《麃(biao)孝禹碑(bei)》是刊刻(ke)(ke)于(yu)西漢河平(ping)(ping)三(san)年(nian)(公元前26年(nian))的(de)一方碑(bei)刻(ke)(ke),又稱“麃(biao)孝禹刻(ke)(ke)石”和“河平(ping)(ping)刻(ke)(ke)石”等,無撰書人(ren)姓(xing)名,屬隸書書法作品,現藏于(yu)山東省博物館(guan)。
《麃孝禹碑》為國家一級(ji)文(wen)物,呈圓首長(chang)方(fang)形(xing),通高182厘米,寬40-46厘米,厚24-26厘米,根部界格(ge)(ge)外(wai)高36厘米。碑陽陰(yin)線刻豎(shu)向三欄界格(ge)(ge),頂端陰(yin)刻房檐形(xing)裝飾,整體類似(si)房屋形(xing)狀。中(zhong)欄界格(ge)(ge)較窄,無字(zi),中(zhong)間有(you)一淺坑(keng)。左右界格(ge)(ge)上方(fang)各(ge)刻一鳥,其(qi)中(zhong)左側(ce)一鳥保存(cun)較好,長(chang)喙(hui)、長(chang)項、細長(chang)腿、短(duan)垂尾,形(xing)似(si)鶴。鳥下方(fang)各(ge)刻隸書銘文(wen)一行,右行8字(zi),左行7字(zi),記述了立碑的時間、地(di)點、碑主(zhu)(zhu)。左下方(fang)界格(ge)(ge)外(wai)刻有(you)宮本昂等人的題記。書法上,其(qi)筆畫瘦挺堅細,生(sheng)澀(se)遲拙,結字(zi)與用(yong)筆微帶(dai)篆意,線平直,以方(fang)折為主(zhu)(zhu),圓勻而較少起伏(fu),無波(bo)磔,質樸(pu)遒勁。
碑文
河平(ping)三年八(ba)月(yue)丁(ding)亥(hai)┘平(ping)邑(yi)□里麃(biao)孝禹┘
題記
同治庚(geng)午揚州宮本昂、宮昱,任城劉恩瀛訪得此于(yu)平邑(yi)。江曙、高文保來觀。
(說明:□,表示(shi)漫(man)法(fa)不(bu)清的文字(zi);┘,表示(shi)分(fen)行(xing)。)
《麃孝禹碑(bei)(bei)》刊刻(ke)于西漢(han)河平三年(nian)(公元前26年(nian)),為中國現(xian)存最早的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)碑(bei)(bei)。據史料記(ji)載,春(chun)秋戰國時(shi)期,棺槨(guo)(guo)入葬時(shi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)穴旁邊(bian)往(wang)往(wang)設有(you)(you)一種類(lei)似(si)轤轆的(de)(de)(de)(de)支架,用繩索借助此架徐徐將棺槨(guo)(guo)送入墓(mu)(mu)(mu)穴,用畢隨棺槨(guo)(guo)一起埋于墓(mu)(mu)(mu)穴。這種支架或(huo)木(mu)質(zhi)或(huo)石(shi)質(zhi),在(zai)形(xing)制(zhi)上(shang)都有(you)(you)一個(ge)共同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征,即(ji)上(shang)半部大(da)都有(you)(you)因用途需要(yao)而(er)開(kai)鑿的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)圓洞——碑(bei)(bei)穿(chuan)。隨著墓(mu)(mu)(mu)祭風(feng)俗的(de)(de)(de)(de)漸次(ci)盛(sheng)行,后(hou)來這種支架一律(lv)采用石(shi)質(zhi),上(shang)面(mian)刻(ke)寫墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主姓氏(shi)、官(guan)職及(ji)卒葬年(nian)月等,不(bu)再埋入墓(mu)(mu)(mu)穴之內而(er)是立(li)于墳前,這便是后(hou)來墓(mu)(mu)(mu)碑(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雛形(xing)。大(da)致在(zai)西漢(han)晚期,有(you)(you)人(ren)在(zai)碑(bei)(bei)上(shang)刻(ke)上(shang)了字(zi),創作(zuo)出(chu)了《麃孝禹碑(bei)(bei)》等刻(ke)字(zi)碑(bei)(bei)。一說《麃孝禹碑(bei)(bei)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)雖刻(ke)有(you)(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主姓名、籍貫和立(li)石(shi)年(nian)代(或(huo)卒年(nian)),卻沒有(you)(you)對墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主先世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)追溯、生平事跡的(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)錄和表(biao)示哀(ai)悼贊頌的(de)(de)(de)(de)言辭等墓(mu)(mu)(mu)碑(bei)(bei)主要(yao)內容(rong),文字(zi)僅(jin)兩句(ju)十五字(zi),過于簡單,不(bu)成章體,仍(reng)未脫《公乘得守丘刻(ke)石(shi)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)題銘性(xing)質(zhi)。且(qie)刻(ke)立(li)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)也(ye)僅(jin)局限于標(biao)志墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di),而(er)沒有(you)(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)碑(bei)(bei)那種頌揚(yang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主功德休烈,光宗耀祖的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用,雖與(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)碑(bei)(bei)有(you)(you)某(mou)些共同(tong)之處,可(ke)是從整(zheng)體來看還不(bu)能說即(ji)是墓(mu)(mu)(mu)碑(bei)(bei),仍(reng)當以屬墓(mu)(mu)(mu)碣為妥。
