1.形態特征
常綠(lv)小(xiao)喬木,高約3~3.5米(mi)(mi)。枝條粗壯斜生(sheng),幼枝被(bei)濃密柔毛,并有微小(xiao)針刺。葉(xie)互生(sheng);葉(xie)柄的(de)葉(xie)翼倒心(xin)臟形(xing);有毛,主脈(mo)及葉(xie)翼邊緣(yuan)尤多;葉(xie)片長橢圓(yuan)形(xing),長8~13厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬3~6厘(li)米(mi)(mi),先端(duan)(duan)渾圓(yuan)或(huo)微凹(ao)入,基(ji)部圓(yuan)鈍,邊緣(yuan)淺(qian)(qian)(qian)波狀,兩面主脈(mo)上均有柔毛;葉(xie)質肥厚(hou)柔軟。花極香,單生(sheng)或(huo)腋生(sheng)花序;萼4淺(qian)(qian)(qian)裂;花瓣(ban)白(bai)色,矩圓(yuan)形(xing);雄(xiong)蕊20~25;子房圓(yuan)形(xing),花柱柱狀,柱頭(tou)極大。果實(shi)圓(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)略扁,一般高10~15厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬11~13厘(li)米(mi)(mi),檸檬黃(huang)色,油室大而明顯,幼果密被(bei)白(bai)色絨毛;果頂圓(yuan)鈍,頂端(duan)(duan)內凹(ao),果蒂四周(zhou)略有棱起;果皮不易剝離,厚(hou)約2厘(li)米(mi)(mi);瓤(rang)囊16瓣(ban),中心(xin)柱充實(shi),果肉淺(qian)(qian)(qian)黃(huang)色,汁胞長大似紡錘形(xing),味被(bei)酸。種子80粒以上,扁圓(yuan)形(xing),合點淺(qian)(qian)(qian)紫色。花期3月(yue)。果期8~9月(yue)。
2.植物形態
常綠喬木,高5~10m。小板扁,幼枝、新(xin)葉(xie)(xie)被短(duan)柔毛。單生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)復葉(xie)(xie)互(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),長橢(tuo)圓形(xing)、卵(luan)狀橢(tuo)圓形(xing)或(huo)闊卵(luan)形(xing),長6.5~16.5cm,寬4.5~8cm,邊緣(yuan)淺波狀,葉(xie)(xie)翅倒(dao)(dao)心形(xing)。花單生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)為總狀花序,腋生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);花瓣(ban)白色;雄蕊(rui)25~45;子房長圓形(xing)。柑果梨形(xing)、倒(dao)(dao)卵(luan)形(xing)或(huo)圓形(xing),直徑(jing)10~15cm,檸檬(meng)黃色,油(you)室大;瓤囊(nang)10~18瓣(ban)。花期(qi)4~5月(yue)(yue),果熟期(qi)9~11月(yue)(yue)。
3.藥用功效
【化痰止咳(ke)(ke)(ke)、風(feng)寒(han)(han)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽(sou)(sou)】橘紅首要功效,無論寒(han)(han)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)或(huo)干(gan)咳(ke)(ke)(ke),服(fu)用(yong)橘紅均可見效,咳(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽(sou)(sou)分為(wei)熱咳(ke)(ke)(ke)和寒(han)(han)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)兩種:熱咳(ke)(ke)(ke),是由肺(fei)熱造成的反復(fu)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽(sou)(sou),例如過量食用(yong)上火食品,如煎(jian)炸、燒烤類等食品,表現(xian)為(wei)喉(hou)嚨干(gan)癢(yang)、干(gan)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)少痰或(huo)痰色黃質(zhi)黏稠;寒(han)(han)咳(ke)(ke)(ke),多由受寒(han)(han)引起,表現(xian)為(wei)咽癢(yang)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)頻,痰液稀(xi)薄如泡沫狀。
【久咳(ke)、氣管(guan)炎、哮喘(chuan)】中老年人長年久咳(ke)或(huo)哮喘(chuan)服(fu)用橘紅為首選(xuan)。對久咳(ke)、哮喘(chuan)者必須堅持服(fu)用并逐漸適(shi)應方可起效。一般建議(yi)使用2-3個月以(yi)上。
【食(shi)積(ji)傷(shang)酒、化(hua)普理氣(qi)】抽煙喝酒人士之佳品,煙酒對肺胃肝及喉嚨(long)損傷(shang)最大,同時居(ju)住在城市汽車及工(gong)業廢(fei)氣(qi)居(ju)多,長久吸入過(guo)量后容易導致習慣性(xing)呼(hu)吸道感(gan)染發(fa)炎。常服用化(hua)橘紅便(bian)能減輕酒精及廢(fei)氣(qi)對這些人體(ti)器官的損害。
【嘔吐呃逆、飲食(shi)積滯】經常飯局應酬等人士應常服用化(hua)橘紅,化(hua)橘紅對腸(chang)胃的消滯有(you)良好功效,飯后服用可(ke)令緩(huan)解胃中(zhong)消化(hua)壓力(li)。
4.地理環境
