1.品種特性
徐聞(wen)(wen)(wen)山羊(yang)(yang)是(shi)(shi)中國地方優良的羊(yang)(yang)品(pin)種(zhong)之一(yi),1997年被列入《國家(jia)種(zhong)質資源保(bao)護(hu)目錄》。多(duo)(duo)為(wei)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se),少數(shu)為(wei)麻色(se)和褐(he)色(se)。多(duo)(duo)數(shu)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)的徐聞(wen)(wen)(wen)羊(yang)(yang)分高(gao)(gao)腳(jiao)與(yu)短(duan)腳(jiao)兩種(zhong)類型,高(gao)(gao)腳(jiao)種(zhong)體(ti)(ti)形(xing)較(jiao)高(gao)(gao),多(duo)(duo)產單羔,喜吃灌(guan)木枝(zhi)葉,飼(si)養量(liang)較(jiao)少;短(duan)腳(jiao)種(zhong)體(ti)(ti)形(xing)較(jiao)矮,骨(gu)(gu)細,多(duo)(duo)產雙羔,采(cai)食安定,不挑食,易管理,農(nong)民喜歡飼(si)養。另有少數(shu)徐聞(wen)(wen)(wen)山羊(yang)(yang)被毛為(wei)麻色(se)和褐(he)色(se),從頭頂(ding)上脊骨(gu)(gu)中央(yang)至尾部(bu)有一(yi)條黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)毛帶,身上滲有黑(hei)(hei)(hei)色(se)的雜斑,據說是(shi)(shi)1217年(南宋嘉定十年)從緬甸引進的山羊(yang)(yang)同徐聞(wen)(wen)(wen)山羊(yang)(yang)雜交育(yu)成(cheng)的一(yi)個亞(ya)品(pin)種(zhong)。
徐聞山羊肉質(zhi)(zhi)鮮(xian)美(mei),營養豐(feng)富(fu),含有(you)多種人(ren)體必(bi)需的(de)氨基酸,具有(you)滋陰壯(zhuang)陽,補虛勞(lao),祛寒冷(leng),益賢氣,暖脾胃(wei),溫補氣血(xue)的(de)作用(yong),是(shi)秋(qiu)冬理(li)想滋補品(pin),徐聞酒廠曾利(li)用(yong)徐聞山羊研制成牡(mu)山羊酒,產品(pin)暢(chang)銷(xiao)全中國。徐聞山羊的(de)脂肪(fang)分布均勻,肉色質(zhi)(zhi)瘦(shou)嫩,膻味小,味道(dao)鮮(xian)美(mei),濃香可口,營養豐(feng)富(fu)而(er)遠近馳(chi)名,棕紅,膻味較淡,屠宰率(lv)50%—60%,瘦(shou)肉率(lv)高。板皮(pi)質(zhi)(zhi)密,輕(qing)便,彈性好,皮(pi)張(zhang)大。
2.養殖特點
徐聞人的羊舍一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)都掛(gua)有(you)鹽(yan)筒或鹽(yan)罐,供羊自由采(cai)食。夏(xia)季(ji)高溫時(shi)凌晨放牧(mu)(mu)(mu),11時(shi)收牧(mu)(mu)(mu),下(xia)午3時(shi)再放牧(mu)(mu)(mu),黃昏(hun)收牧(mu)(mu)(mu)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)一(yi)(yi)(yi)人管養30只(zhi)母羊或50只(zhi)閹羊。徐聞當地特別注(zhu)意(yi)羊群飲(yin)水,尤其炎(yan)熱天氣,每天需飲(yin)2—3次,有(you)的在羊舍門(men)前(qian)備有(you)清潔(jie)水,讓羊牧(mu)(mu)(mu)前(qian)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)后都能喝上。有(you)的放牧(mu)(mu)(mu)人帶上中草藥,以便羊被蛇、蟲咬時(shi)及時(shi)治療。
羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)20多日(ri)齡(ling)隨(sui)母羊(yang)(yang)放(fang)牧,自然喂(wei)奶(nai)(nai),自然斷奶(nai)(nai),哺(bu)乳期(qi)3—5個(ge)月產(chan)奶(nai)(nai)性(xing)能一(yi)(yi)般(ban),不(bu)加精飼(si)料平(ping)均日(ri)產(chan)奶(nai)(nai)0.28—0.38公(gong)斤,泌乳旺季(ji)日(ri)產(chan)奶(nai)(nai)1.5公(gong)斤左右,泌乳期(qi)8個(ge)月。羊(yang)(yang)舍中設有柵欄,羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)可出入,以(yi)避(bi)免被成年(nian)羊(yang)(yang)擠壓受傷。小公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)除留作(zuo)種(zhong)用外,一(yi)(yi)律去(qu)勢肥育,使肉質嫩滑。去(qu)勢一(yi)(yi)般(ban)在1—2月齡(ling)時進行,群眾認為,去(qu)勢遲的(de)羊(yang)(yang)骨架大,長肉多。羊(yang)(yang)舍用火(huo)燒土、草木灰、蔗(zhe)渣、谷糠、花(hua)生殼或(huo)草碎墊地面(mian),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)2天換1次。
