一.產品介紹
邵店鎮(zhen)是(shi)全(quan)國板(ban)栗(li)重點(dian)產(chan)(chan)區(qu)之一(yi),已(yi)有數百年的生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)歷史(shi)。以前,由于品種(zhong)(zhong)單一(yi)、生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)技(ji)(ji)術落(luo)后(hou)、管理水平不高,板(ban)栗(li)年產(chan)(chan)量(liang)一(yi)直徘徊在(zai)50萬公斤左(zuo)右(you)。近年來,質監局(ju)(ju)、科(ke)技(ji)(ji)局(ju)(ju)、林牧業(ye)局(ju)(ju)、農業(ye)資源開(kai)(kai)發局(ju)(ju)等(deng)部門共同聯手扶持該鎮(zhen)的板(ban)栗(li)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)發展。通(tong)過(guo)投入農業(ye)綜合開(kai)(kai)發資金,著力改善(shan)項目區(qu)農業(ye)基(ji)本生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)條件(jian);引進培育(yu)了焦(jiao)扎(zha)、青扎(zha)、處暑(shu)紅(hong)、十(shi)月紅(hong)等(deng)多個(ge)優質板(ban)栗(li)品種(zhong)(zhong);推廣(guang)了板(ban)栗(li)矮化嫁接(jie)、密(mi)植(zhi)及(ji)劣品種(zhong)(zhong)老栗(li)樹換頭嫁接(jie)等(deng)先進栽培技(ji)(ji)術。在(zai)此基(ji)礎上,通(tong)過(guo)大(da)力推行板(ban)栗(li)標準(zhun)化生(sheng)產(chan)(chan),取得了顯著成效(xiao)。
二.自然生態(tai)環(huan)境和人文歷史因素
1、土(tu)壤土(tu)質: 邵店板栗種植區域位于(yu)(yu)新沂(yi)市東南部,屬于(yu)(yu)砂(sha)礓(jiang)黑土(tu)。砂(sha)礓(jiang)黑土(tu)不僅粘(zhan)粒含量(liang)高,而且粘(zhan)土(tu)礦物(wu)以交換量(liang)大的蒙脫石(shi)為(wei)主,所以保肥(fei)力強。砂(sha)礓(jiang)黑土(tu)通(tong)透性差,土(tu)性冷涼,有機質含量(liang)較(jiao)高,但礦化速度(du)低,養分釋放慢,增產潛(qian)力大,PH值(zhi)5.4-6之間,適合板栗生長(chang)。
2、水(shui)(shui)(shui)文水(shui)(shui)(shui)質:新沂(yi)(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源充(chong)沛,沭河(he)、沂(yi)(yi)河(he)、京杭大(da)運(yun)河(he)縱貫南(nan)北,中小(xiao)河(he)流20多條,可調用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量14億立方米。駱馬湖、高塘(tang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫、阿湖水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫、沂(yi)(yi)河(he)、沭河(he)是(shi)新沂(yi)(yi)市(shi)主(zhu)要的地(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源,全市(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)域(yu)面積41208公頃。 境內水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)條件配套齊全,地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)源充(chong)足(zu),水(shui)(shui)(shui)質清(qing)澈無(wu)(wu)污(wu)染(ran),農(nong)田排灌(guan)設施(shi)便利(li)(li)(li),旱能(neng)澆澇能(neng)排。邵(shao)店(dian)板栗種植區域(yu)內無(wu)(wu)大(da)型工廠,無(wu)(wu)“三廢”排放,也沒重金屬污(wu)染(ran)歷史記(ji)錄。既可利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)天(tian)然降雨,又能(neng)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)農(nong)田排灌(guan)設施(shi),旱能(neng)澆澇能(neng)排。
3、氣(qi)候(hou)特點:新沂市地處淮北(bei)平(ping)原,屬暖溫(wen)帶濕(shi)(shi)潤性季風氣(qi)候(hou)區,四(si)季分(fen)明,雨(yu)熱同季,光熱資源(yuan)豐(feng)富。春季干濕(shi)(shi)冷(leng)暖多變(bian),夏(xia)季炎(yan)熱雨(yu)水集中,秋季溫(wen)和天高(gao)氣(qi)爽,冬(dong)季寒冷(leng)雨(yu)雪稀(xi)少,氣(qi)候(hou)條(tiao)件(jian)較為(wei)優越(yue)。境內(nei)累(lei)年年平(ping)均氣(qi)溫(wen)為(wei)14.0℃,無霜期(qi)為(wei)198.2天左右,境內(nei)累(lei)年年平(ping)均日(ri)照時(shi)數為(wei)2482.1小時(shi),日(ri)照百(bai)分(fen)率為(wei)44%。年平(ping)均降雨(yu)量773.5毫米。對發展農業生產比較有利(li)。
