羅(luo)田(tian)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi),指中國(guo)湖(hu)北省大別山區(qu)羅(luo)田(tian)縣(xian)產的(de)(de)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi),是(shi)中國(guo)地理標志產品。羅(luo)田(tian)為"中國(guo)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)之(zhi)鄉"。羅(luo)田(tian)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)是(shi)世界唯(wei)一自(zi)然脫澀的(de)(de)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)品種,秋天成熟后,不(bu)需(xu)加工,可(ke)直接食用。羅(luo)田(tian)縣(xian)三里畈(fan)鎮鏨字(zi)石村出產的(de)(de)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)更(geng)是(shi)珍品,其(qi)特點是(shi)個大色艷(yan),身圓(yuan)底方(fang),皮(pi)薄肉厚,甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)脆可(ke)口。別的(de)(de)地方(fang)出產的(de)(de)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)一般有(you)籽(zi)粒八顆以上,而(er)鏨子石甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)不(bu)超過(guo)三顆籽(zi),所以既方(fang)便(bian)食用,更(geng)方(fang)便(bian)加工。
產地環境
羅(luo)田(tian)縣位于(yu)大(da)別(bie)山南麓(lu),總面積(ji)321萬畝,屬亞(ya)熱帶季風區(qu),氣(qi)(qi)候溫(wen)和(he),陽光充(chong)足,雨(yu)量充(chong)沛,光水(shui)熱同步,自(zi)(zi)然條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)很好。年平(ping)均溫(wen)度16.4℃,降(jiang)雨(yu)量1300-1600毫(hao)米,無霜期(qi)181-231天,極為適(shi)宜(yi)甜柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)長發育要(yao)求。羅(luo)田(tian)不(bu)僅(jin)具有(you)(you)適(shi)宜(yi)甜柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)長發育的基本氣(qi)(qi)候條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian),而(er)且(qie)由(you)于(yu)地(di)勢(shi)、地(di)形(xing)、地(di)貌和(he)森(sen)(sen)林植被的自(zi)(zi)然調節作用(yong),形(xing)成(cheng)更具獨特優勢(shi)的區(qu)域(yu)環境(jing)。一是(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)勢(shi)北高南低,對(dui)氣(qi)(qi)候資源可以(yi)進行(xing)再分配,自(zi)(zi)行(xing)調節,使(shi)甜柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)長發育期(qi)內溫(wen)室巨變較(jiao)小(xiao)。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)形(xing)地(di)貌差(cha)異大(da),小(xiao)氣(qi)(qi)候小(xiao)環境(jing)較(jiao)多,適(shi)宜(yi)栽(zai)植甜柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的面積(ji)大(da)。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)森(sen)(sen)林覆蓋率高,達到68.8%,植被條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)好,自(zi)(zi)然生(sheng)態優良(liang),對(dui)提高甜柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)果實光澤(ze),降(jiang)低果皮厚度都十分有(you)(you)利。四是(shi)(shi)(shi)晝(zhou)夜溫(wen)差(cha)大(da),有(you)(you)利于(yu)果實的形(xing)成(cheng)。羅(luo)田(tian)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)區(qu)溫(wen)差(cha)比(bi)平(ping)原(yuan)地(di)區(qu)要(yao)大(da),甜柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)果實膨(peng)大(da)成(cheng)熟期(qi)為7-9月,其(qi)晝(zhou)夜溫(wen)差(cha)一般(ban)都在10℃以(yi)上(shang),比(bi)平(ping)原(yuan)大(da)4℃以(yi)上(shang),這對(dui)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)果糖分轉化(hua)和(he)營養積(ji)累極為有(you)(you)利,是(shi)(shi)(shi)羅(luo)田(tian)甜柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品質優良(liang)、味道鮮美的一個重要(yao)原(yuan)因。五是(shi)(shi)(shi)土(tu)壤(rang)適(shi)宜(yi)甜柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)長,羅(luo)田(tian)土(tu)壤(rang)多為片麻巖風化(hua)形(xing)成(cheng)的沙壤(rang)土(tu),透水(shui)、通(tong)氣(qi)(qi)性(xing)能良(liang)好,微酸性(xing)和(he)中性(xing),有(you)(you)利于(yu)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樹根系生(sheng)長,柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樹壽命長,盛果期(qi)長,豐產(chan)性(xing)好。