徐(xu)聞山羊繁(fan)殖快,一般4月齡性成(cheng)熟,母(mu)(mu)羊初配期為(wei)(wei)11—12月齡,體(ti)重為(wei)(wei)28公(gong)(gong)斤以(yi)(yi)上;公(gong)(gong)羊初配期為(wei)(wei)18月齡,體(ti)重49公(gong)(gong)斤以(yi)(yi)上。春秋季為(wei)(wei)母(mu)(mu)羊發(fa)情(qing)旺季,發(fa)情(qing)周期15—21天,妊娠期140—161天,由于(yu)當地農民多(duo)(duo)采(cai)用(yong)公(gong)(gong)母(mu)(mu)羊混群放(fang)牧,故(gu)多(duo)(duo)在產(chan)(chan)后一個月內即配種受孕。為(wei)(wei)防(fang)止公(gong)(gong)羊因爭配而打(da)斗,農民多(duo)(duo)將公(gong)(gong)羊輪流放(fang)入羊群配種。以(yi)(yi)4—6歲時配種效率最(zui)高,母(mu)(mu)羊可利(li)用(yong)到(dao)7—8歲、公(gong)(gong)羊10歲。據《徐(xu)聞縣農業(ye)志》上記載:1983年(nian)徐(xu)聞縣五(wu)里區二(er)隊有一養羊戶(hu),養母(mu)(mu)羊15只(zhi),產(chan)(chan)雙羔的(de)12只(zhi),占80%,產(chan)(chan)單羔的(de)2只(zhi),產(chan)(chan)三(san)羔的(de)1只(zhi)。
3.產地環境
徐聞(wen)地處中(zhong)國大(da)陸最南端,交(jiao)通便利,屬熱帶(dai)季(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou),年(nian)(nian)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)23.6℃,一(yi)年(nian)(nian)四季(ji)陽光充足,自然經濟(ji)條(tiao)件好(hao),農業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)迅速,盛產(chan)(chan)(chan)各種(zhong)熱帶(dai)農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品,截至2009年(nian)(nian)徐聞(wen)縣(xian)建(jian)成認證“無公害養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)基地”17個(ge),“生豬標準化規模養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)場(chang)”18個(ge)。最具(ju)優(you)勢的(de)是徐聞(wen)全(quan)縣(xian)境(jing)有(you)(you)荒(huang)山(shan)灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)地36萬(wan)(wan)畝,宜(yi)(yi)牧(mu)面積60多萬(wan)(wan)畝,灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)四季(ji)常(chang)青(qing),長(chang)(chang)有(you)(you)大(da)量(liang)天然牧(mu)草茂(mao)盛且種(zhong)類繁多,非常(chang)適宜(yi)(yi)發展(zhan)(zhan)草食牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)。2009年(nian)(nian)全(quan)縣(xian)實現牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)值4.57億元,比(bi)(bi)2008年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)3.3%;肉類總產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)1.91萬(wan)(wan)噸,比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)3.8%;生豬出(chu)欄(lan)20.5萬(wan)(wan)頭,比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)3.5%;牛出(chu)欄(lan)1.43萬(wan)(wan)頭,比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)5.5%;羊出(chu)欄(lan)4.05萬(wan)(wan)只(zhi),比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)8%;家禽出(chu)欄(lan)265萬(wan)(wan)只(zhi),比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)1.6%。畜牧(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)俱有(you)(you)得天獨厚(hou)的(de)優(you)勢條(tiao)件。 徐聞(wen)山(shan)羊的(de)美味(wei)肉質,與其(qi)(qi)采食的(de)飼(si)料(liao)和(he)特殊的(de)飼(si)養(yang)方式息息相關。