頌(song)簋(gui)(gui),西周(zhou)(zhou)時期的(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)。高(gao)30.1厘(li)米、口(kou)徑24.2厘(li)米。斂口(kou),鼓腹,圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)下另有三小足(zu);口(kou)上(shang)有高(gao)隆蓋,蓋與(yu)器(qi)(qi)母子合口(kou),蓋頂有圈(quan)(quan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)捉(zhuo)手;腹部(bu)兩側(ce)(ce)有獸首半環(huan)耳并垂珥。在裝(zhuang)飾(shi)上(shang),頌(song)簋(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)口(kou)和蓋沿(yan)各飾(shi)一周(zhou)(zhou)獸目(mu)交連紋(wen)(或稱竊曲紋(wen)),中(zhong)間像眼,兩側(ce)(ce)各連接一回勾狀(zhuang)(zhuang)曲線(xian)。這種(zhong)紋(wen)飾(shi)是(shi)從動物形(xing)象,確切地說是(shi)從一種(zhong)卷曲的(de)(de)龍紋(wen)變(bian)化而來的(de)(de),主(zhu)要流行(xing)(xing)(xing)于西周(zhou)(zhou)中(zhong)晚期,也是(shi)當時青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)上(shang)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要紋(wen)飾(shi)之一。腹部(bu)和蓋面,裝(zhuang)飾(shi)著數道平行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)凹槽狀(zhuang)(zhuang)紋(wen)飾(shi),稱橫條溝紋(wen),因像老式房子上(shang)的(de)(de)瓦(wa)溝,所以也稱瓦(wa)棱紋(wen)、瓦(wa)紋(wen),這種(zhong)紋(wen)飾(shi),在西周(zhou)(zhou)后期至春秋(qiu)時期非常(chang)盛行(xing)(xing)(xing)。頌(song)簋(gui)(gui)蓋頂的(de)(de)捉(zhuo)手內,飾(shi)團龍紋(wen),圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)飾(shi)垂鱗紋(wen)。
通高30.1厘(li)米(mi),口徑24.2厘(li)米(mi),重(zhong)13.2千克。西周(zhou)后(hou)期盛食器。隆蓋(gai),頂有圈形(xing)把手(shou)。圓腹,圈足(zu),下附(fu)三獸足(zu)。腹部兩側(ce)有一(yi)(yi)對獸首耳。口沿上下各飾竊曲紋一(yi)(yi)周(zhou),蓋(gai)與(yu)腹均飾橫條脊紋,圈足(zu)飾重(zhong)環紋。形(xing)制(zhi)莊重(zhong)。蓋(gai)器同銘(ming),各鑄十五行一(yi)(yi)百(bai)五十二字,銘(ming)文大意為:周(zhou)王冊(ce)命頌掌管成周(zhou)貯(匿)甘家(jia),監督(du)新造,積貯貨(huo)物(wu),以為宮御(yu)之(zhi)用。周(zhou)王賞賜頌玄衣(yi)、省純、赤市、朱黃(huang)、攸勒等物(wu)品。頌接受命冊(ce),退出中廷,然后(hou)再回返,向周(zhou)王獻納(na)瑾璋。比較完整地反映(ying)了(le)西周(zhou)王室策命官員的(de)制(zhi)度(du)。銘(ming)文與(yu)頌鼎同。現藏(zang)山(shan)(shan)東省博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)。為山(shan)(shan)東省博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)十大鎮(zhen)館(guan)之(zhi)寶之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。