主要品種
羅田(tian)(tian)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)羅田(tian)(tian)當地(di)原(yuan)生(sheng)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)種(zhong)的總稱,在長(chang)期的自然變異進化和人工(gong)栽培選擇過程中(zhong)(zhong),逐漸形成了很多(duo)各具(ju)特(te)色的優良品(pin)種(zhong)。具(ju)有(you)(you)栽培價值的地(di)方(fang)品(pin)種(zhong)有(you)(you)20多(duo)個,大、中(zhong)(zhong)、小果(guo)型(xing)品(pin)種(zhong)和早(zao)、中(zhong)(zhong)、晚熟(shu)品(pin)種(zhong)兼備(bei),還有(you)(you)育苗采籽(zi)專用(yong)品(pin)種(zhong)和單雄性(xing)授粉樹(shu)(shu)品(pin)種(zhong),品(pin)種(zhong)資源(yuan)極為豐(feng)富(fu),其主要品(pin)種(zhong)有(you)(you):羅田(tian)(tian)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、秋焰(yan)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(寶(bao)華、鄂柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1號(hao)、陰(yin)陽柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))、寶(bao)蓋甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、四方(fang)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、小果(guo)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、龍爪柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、金秋甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、蜜(mi)糖柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。這些(xie)品(pin)種(zhong)的共同特(te)點是(shi)果(guo)實含(han)有(you)(you)可(ke)溶性(xing)單寧(ning)低,不(bu)需人工(gong)脫澀,不(bu)復生(sheng)返澀;果(guo)皮(pi)薄,皮(pi)色橙紅光亮,外表美(mei)觀亮麗;果(guo)肉甜(tian)(tian)脆細(xi)膩,含(han)糖量(liang)在17-26%之間,味甜(tian)(tian)可(ke)口;果(guo)內(nei)無(wu)黑(hei)斑,無(wu)果(guo)心;果(guo)型(xing)多(duo)為扁園,無(wu)縱溝(gou),無(wu)縊痕。此(ci)外,羅田(tian)(tian)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)長(chang)勢很強,分枝(zhi)能力(li)很旺(wang),樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)形成快,側(ce)枝(zhi)分生(sheng)多(duo),葉(xie)片(pian)肥(fei)大,葉(xie)色濃綠,葉(xie)肉厚實,光合作用(yong)能力(li)強,結實早(zao),豐(feng)產性(xing)能好,根(gen)系(xi)發達,主根(gen)較深,側(ce)根(gen)特(te)別(bie)長(chang),一般側(ce)根(gen)為樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)的2倍,有(you)(you)的散生(sheng)大樹(shu)(shu)側(ce)根(gen)可(ke)達樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)的6-7倍。由于根(gen)系(xi)發達,生(sheng)長(chang)旺(wang)盛,因而羅田(tian)(tian)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)抗逆性(xing)強,耐(nai)瘠、耐(nai)旱、耐(nai)漬、耐(nai)寒,病蟲害少,適應(ying)性(xing)廣,生(sheng)長(chang)壽命長(chang),盛果(guo)期也(ye)很長(chang)。根(gen)據資料記載和羅田(tian)(tian)林業部(bu)門調(diao)查,一般壽命多(duo)在400年(nian)左右,盛果(guo)期約(yue)在100年(nian)以上。這些(xie)豐(feng)富(fu)的品(pin)種(zhong)資源(yuan),是(shi)羅田(tian)(tian)縣發展羅田(tian)(tian)甜(tian)(tian)柿(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的獨有(you)(you)優勢和重(zhong)要物質(zhi)基礎(chu)。