這種(zhong)山(shan)羊性情溫(wen)順,喜干(gan)燥,而徐聞(wen)地全(quan)年(nian)(nian)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)溫(wen)和(he),植被茂(mao)盛,樹木(mu)(mu)常(chang)青(qing),基本(ben)上全(quan)年(nian)(nian)放牧(mu),羊群(qun)常(chang)年(nian)(nian)采食桃金娘、掃(sao)把(ba)木(mu)(mu)、番石榴、刺(ci)葵等幾十種(zhong)灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)嫩芽及樹葉,其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)不(bu)少灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)是中(zhong)草藥材(cai),羊采食后提高抗病(bing)能力(li),并減輕了膻味(wei)。
據了(le)解,徐聞放養(yang)(yang)的(de)山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)日常極少補料,只是在冬春季節,放牧吃(chi)不(bu)飽(bao)時(shi)(shi),農民才采回(hui)樹(shu)葉飼(si)喂,有時(shi)(shi)加喂些稻草(cao)和番薯(shu)絲,基本不(bu)喂精(jing)飼(si)料。此外,徐聞山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)平(ping)時(shi)(shi)群養(yang)(yang)放牧,喜歡(huan)走(zou)動,一只山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)放牧一天所走(zou)路程不(bu)少于(yu)10公(gong)里。喜食“藥草(cao)”加上(shang)“熱愛運動”,造就了(le)這種肉質鮮美的(de)羊(yang)(yang)中極品。
4.文化背景
徐聞(wen)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在雷(lei)州半(ban)島有(you)相當悠(you)久的(de)(de)飼養(yang)歷(li)史(shi)。據(ju)《古令(ling)法》、《說文》所述:徐聞(wen)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)是(shi)公元(yuan)276年(nian)(nian)(晉(jin)咸寧二(er)年(nian)(nian)),從山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東煙臺地(di)(di)區(qu)引進(jin)(jin),經過長期飼養(yang)、馴化(hua)選育而(er)成,距今已有(you)1700多年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)了(le)。在二(er)百(bai)多年(nian)(nian)前,徐聞(wen)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)已進(jin)(jin)入(ru)香港和廣州灣(wan)市(shi)場,并以徐聞(wen)肥羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)蜚聲各(ge)地(di)(di),其味道鮮美,營養(yang)豐富(fu),吸引了(le)無數的(de)(de)食(shi)客,甚至在南亞(ya)地(di)(di)區(qu)都享有(you)盛譽。當時(shi)每(mei)條村(cun)莊都有(you)三、五群羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),而(er)且流(liu)傳著(zhu)“養(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)種姜,本少利長”的(de)(de)農諺。養(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)成為(wei)當時(shi)增加農村(cun)收入(ru)的(de)(de)最有(you)效途徑(jing)之一(yi)。1949年(nian)(nian)前,徐聞(wen)縣城有(you)一(yi)條專門經營山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)街(jie)道,叫(jiao)做“羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)行街(jie)”,每(mei)逢墟日,進(jin)(jin)墟待沽的(de)(de)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)只少則幾百(bai)只,多則近(jin)千(qian)只,街(jie)上(shang)還賣有(you)熟(shu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)、羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)粥、羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)串等任人選擇(ze),山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)市(shi)場活躍繁榮。