隹(zhui)(唯)三年(nian)(nian)五月既(ji)死(si)霸(ba)甲戌,王才(在)周(zhou)康(kang)卲(昭)宮。旦,王各(ge)大(格太)室(shi),即立(位(wei))。宰(zai)引右(佑)頌入門,立(中)廷。尹氏(shi)受(授)王令(ling)(命)書,王乎(呼)史虢生冊令(ling)(命)頌。王曰:頌,令(ling)女(nv)(命汝(ru))官(司)成周(zhou)貯(zhu),監(司)新?(造(zao))貯(zhu)用宮御。易女(nv)幺(賜(si)汝(ru)玄(xuan))衣黹屯(tun)(tun)(純(chun))、赤巿(韍(fu))、朱黃(衡)、(鑾)旂、攸(鋚(tiao))勒。用事(shi)。頌??(拜稽)首。受令(ling)(命)冊,佩?(以)出(chu),反入堇(jin)章(返納覲璋)。頌?(敢)對?(揚)天子(zi)不(丕)顯(xian)魯休(xiu),用乍?(作朕(zhen))皇考龏(gong)吊(恭叔)、皇母龏(gong)始(恭姒)寶??(尊簋(gui))。用追孝,(祈)匃康(kang)、屯(tun)(tun)右(純(chun)佑),彔(通(tong)祿)、永令(ling)(命)。頌(其)萬年(nian)(nian)??(眉夀)無(wu)彊(qiang)(疆(jiang)),(畯(jun))臣天子(zi)霝(ling)冬(靈終),子(zi)孫永寶用。
頌(song)(song)簋(gui)的(de)腹內和(he)(he)蓋(gai)內都(dou)鑄有銘文(wen),內容相同,各(ge)15行(xing)150字(zi),另有重文(wen)2字(zi)。銘文(wen)大意是:周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)三年五月(yue)甲戌(xu)這一(yi)天(tian),周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)在周(zhou)(zhou)的(de)京城康昭宮(gong)(“王(wang)在周(zhou)(zhou)康昭宮(gong)”第(di)(di)(di)2行(xing))。清晨,周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)來到太室(shi)就位(“旦(dan),王(wang)各(ge)大室(shi)即位”第(di)(di)(di)2至(zhi)3行(xing)),宰弘陪同頌(song)(song)進門(men)站立(li)在中廷(“宰弘佑頌(song)(song)入門(men)立(li)中廷”第(di)(di)(di)3至(zhi)4行(xing)),史官之長尹(yin)氏授(shou)王(wang)的(de)命(ming)(ming)書(“尹(yin)氏受(shou)王(wang)命(ming)(ming)書”第(di)(di)(di)4行(xing))。周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)呼史官虢生冊命(ming)(ming)頌(song)(song)(“王(wang)乎史虢生冊命(ming)(ming)頌(song)(song)”第(di)(di)(di)4至(zhi)5行(xing))。周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)親(qin)自任命(ming)(ming)頌(song)(song)在成周(zhou)(zhou)洛(luo)陽擔任職務(“王(wang)曰:頌(song)(song),命(ming)(ming)汝(ru)官司成周(zhou)(zhou)貯(zhu)”第(di)(di)(di)5至(zhi)6行(xing)),大概是宮(gong)廷負(fu)責雜務的(de)執事(shi)官,主管監造新宮(gong),或認為是掌管倉庫(“監司新造貯(zhu)用(yong)宮(gong)御”第(di)(di)(di)6至(zhi)7行(xing))。任命(ming)(ming)的(de)同時(shi),還(huan)賜給他帶(dai)花邊的(de)黑色(se)絲質禮(li)服(fu)(“玄衣(yi)黻(fu)純”第(di)(di)(di)7行(xing))、赤(chi)紅色(se)的(de)圍腰(“赤(chi)市”第(di)(di)(di)8行(xing))、拴著紅絲帶(dai)的(de)玉璜(“朱黃”第(di)(di)(di)8行(xing)),以及(ji)旗幟和(he)(he)馬具(“鑾旂、攸勒(le)”第(di)(di)(di)8行(xing))等。