化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)橘紅(hong)(hong)(hong)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)品質特(te)色取決于(yu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)內(nei)特(te)定的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)條(tiao)件和(he)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)環境。化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)位于(yu)廣東(dong)省西(xi)(xi)部,東(dong)經110°20'~110°45',北(bei)緯(wei)21°29'~22°13',全(quan)市(shi)面積2324.5平方公里,為(wei)近海低丘陵山區,其中山地(di)(di)占51%,丘陵占39%,谷地(di)(di)和(he)平原10%。該(gai)市(shi)東(dong)北(bei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)云開山脈作(zuo)屏障,西(xi)(xi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)天堂嶂以擋(dang)烈金之氣(qi)(qi),南面相臨(lin)南海,中有(you)(you)(you)(you)滔(tao)滔(tao)羅(luo)江(jiang)貫(guan)穿南北(bei),有(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)地(di)(di)調節著全(quan)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)。化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)地(di)(di)處(chu)亞熱帶,氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)溫和(he),熱量豐富,平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫21℃,全(quan)年光照達2500小(xiao)時(shi)以上(shang),雨量充沛,年均(jun)降雨量1900毫(hao)米,土(tu)地(di)(di)肥(fei)沃(wo),原始(shi)植(zhi)被屬(shu)自然(ran)生態(tai)群落亞熱帶山地(di)(di)磚紅(hong)(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang),發育(yu)于(yu)石(shi)、砂頁(ye)巖。化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)種(zhong)植(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)橘紅(hong)(hong)(hong)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)屬(shu)偏酸(suan)性赤紅(hong)(hong)(hong)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang),pH在5.5-6.5之間(jian), 土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)結構良好,有(you)(you)(you)(you)機質≥2%,富含礞(meng)(meng)(meng)脫石(shi)、Mn、Mg、Fe、Ti等微(wei)量元(yuan)素,山地(di)(di)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)淋(lin)溶作(zuo)用較為(wei)強烈,地(di)(di)理環境條(tiao)件優越。在這樣的(de)(de)(de)環境條(tiao)件下,加(jia)上(shang)悠久種(zhong)植(zhi)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)科學栽培技術,使(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)橘紅(hong)(hong)(hong)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)藥物(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)分(fen)高(gao)、止咳化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)痰等獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)功效(xiao)。對化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)橘紅(hong)(hong)(hong)的(de)(de)(de)品質特(te)色,前人(ren)也認為(wei)除了它(ta)本身的(de)(de)(de)藥物(wu)成(cheng)分(fen)和(he)得(de)天獨厚的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)條(tiao)件外(wai),更主要是化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)部分(fen)地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)質所致,故州(zhou)志記載:“化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)州(zhou)城內(nei)寶山及(ji)署內(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)礞(meng)(meng)(meng)石(shi)土(tu)質” “礞(meng)(meng)(meng)石(shi)能化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)痰,橘紅(hong)(hong)(hong)得(de)礞(meng)(meng)(meng)石(shi)之氣(qi)(qi),故化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)痰力(li)更勝。”因此,化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)橘紅(hong)(hong)(hong)的(de)(de)(de)品質,功效(xiao)都強于(yu)異(yi)地(di)(di)產的(de)(de)(de)任(ren)何橘紅(hong)(hong)(hong)。