生產(chan)特點(dian)
(1)產地(di)(di)(di)選擇(ze):選擇(ze)在(zai)坡(po)(po)度(du)在(zai)25°以(yi)(yi)下(xia)海拔(ba)高度(du)為400-900米的山區、丘陵,坡(po)(po)度(du)較高的應修筑等(deng)高梯(ti)地(di)(di)(di),平地(di)(di)(di)和6°以(yi)(yi)下(xia)的緩坡(po)(po)地(di)(di)(di),栽植行南北向(xiang),5°-25°的坡(po)(po)地(di)(di)(di),按(an)等(deng)高線挖梯(ti)地(di)(di)(di)種(zhong)植,并開好排(pai)灌溝。要(yao)求土(tu)壤肥(fei)沃,有機質(zhi)含量(liang)在(zai)1.0%以(yi)(yi)上。土(tu)層(ceng)厚度(du)在(zai)100厘米以(yi)(yi)上,活(huo)土(tu)層(ceng)在(zai)50厘米以(yi)(yi)上。地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水位在(zai)100厘米以(yi)(yi)下(xia)。PH值5.5-7.0之間(jian)。
(2)品種選擇:天峨(e)大果山楂分有(you)果頂凹(ao)和(he)果頂凸(tu)出(尖臀)兩(liang)個品種,生產(chan)上推廣(guang)果頂凹(ao)、果形園球形或扁(bian)圓形的(de)品種。
(3)生(sheng)產過程(cheng)管理:包括農業投入品(pin)方面的特殊使用規(gui)定。使大果山楂產品(pin)質(zhi)量達到無公害(hai)農產品(pin)要(yao)求,生(sheng)產過程(cheng)嚴格按照以下技術(shu)環節進行:
①育苗(miao)(miao)。在(zai)春節前播種,第二(er)年3月初(chu)小苗(miao)(miao)大田移(yi)栽(zai),5月底6月初(chu)采穗嫁(jia)接,也可以在(zai)8月中下(xia)旬(xun)至9月嫁(jia)接,12月份出輔。苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)須根發(fa)達,粗度(du)0.8厘米,夏接苗(miao)(miao)高80厘米以上(shang),秋接苗(miao)(miao)高40厘米以上(shang),苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)清秀無病蟲害。
②定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。以(yi)冬(dong)春(chun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為主,在(zai)元月到(dao)2月份期間種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成活(huo)率(lv)最(zui)高(gao)。由于小苗(miao)(miao)不落葉(xie)(不論(lun)實(shi)生苗(miao)(miao)或嫁接苗(miao)(miao)),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時要剪(jian)除嫩(nen)苗(miao)(miao)和(he)嫩(nen)葉(xie),只留老熟葉(xie)。 栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密度:栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密度為每(mei)公(gong)頃(qing)500-830株,即株距3-4米(mi),行(xing)距4-5米(mi)。 整地:根(gen)據計(ji)劃的株行(xing)距挖深、寬為80厘(li)(li)米(mi)的定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)或定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)溝,每(mei)穴(xue)填(tian)25-30千克(ke)的雜草綠肥,撒入0.5千克(ke)的石灰,1-2個月待(dai)雜草綠肥腐爛沉實(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou),用表土與25-30千克(ke)的有機肥混合后(hou)(hou)(hou)回(hui)填(tian)待(dai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方法:在(zai)待(dai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)內確定定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)點,挖深、寬為30厘(li)(li)米(mi)的栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue),定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)根(gen)系要舒(shu)展,培土后(hou)(hou)(hou)提苗(miao)(miao)、扶正、踏(ta)實(shi),嫁接口要高(gao)出地面。整理出直徑100厘(li)(li)米(mi)、高(gao)15-20厘(li)(li)米(mi)的樹盤,淋足(zu)定根(gen)水,蓋(gai)上地膜保濕(shi),樹苗(miao)(miao)定干高(gao)度40-50厘(li)(li)米(mi)。
③土(tu)(tu)、肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、水管(guan)理。 深(shen)翻改土(tu)(tu):在定植(zhi)穴(xue)(溝(gou))外挖環狀(zhuang)溝(gou)或平行(xing)溝(gou),溝(gou)寬(kuan)40厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)-60厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),深(shen)80厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),每次(ci)(ci)(ci)擴穴(xue)施(shi)(shi)(shi)入綠(lv)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)雜草15-20千(qian)(qian)(qian)克、石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)0.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)克,放(fang)在底(di)層,然(ran)后(hou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)25-30千(qian)(qian)(qian)克的有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)要與回填土(tu)(tu)混(hun)合(he),中耕(geng):果(guo)(guo)(guo)園樹(shu)盤在生(sheng)(sheng)長季(ji)(ji)節降雨或灌(guan)水后(hou),及時(shi)中耕(geng)除(chu)草,保(bao)持土(tu)(tu)壤疏(shu)松,也可結合(he)追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)進行(xing),中耕(geng)深(shen)度5-10厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。 種植(zhi)綠(lv)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和行(xing)間生(sheng)(sheng)草或間種作物:秋冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)播(bo)種苕子、肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)田蘿卜、油菜(cai)等;不能(neng)(neng)種植(zhi)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、木薯、紅薯等高桿、爭肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)類作物。 基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)入,以(yi)(yi)農家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、土(tu)(tu)雜肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),可混(hun)合(he)少(shao)量(liang)磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang),盛(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)期果(guo)(guo)(guo)園每666.7平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)2500-3000千(qian)(qian)(qian)克。挖施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)溝(gou)深(shen)60-80厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,大(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂(zha)是嗜鈣果(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu),熟(shu)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)作鈣肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)不可缺(que)少(shao),否(fou)則(ze)生(sheng)(sheng)長不良,初(chu)結果(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)結合(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)農家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)株施(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)0.