4、地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌(mao):新沂市地(di)(di)質構造屬(shu)華北古陸南緣組成部(bu)分。地(di)(di)勢東(dong)高西低,由東(dong)向西,呈波浪起伏(fu)地(di)(di)形。東(dong)部(bu)為(wei)(wei)海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)30~50米(mi)得丘陵(ling)崗地(di)(di);中部(bu)為(wei)(wei)寬敞(chang)的沂沭沖(chong)積平(ping)原;西部(bu)為(wei)(wei)駱馬湖(hu)洼區(qu),地(di)(di)面(mian)海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)最低為(wei)(wei)20米(mi)。邵店板栗種(zhong)植區(qu)域位于(yu)沂沭沖(chong)積平(ping)原上,平(ping)均(jun)海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)36米(mi),地(di)(di)形開闊。
三.地域范圍
邵店板栗登記(ji)保(bao)護種植(zhi)區域位于(yu)新(xin)沂市(shi)邵店鎮邵西村(cun)、沂北村(cun)、邵店村(cun)、菜園村(cun)、葉(xie)海村(cun)、陳堰村(cun)、西鮑村(cun)、友誼(yi)村(cun)、朱圩村(cun)、聯合(he)村(cun)、悅集村(cun)、東鮑村(cun)、沭河村(cun)、劉沖村(cun),總計涉及邵店鎮14個村(cun),種植(zhi)面積767公頃。種植(zhi)地域范圍(wei)界于(yu)東經118°24.837'-118°29.038'之間,北緯34°07.598′-34°09.611'之間。
四.產品品質特(te)性(xing)特(te)征(zheng)
1、外在感官特征:栗(li)果紫褐色(se),附(fu)黃褐色(se)茸(rong)毛(mao),或近(jin)光(guang)(guang)滑,栗(li)果玲(ling)瓏秀美,果肉嫩黃細(xi)膩,色(se)澤(ze)油光(guang)(guang)發亮,生食清脆,味道甘甜(tian),有(you)桂(gui)花香,質地致密,糯性強。籽(zi)粒(li)大(平均籽(zi)粒(li)12.3克(ke),最大18克(ke)),皮薄(bo)易剝,具有(you)本(ben)品種特有(you)的風味,無異(yi)常氣味。
2、內(nei)在品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)指標(biao):邵店(dian)(dian)板(ban)栗(li)具有肉質(zhi)(zhi)松、味香甜(tian)、糯性(xing)大等特點,富含蛋(dan)白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)、糖、淀粉、氨基酸、胡蘿卜素、維(wei)生(sheng)素及(ji)鈣(gai)、磷、鉀(jia)等多種(zhong)礦(kuang)物質(zhi)(zhi)。經(jing)檢(jian)測每100克邵店(dian)(dian)板(ban)栗(li)堅果含蛋(dan)白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)5.4-5.8克,淀粉23.8-25.6克。各(ge)項(xiang)指標(biao)均高于普通板(ban)栗(li)。 3、安(an)全(quan)要求(qiu):邵店(dian)(dian)板(ban)栗(li)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)達到農(nong)業部行(xing)業標(biao)準(zhun)《DB32/T 546-2002 無公(gong)害農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin) 板(ban)栗(li)》,產(chan)(chan)地環(huan)境按照標(biao)準(zhun)《GB/T 18407.2-2001農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)安(an)全(quan) 無公(gong)害水果產(chan)(chan)地環(huan)境要求(qiu)》的(de)規(gui)定執行(xing)。合理使(shi)(shi)用(yong)農(nong)業投入(ru)品(pin)(pin)(pin),嚴禁使(shi)(shi)用(yong)高劇(ju)毒(du)農(nong)藥。
五(wu).特定生產方式
1、產地(di)要求(qiu):板栗園應選(xuan)擇(ze)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)位較(jiao)低,排水(shui)(shui)良好(hao)的沙質(zhi)壤(rang)土(tu)。忌土(tu)壤(rang)鹽堿,低濕(shi)易澇,風大(da)的地(di)方栽植(zhi)。并且(qie)水(shui)(shui)利設(she)施配套齊全,土(tu)壤(rang)、灌溉水(shui)(shui)無污染(ran),遠離廠(chang)礦(kuang)企業,環(huan)境質(zhi)量符(fu)合(he)國家衛生標準。
2、品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)范(fan)圍 選用經(jing)省以(yi)上(shang)主管部門審定(ding)(ding)或(huo)登記(ji)的(de)(de)(de)優質、豐產、抗性(xing)較強的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。如:十月紅、處暑紅、九家種(zhong)(zhong)等,及新(xin)選育出(chu)的(de)(de)(de),性(xing)狀優于上(shang)列品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)并(bing)經(jing)有(you)關(guan)部門審定(ding)(ding)或(huo)登記(ji)的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。
