1.形態特征
常(chang)綠小喬(qiao)木(mu),高約3~3.5米(mi)(mi)。枝(zhi)條粗壯斜生(sheng)(sheng),幼(you)枝(zhi)被(bei)濃密柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao),并有(you)(you)(you)微小針刺(ci)。葉(xie)(xie)互生(sheng)(sheng);葉(xie)(xie)柄(bing)的葉(xie)(xie)翼(yi)(yi)倒(dao)心(xin)(xin)臟形(xing);有(you)(you)(you)毛(mao)(mao),主脈(mo)及葉(xie)(xie)翼(yi)(yi)邊緣尤多(duo);葉(xie)(xie)片長(chang)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),長(chang)8~13厘米(mi)(mi),寬3~6厘米(mi)(mi),先(xian)端渾圓(yuan)(yuan)或微凹入,基部(bu)圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍,邊緣淺(qian)波狀,兩面主脈(mo)上均有(you)(you)(you)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao);葉(xie)(xie)質肥厚(hou)柔(rou)軟。花(hua)(hua)極香,單生(sheng)(sheng)或腋生(sheng)(sheng)花(hua)(hua)序;萼(e)4淺(qian)裂(lie);花(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)白色(se)(se),矩圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing);雄蕊(rui)20~25;子房圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),花(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)柱(zhu)狀,柱(zhu)頭極大。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)或略(lve)扁,一般高10~15厘米(mi)(mi),寬11~13厘米(mi)(mi),檸檬黃色(se)(se),油(you)室大而明(ming)顯,幼(you)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)密被(bei)白色(se)(se)絨毛(mao)(mao);果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)頂圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍,頂端內(nei)凹,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)蒂(di)四周略(lve)有(you)(you)(you)棱起(qi);果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)皮不易剝離,厚(hou)約2厘米(mi)(mi);瓤囊(nang)16瓣(ban),中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)柱(zhu)充(chong)實,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉淺(qian)黃色(se)(se),汁胞(bao)長(chang)大似(si)紡(fang)錘形(xing),味(wei)被(bei)酸。種子80粒以上,扁圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),合(he)點淺(qian)紫色(se)(se)。花(hua)(hua)期(qi)3月(yue)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)8~9月(yue)。
2.植物形態
常綠喬(qiao)木,高(gao)5~10m。小板扁,幼枝、新葉被短柔毛。單生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)復(fu)葉互生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),長(chang)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)、卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或闊卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)6.5~16.5cm,寬4.5~8cm,邊緣淺波狀(zhuang),葉翅倒(dao)心(xin)形(xing)(xing)。花(hua)單生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或為總狀(zhuang)花(hua)序,腋生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);花(hua)瓣白色(se);雄(xiong)蕊25~45;子房長(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)。柑果梨形(xing)(xing)、倒(dao)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)或圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑10~15cm,檸檬(meng)黃色(se),油(you)室大(da);瓤囊10~18瓣。花(hua)期4~5月(yue),果熟期9~11月(yue)。
3.藥用功效
【化痰(tan)止(zhi)咳(ke)、風(feng)寒(han)(han)咳(ke)嗽(sou)】橘(ju)紅首要功效,無(wu)論寒(han)(han)咳(ke)或干咳(ke),服用(yong)橘(ju)紅均可見效,咳(ke)嗽(sou)分為熱(re)咳(ke)和(he)寒(han)(han)咳(ke)兩種:熱(re)咳(ke),是由肺熱(re)造成(cheng)的(de)反復咳(ke)嗽(sou),例如(ru)(ru)過(guo)量食(shi)用(yong)上火食(shi)品(pin),如(ru)(ru)煎炸、燒(shao)烤(kao)類等(deng)食(shi)品(pin),表(biao)現(xian)為喉嚨干癢(yang)、干咳(ke)少痰(tan)或痰(tan)色黃(huang)質(zhi)黏稠;寒(han)(han)咳(ke),多由受寒(han)(han)引起,表(biao)現(xian)為咽癢(yang)咳(ke)頻,痰(tan)液稀薄如(ru)(ru)泡沫狀。
【久咳、氣(qi)管炎、哮喘】中老(lao)年人長年久咳或(huo)哮喘服用橘(ju)紅為(wei)首選。對久咳、哮喘者必(bi)須堅(jian)持服用并逐漸適(shi)應方可起效。一般建議(yi)使用2-3個月以上。
【食積傷酒(jiu)、化(hua)普理氣】抽煙喝酒(jiu)人士之佳品(pin),煙酒(jiu)對肺(fei)胃肝及(ji)喉嚨(long)損傷最大,同時居住在城市汽車及(ji)工業廢(fei)氣居多,長久吸(xi)入過量后(hou)容易導致習慣性呼吸(xi)道感染(ran)發(fa)炎(yan)。常服用化(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)便能減輕酒(jiu)精及(ji)廢(fei)氣對這些人體器(qi)官的(de)損害(hai)。