書法上(shang)(shang),《麃(biao)孝(xiao)禹碑》的(de)(de)用筆(bi)渾穆圓厚,粗細(xi)勻(yun)同,具(ju)有(you)篆書之遺(yi)韻,如(ru)“平”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“八(ba)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“麃(biao)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)首、“孝(xiao)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)“子”部(bu)(bu),直接(jie)援引(yin)篆書之法。結體(ti)上(shang)(shang),極(ji)其隨意大膽,如(ru)起首“河”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)最后(hou)一筆(bi)盡情舒張,以致(zhi)左右(you)兩部(bu)(bu)分極(ji)不(bu)平衡,造成(cheng)險(xian)峻之美。同時造型寬綽舒放,大小錯(cuo)落(luo),甚似(si)于(yu)同時代(dai)的(de)(de)簡帛文字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),具(ju)有(you)沉穩而(er)不(bu)失(shi)豪放、古樸而(er)不(bu)乏情趣(qu)的(de)(de)整體(ti)感,筆(bi)法看(kan)似(si)比(bi)較單一,實則跌宕起伏、充滿生(sheng)機、富于(yu)藝術性,如(ru)“平”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“年”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)垂豎(shu)之縱意而(er)下,“亥”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“孝(xiao)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)等(deng)之欹(yi)側有(you)致(zhi),“河”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“里(li)(li)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“八(ba)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“丁”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)等(deng)之懸殊對比(bi),“河”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“里(li)(li)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“三”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“麃(biao)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)等(deng)之疏密(mi)開合。布局(ju)上(shang)(shang),十五個字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)有(you)欹(yi)有(you)正,大小不(bu)一,如(ru)“河”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)與“丁”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)等(deng)相較,彼此之差達數倍;字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)間距寬窄不(bu)等(deng),無規矩可循。由于(yu)這幾方面(mian)的(de)(de)強烈反(fan)差,整體(ti)上(shang)(shang)自然形成(cheng)一種拙趣(qu)。
近(jin)代書法家(jia)康有(you)為:《葉(xie)子侯碑(bei)》淺薄(bo),前漢時無(wu)此(ci)體,與《麃孝禹碑(bei)》殆是贗作。(《廣藝舟雙(shuang)楫·卷二·本漢第七》)
清代(dai)金(jin)石學家(jia)莫友芝:①此西漢石之(zhi)僅存(cun)者,筆(bi)意渾勁(jing),兼(jian)分篆。(《金(jin)石筆(bi)識》)②今存(cun)漢石,自西京者希矣。曲阜(fu)之(zhi)魯孝(xiao)王刻(ke)石,及揚州淮(huai)南厲王墓之(zhi)中殿第廿等小(xiao)石,并此三耳(er)。結字蕭散天真(zhen),筆(bi)意渾勁(jing),兼(jian)分篆亦與中殿相似。(《宋元舊(jiu)本書經(jing)眼錄·附錄卷第二·漢麃孝(xiao)禹碑》)
近代碑帖鑒藏家陳景陶:西漢(han)刻石,世稱難(nan)得,書體由(you)篆入隸,渾勁寬放,堪與《魯孝(xiao)王五鳳石》《廣(guang)陵厲王中(zhong)殿石》媲美于藝林(lin),稱西漢(han)碑云。(《愨齋碑案》)