頌(song)(song)向天(tian)子行(xing)跪(gui)拜大禮(li)(“頌(song)(song)拜稽首”第(di)(di)(di)9行(xing)),并獻上玉璋表示感謝(“返入瑾章”第(di)(di)(di)10行(xing)),事(shi)后(hou)鑄造了頌(song)(song)簋(gui)、頌(song)(song)鼎和(he)(he)頌(song)(song)壺(hu),用(yong)來祭祀亡父(fu)龔叔(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)亡母龔姒(“用(yong)作朕皇考(kao)恭叔(shu)(shu)皇母恭姒寶(bao)尊簋(gui)”第(di)(di)(di)11至(zhi)第(di)(di)(di)12行(xing))。銘文(wen)中“敢對揚天(tian)子丕顯魯休(xiu)”(第(di)(di)(di)10至(zhi)11行(xing)),意思(si)是感懷(huai)天(tian)子的(de)美德(de),它和(he)(he)末尾“子子孫孫永寶(bao)用(yong)”(第(di)(di)(di)15行(xing))的(de)辭(ci)句,常(chang)見于周(zhou)(zhou)代(dai)的(de)青(qing)銅器(qi)上。
頌(song)簋制作于(yu)西周(zhou)晚期,共和或宣王時(shi)期。此(ci)時(shi),銅簋基本都配有(you)對應的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)蓋(gai),器(qi)(qi)蓋(gai)倒(dao)放就是(shi)一個盤子,也(ye)可以用來(lai)盛食。器(qi)(qi)足為獸面象鼻形,象的(de)(de)題材在銅器(qi)(qi)中常(chang)見,大概商周(zhou)時(shi)期象的(de)(de)分布比(bi)現在要靠(kao)北,在當時(shi)交通如此(ci)不便(bian)的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下,人們(men)也(ye)能見到。例(li)如殷墟出土(tu)有(you)完整的(de)(de)小(xiao)象骨(gu)骼,并且項戴銅鈴,可能是(shi)主人生前(qian)的(de)(de)寵物。
器身的(de)(de)(de)主要紋(wen)飾是(shi)(shi)竊(qie)曲(qu)(qu)紋(wen),竊(qie)曲(qu)(qu)紋(wen)由(you)兩(liang)端(duan)回鉤的(de)(de)(de)或“S”形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)線條構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)扁長形(xing)圖案(an),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)中間填以(yi)目(mu)形(xing)紋(wen),在銅(tong)器上往往連接成(cheng)(cheng)帶(dai)狀。《呂氏春秋·適威》:“周鼎有(you)竊(qie)曲(qu)(qu)(一作(zuo)窮(qiong)曲(qu)(qu)),狀甚長,上下皆曲(qu)(qu),以(yi)見(jian)極(ji)之敗也。”盛行于西周中、后期,春秋時仍(reng)沿用(yong)。竊(qie)曲(qu)(qu)紋(wen)是(shi)(shi)龍紋(wen)和饕(tao)餮紋(wen)的(de)(de)(de)變體,竊(qie)曲(qu)(qu)紋(wen)卷(juan)曲(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)條狀當是(shi)(shi)取形(xing)于夔紋(wen)、顧龍紋(wen)之身軀,但其構(gou)造、布局則不僅取形(xing)于諸種龍紋(wen),而且借鑒了饕(tao)餮紋(wen)與(yu)(yu)上述(shu)變形(xing)饕(tao)餮紋(wen)圖案(an)構(gou)形(xing)手法(fa)。然而從總體看,竊(qie)曲(qu)(qu)紋(wen)的(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)使以(yi)往莊(zhuang)嚴、神秘(mi)的(de)(de)(de)動物紋(wen)解(jie)體,進一步促進了青(qing)銅(tong)器紋(wen)飾的(de)(de)(de)抽象化(hua)與(yu)(yu)幾何圖形(xing)化(hua),因而在青(qing)銅(tong)器紋(wen)飾發展史中有(you)著重要作(zuo)用(yong)。頌(song)簋的(de)(de)(de)竊(qie)曲(qu)(qu)紋(wen)中間是(shi)(shi)目(mu)紋(wen),即(ji)眼睛的(de)(de)(de)樣子,整(zheng)體呈(cheng)“S”形(xing),兩(liang)端(duan)分(fen)叉,這是(shi)(shi)典型的(de)(de)(de)西周晚期的(de)(de)(de)樣式。