【嘔吐呃逆、飲食積滯】經常(chang)飯(fan)局應酬等人士應常(chang)服用(yong)化橘紅,化橘紅對(dui)腸胃(wei)的消(xiao)滯有良好功效,飯(fan)后(hou)服用(yong)可(ke)令緩解胃(wei)中消(xiao)化壓力。
4.地理環境
化橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品質特(te)色(se)(se)取決于(yu)(yu)(yu)化州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內特(te)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)條(tiao)件(jian)和(he)(he)氣候(hou)(hou)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)。化州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)位于(yu)(yu)(yu)廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)省西部,東(dong)(dong)經110°20'~110°45',北緯(wei)21°29'~22°13',全(quan)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)面積2324.5平方公里,為近海(hai)低丘陵山(shan)(shan)(shan)區,其中山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)占51%,丘陵占39%,谷(gu)地(di)(di)和(he)(he)平原10%。該市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)東(dong)(dong)北有(you)(you)(you)(you)云開山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈作(zuo)屏障,西有(you)(you)(you)(you)天堂嶂以擋烈(lie)金(jin)之(zhi)氣,南面相臨南海(hai),中有(you)(you)(you)(you)滔(tao)滔(tao)羅(luo)江貫(guan)穿南北,有(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)地(di)(di)調節著全(quan)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣候(hou)(hou)。化州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)處亞熱帶,氣候(hou)(hou)溫(wen)和(he)(he),熱量(liang)(liang)豐富(fu),平均氣溫(wen)21℃,全(quan)年光照達2500小時以上,雨量(liang)(liang)充沛,年均降雨量(liang)(liang)1900毫米,土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)肥沃,原始植(zhi)(zhi)被屬自然生態(tai)群(qun)落亞熱帶山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)磚紅(hong)(hong)壤(rang),發育于(yu)(yu)(yu)石(shi)、砂頁巖(yan)。化州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)種植(zhi)(zhi)化橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)屬偏酸性赤紅(hong)(hong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang),pH在5.5-6.5之(zhi)間(jian), 土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)結(jie)構良好,有(you)(you)(you)(you)機質≥2%,富(fu)含礞脫石(shi)、Mn、Mg、Fe、Ti等(deng)微量(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素,山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)淋溶作(zuo)用(yong)較(jiao)為強烈(lie),地(di)(di)理環(huan)境(jing)(jing)條(tiao)件(jian)優越。在這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)條(tiao)件(jian)下,加上悠久種植(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科學栽培技(ji)術,使(shi)化橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)藥物有(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)分(fen)高(gao)、止(zhi)咳(ke)化痰等(deng)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功效(xiao)。對化橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品質特(te)色(se)(se),前(qian)人也(ye)認為除了它本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥物成(cheng)分(fen)和(he)(he)得(de)天獨厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣候(hou)(hou)條(tiao)件(jian)外(wai),更(geng)主(zhu)要是(shi)化州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)部分(fen)地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)質所(suo)致,故州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)志記載:“化州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城內寶山(shan)(shan)(shan)及署內有(you)(you)(you)(you)礞石(shi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)質” “礞石(shi)能化痰,橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)得(de)礞石(shi)之(zhi)氣,故化痰力更(geng)勝。”因此,化橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品質,功效(xiao)都強于(yu)(yu)(yu)異地(di)(di)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)任何橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)。