清代(dai)同(tong)治(zhi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1870年(nian)(nian)(nian)),泗水(shui)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)宮本昂治(zhi)河平(ping)邑時(shi)(shi),于(yu)土堤發(fa)現(xian)(xian)《麃(biao)(biao)孝(xiao)禹碑(bei)》,將(jiang)(jiang)其帶(dai)走(zou),存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)于(yu)學(xue)宮。這是主流(liu)說(shuo)法,亦(yi)與(yu)碑(bei)陽左側題刻銘文(wen)(wen)同(tong)治(zhi)庚(geng)午(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1870年(nian)(nian)(nian))訪得此(ci)碑(bei)于(yu)平(ping)邑在時(shi)(shi)間、地點上均相(xiang)符。《〔光緒(xu)〕泗水(shui)縣(xian)(xian)志》則(ze)稱:“麃(biao)(biao)孝(xiao)禹碑(bei)……平(ping)邑今屬費,與(yu)泗無涉(she)矣(yi),不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圯于(yu)何(he)年(nian)(nian)(nian),經中古(gu)(gu)人(ren)移作墓壙,壙塌而碑(bei)復出,則(ze)在吾(wu)泗境也。同(tong)治(zhi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian),宮子行明府宰吾(wu)泗,聞之(zhi)(zhi),舁(yu)至學(xue)宮。”認為(wei)《麃(biao)(biao)孝(xiao)禹碑(bei)》應(ying)為(wei)同(tong)治(zhi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1869年(nian)(nian)(nian))發(fa)現(xian)(xian)于(yu)泗水(shui)境內(nei)(nei)。《麃(biao)(biao)孝(xiao)禹碑(bei)》被發(fa)現(xian)(xian)后(hou),輾(zhan)轉歸(gui)李宗岱(字山(shan)(shan)(shan)農(nong)),“移置別墅,筑碑(bei)亭以保之(zhi)(zhi)”,藏于(yu)濟(ji)南東流(liu)水(shui)李氏漢石(shi)(shi)園。民(min)國九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1920年(nian)(nian)(nian)),為(wei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東莒縣(xian)(xian)南鄉大(da)店(dian)(今屬莒南縣(xian)(xian))人(ren)莊鈺(yu)(字式如)所得,旋(xuan)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)濟(ji)南,后(hou)轉至山(shan)(shan)(shan)東圖(tu)(tu)書(shu)(shu)館(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)(nei)附設的山(shan)(shan)(shan)東金石(shi)(shi)保存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)所。民(min)國二(er)十六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1937年(nian)(nian)(nian))“七(qi)七(qi)事變”前后(hou),山(shan)(shan)(shan)東圖(tu)(tu)書(shu)(shu)館(guan)(guan)(guan)館(guan)(guan)(guan)長王獻唐等攜(xie)精選(xuan)古(gu)(gu)籍、金石(shi)(shi)、書(shu)(shu)畫(hua)南遷川渝,其中一部分暫存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)孔(kong)府,一部分無法帶(dai)走(zou)仍(reng)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)原(yuan)處,《麃(biao)(biao)孝(xiao)禹碑(bei)》等笨(ben)重的石(shi)(shi)刻文(wen)(wen)物(wu)即滯(zhi)留濟(ji)南。同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)11月(yue),國民(min)黨軍(jun)隊實行焦土政策,焚毀山(shan)(shan)(shan)東圖(tu)(tu)書(shu)(shu)館(guan)(guan)(guan)海岳樓等建(jian)筑。之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),日(ri)軍(jun)侵入(ru)濟(ji)南,館(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)(nei)滯(zhi)留的文(wen)(wen)物(wu)失竊、散佚,損失殆盡,《麃(biao)(biao)孝(xiao)禹碑(bei)》于(yu)此(ci)時(shi)(shi)流(liu)失,不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)去向(xiang)。公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1950年(nian)(nian)(nian)7月(yue),在濟(ji)南經四路緯一路成(cheng)大(da)汽車行廁所內(nei)(nei)重新發(fa)現(xian)(xian)《麃(biao)(biao)孝(xiao)禹碑(bei)》,山(shan)(shan)(shan)東省(sheng)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保管委員會(hui)即將(jiang)(jiang)其運(yun)回(hui)收藏。公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1956年(nian)(nian)(nian),山(shan)(shan)(shan)東省(sheng)博物(wu)館(guan)(guan)(guan)成(cheng)立,《麃(biao)(biao)孝(xiao)禹碑(bei)》入(ru)藏山(shan)(shan)(shan)東省(sheng)博物(wu)館(guan)(guan)(guan)。