3、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)控(kong)制 土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)管(guan)理(li):每年(nian)秋(qiu)季堅(jian)果(guo)(guo)采收(shou)后(hou)結(jie)合(he)秋(qiu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)深(shen)(shen)翻(fan)改土(tu)(tu),分(fen)為(wei)(wei)擴(kuo)穴深(shen)(shen)翻(fan)和全園(yuan)深(shen)(shen)翻(fan),擴(kuo)穴深(shen)(shen)翻(fan)為(wei)(wei)在定(ding)植穴(溝)外(wai)挖環狀溝或平(ping)行(xing)(xing)溝,溝寬80cm,深(shen)(shen)60cm左(zuo)右。全園(yuan)深(shen)(shen)翻(fan)為(wei)(wei)將(jiang)栽(zai)植穴外(wai)的(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)全部深(shen)(shen)翻(fan),深(shen)(shen)度30cm—40cm。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)回(hui)填時混以(yi)有機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),表土(tu)(tu)放在底(di)層(ceng),底(di)土(tu)(tu)放在上(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng),然后(hou)充分(fen)灌水(shui),使(shi)根(gen)土(tu)(tu)密(mi)接。 科(ke)學(xue)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)以(yi)有機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)輔(fu)。所施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料不應對(dui)栗園(yuan)環境(jing)和堅(jian)果(guo)(guo)品質產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)不良影響。參照(zhao)樹體每生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)100kg栗實需N3.2kg、五氧化(hua)二磷(lin)0.76kg、氧化(hua)鉀1.28kg的(de)需肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量,按(an)預期產(chan)量指標,結(jie)合(he)栗園(yuan)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)力(li)和樹體營養(yang)狀態計算施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量。每年(nian)采果(guo)(guo)后(hou)至初(chu)冬需施(shi)(shi)(shi)基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)一(yi)次(ci)(ci),每年(nian)追2次(ci)(ci)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),第一(yi)次(ci)(ci)3月上(shang)(shang)(shang)旬(xun),以(yi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主;第二次(ci)(ci)在采收(shou)前(qian)(qian)40天。以(yi)磷(lin)鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主。全年(nian)共噴(pen)5次(ci)(ci)葉面肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),分(fen)別在初(chu)盛花(hua)(hua)期、盛花(hua)(hua)期、謝(xie)花(hua)(hua)后(hou)(幼果(guo)(guo)期)、栗苞迅速(su)膨(peng)大(da)期、成熟(shu)前(qian)(qian)一(yi)個(ge)月。 水(shui)分(fen)管(guan)理(li):每年(nian)澆4次(ci)(ci)“豐產(chan)水(shui)”,分(fen)別于3月中(zhong)旬(xun)發芽前(qian)(qian)、8月上(shang)(shang)(shang)旬(xun)栗苞迅速(su)膨(peng)大(da)前(qian)(qian)、9月上(shang)(shang)(shang)旬(xun)果(guo)(guo)實成熟(shu)前(qian)(qian)15天—20天、11月中(zhong)下(xia)旬(xun)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)結(jie)凍前(qian)(qian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。同時修好接水(shui)坑、匯水(shui)坑和總(zong)排水(shui)溝,構建有效的(de)排澇系統 合(he)理(li)整形(xing)修剪(jian):多采用(yong)自(zi)然開(kai)心(xin)形(xing),栽(zai)植當年(nian)定(ding)干,干高(gao)30cm—60cm,主干上(shang)(shang)(shang)和主枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之間不留(liu)(liu)(liu)輔(fu)養(yang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。