao),是最(zui)(zui)佳收獲時(shi)期。甜(tian)高(gao)(gao)粱收獲時(shi),用鐮刀近地面處割下(xia)莖(jing)(jing)稈(gan)(gan),再割下(xia)果(guo)穗。果(guo)穗運往曬場晾曬脫粒(li)(li)(li),曬干揚凈(jing)保存(也可不割果(guo)穗)。莖(jing)(jing)稈(gan)(gan)除去葉片后,裝車拉運。