頌簋的流傳如(ru)同其(qi)他(ta)青銅(tong)重器一樣,充(chong)滿了傳奇色彩。清(qing)嘉(jia)慶(qing)十(shi)九年(nian)(1814年(nian))學者劉(liu)(liu)喜海在北京(jing)購得(de),并編入《清(qing)愛堂彝器款識》。劉(liu)(liu)喜海(1793—1853),諸城人,劉(liu)(liu)墉從孫(sun),是清(qing)道(dao)、咸(xian)間金(jin)(jin)(jin)石學家、古(gu)(gu)泉學家、藏書家,字燕庭(又(you)作燕亭、硯庭)、吉甫(fu),山東(dong)諸城人,別號三巴(ba)子。善鑒賞金(jin)(jin)(jin)石,著有《海東(dong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)石苑補(bu)遺》等鑒賞書籍,其(qi)所(suo)補(bu)編《古(gu)(gu)泉匯(hui)考》為當時古(gu)(gu)泉學集(ji)大成之(zhi)巨(ju)著,嘉(jia)惠后(hou)世泉學研究;《三巴(ba)金(jin)(jin)(jin)石苑》為巴(ba)蜀地區歷代金(jin)(jin)(jin)石圖文并茂之(zhi)第一部(bu)著錄(lu),對后(hou)世影響頗大。
后來此簋(gui)歸李(li)宗(zong)岱。李(li)宗(zong)岱(?—1896),字(zi)山(shan)農,南海(今廣州)人,道(dao)光二十九年(nian)(nian)(1849年(nian)(nian))副(fu)榜貢生。山(shan)東(dong)候補道(dao)員(yuan)署山(shan)東(dong)鹽運使(shi)(shi)、布政使(shi)(shi),著名收藏家。1885年(nian)(nian),先后在平(ping)度、招遠開辦采(cai)金工(gong)場。1889年(nian)(nian),到牟(mou)平(ping)開辦礦(kuang)務公(gong)司(si)。其后代在玲瓏(long)辦礦(kuang)達50年(nian)(nian)之久。
后(hou)(hou)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)手黃縣(xian)丁氏(shi)“泰來”號(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)丁樹貞(zhen)(一說原為黃縣(xian)焦氏(shi)收藏(zang))。丁樹貞(zhen)(1861—1915),字干圃,號(hao)(hao)仲立、煦(xu)農、陶齋,別號(hao)(hao)長年(nian),為山(shan)東(dong)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)金石(shi)收藏(zang)家(jia)(jia)。齋號(hao)(hao)“海隅(yu)山(shan)館(guan)”,其(qi)數世(shi)亦官亦商,家(jia)(jia)資(zi)巨富。丁氏(shi)為人慷慨大方,并熱心社會公(gong)益,常有(you)捐(juan)資(zi)之善(shan)舉(ju),被清延加(jia)封三品銜(xian),賞(shang)戴花翎,并候(hou)選(xuan)知府。后(hou)(hou)丁氏(shi)家(jia)(jia)道(dao)破落(luo),弟兄分(fen)家(jia)(jia)時(shi)分(fen)割財產,使其(qi)器蓋(gai)分(fen)藏(zang)。20世(shi)紀40年(nian)代,器為膠東(dong)古(gu)物管(guan)理委員會黃縣(xian)文管(guan)分(fen)會收集,后(hou)(hou)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)入(ru)山(shan)東(dong)省(sheng)博(bo)物館(guan)。20世(shi)紀50年(nian)代,丁氏(shi)后(hou)(hou)人張秀琳(lin)女士將所藏(zang)簋蓋(gai)捐(juan)獻給山(shan)東(dong)省(sheng)博(bo)物館(guan),頌簋始成完璧。