修剪(jian)時首(shou)先疏(shu)除(chu)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)母枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)下(xia)及(ji)內膛的(de)細弱營養(yang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、雄花(hua)(hua)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。主側枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)延長(chang)(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和結(jie)果(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)母枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),在疏(shu)除(chu)過密(mi)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、交叉枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之后(hou),采用(yong)“平(ping)衡(heng)修剪(jian)”技術(shu),每個(ge)延長(chang)(chang)頭(tou)一(yi)般(ban)只(zhi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)2條生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)勢(shi)近似的(de)壯枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)余疏(shu)掉(diao)或對(dui)其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)強(qiang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)基部芽重短截,如1強(qiang)1弱,則疏(shu)除(chu)弱枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或對(dui)強(qiang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)重短截。每667㎡保(bao)(bao)留(liu)(liu)(liu)5000—7000條左(zuo)右,并通過修剪(jian)調節,使(shi)保(bao)(bao)留(liu)(liu)(liu)下(xia)來的(de)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)母枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勢(shi)力(li)均衡(heng),分(fen)布均勻,樹冠豐滿(man)。 花(hua)(hua)果(guo)(guo)管(guan)理(li):初(chu)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)幼樹上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)栗棚(peng)長(chang)(chang)到玉米粒大(da)小時進(jin)行(xing)(xing)疏(shu)棚(peng),大(da)粒型品種、壯旺結(jie)果(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)棚(peng)2-3個(ge),中(zhong)庸枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)棚(peng)1-2個(ge),弱枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)1棚(peng)或不留(liu)(liu)(liu)棚(peng)。開(kai)花(hua)(hua)盛期,噴(pen)施(shi)(shi)(shi)濃度為(wei)(wei)0.3%-0.5%的(de)尿素溶液加0.3%硼(peng)砂和0.3%磷(lin)酸二氫鉀溶液。 病蟲(chong)害防治(zhi):采用(yong)人(ren)工、物理(li)、生(sheng)(sheng)物措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)制病蟲(chong),減(jian)少化(hua)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)次(ci)(ci)數,嚴禁使(shi)用(yong)高(gao)度高(gao)殘留(liu)(liu)(liu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao),推廣使(shi)用(yong)低毒低殘留(liu)(liu)(liu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)或生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao),生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)季節噴(pen)藥(yao)(yao)次(ci)(ci)數控(kong)制在5次(ci)(ci)左(zuo)右。
4、產品收獲和貯(zhu)藏:總苞呈棕(zong)黃(huang)色(se)并自然(ran)開(kai)裂,堅(jian)果呈棕(zong)褐色(se)且具(ju)光澤(ze)時(shi)進(jin)行(xing)采收,禁止“采青”。 將采摘的(de)(de)栗(li)苞攤放在通風(feng)良好的(de)(de)樹蔭下(xia)(xia),厚30cm-40cm,適度潑清水。待栗(li)苞徹底開(kai)裂后(hou)自然(ran)脫粒。保證堅(jian)果不受(shou)損傷,以保持(chi)栗(li)實深棕(zong)光亮的(de)(de)外觀。采收的(de)(de)栗(li)實經陰晾2-3天后(hou),保持(chi)在12℃以下(xia)(xia)沙藏,有條件的(de)(de)要及時(shi)進(jin)行(xing)進(jin)入(ru)冷庫保存(cun)。