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)克,盛(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)期株施(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)1千(qian)(qian)(qian)克。 土(tu)(tu)壤追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):第(di)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)在開(kai)花前(qian)15天施(shi)(shi)(shi)下,以(yi)(yi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),幼樹(shu)株施(shi)(shi)(shi)尿素0.1-0.2千(qian)(qian)(qian)克,盛(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)株施(shi)(shi)(shi)0.3-0.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)克;第(di)二次(ci)(ci)(ci)花芽分化及果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)膨大(da)期,以(yi)(yi)磷鉀(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),磷、鉀(jia)(jia)比例為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1:1,株施(shi)(shi)(shi)普(pu)鈣0.5-1千(qian)(qian)(qian)克,硫酸(suan)(suan)鉀(jia)(jia)0.3-0.4千(qian)(qian)(qian)克;第(di)三次(ci)(ci)(ci)在果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)長后(hou)期,以(yi)(yi)鉀(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),可株施(shi)(shi)(shi)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉀(jia)(jia)0.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)克。 葉面追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):全年(nian)4-5次(ci)(ci)(ci),一(yi)(yi)般生(sheng)(sheng)長前(qian)期2次(ci)(ci)(ci),以(yi)(yi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),后(hou)期2-3次(ci)(ci)(ci),以(yi)(yi)磷、鉀(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),葉面噴(pen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)宜避開(kai)高溫時(shi)間,多種肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料混(hun)施(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi),總濃度不得超過0.5%,且以(yi)(yi)互不反(fan)應為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)原(yuan)則(ze)。 水分管(guan)理:能(neng)(neng)排能(neng)(neng)灌(guan),保(bao)持土(tu)(tu)壤濕度相(xiang)對(dui)穩定,以(yi)(yi)滴灌(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)最好。
④整(zheng)(zheng)形(xing)修剪(jian)。 開(kai)心形(xing):適合相(xiang)對比較(jiao)密植(zhi)的(de)果園,干高40-60厘(li)米,主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數量3 -4個,分枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)角度(du)40°-60°,冠幅(fu)控制(zhi)在(zai)3-4米以內。 分層(ceng)形(xing):第一層(ceng)3個或(huo)4個主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),第二層(ceng)2個或(huo)3個主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),兩層(ceng)相(xiang)距60 -80厘(li)米。 修剪(jian):以冬剪(jian)為主(zhu),幼樹(shu)(shu)(shu)重(zhong)點(dian)整(zheng)(zheng)理好樹(shu)(shu)(shu)形(xing),掛果樹(shu)(shu)(shu)重(zhong)點(dian)是及(ji)(ji)時(shi)剪(jian)除病(bing)蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、纖弱枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、徒長枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和過密的(de)交叉枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、重(zhong)疊枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。及(ji)(ji)時(shi)拉枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),調整(zheng)(zheng)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)張角度(du),剪(jian)除影(ying)響樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠內通風(feng)透光的(de)過密枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、病(bing)蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和擾亂樹(shu)(shu)(shu)形(xing)的(de)徒長枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
⑤花(hua)果管理。在(zai)開花(hua)盛期,噴布1000倍綠旺一號(hao)+0.2%硼砂+0.2%蔗糖液(ye),謝花(hua)后可用0.3%磷酸二(er)氫鉀或0.1%硫酸亞鐵、0.1%綠旺一號(hao)等連噴2-3次。初結果樹,在(zai)謝花(hua)后及時(shi)環(huan)割(ge)或環(huan)扎保果;在(zai)6月底進行(xing)環(huan)剝控梢(shao),壯果促(cu)花(hua)。 疏(shu)果:在(zai)花(hua)后1個(ge)月進行(xing)疏(shu)果,疏(shu)去(qu)小果、病蟲果、畸(ji)形果。
⑥病蟲害防治。 農業防治:加強水肥管理,合理控制負載,保持樹勢健壯,提高樹體抗病力;合理修剪,保證園內和樹冠內通風透光,惡化病蟲生長環境,搞好冬季清園,清除枯枝落葉落果,樹盤翻土,剪除病蟲枝果,減少病蟲源,降低病蟲基數。 物理防治:萌芽開始,掛黃板,粘殺蚜蟲,5月初安裝頻振式殺蟲燈,誘殺各種蛾、螟類害蟲。 生物防治:保護瓢蟲、草蛉,人工釋放捕食螨等昆蟲天敵。利用昆蟲性外激素誘殺干擾成蟲交配。 化學防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi):主(zhu)要病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲害:包(bao)括裂(lie)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、炭疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)、白粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、銹粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)等病(bing)(bing)(bing)害和(he)蚜蟲類、尺(chi)(chi)蠖、卷葉蟲類、蝽(chun)象和(he)大果(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)螟(ming)等害蟲。 落(luo)葉至(zhi)(zhi)萌(meng)芽前(qian):重(zhong)點防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)裂(lie)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)山楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)螟(ming)。結合(he)冬季清園,剪除病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲枝梢、病(bing)(bing)(bing)僵果(guo)(guo)(guo)、蟲干果(guo)(guo)(guo),刮除病(bing)(bing)(bing)瘤、病(bing)(bing)(bing)斑等,清除落(luo)葉、雜草、落(luo)果(guo)(guo)(guo),集中(zhong)深埋或燒(shao)毀(hui),并噴一次3-5波美度(du)的(de)(de)石(shi)硫合(he)刷。對裂(lie)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)部(bu)(bu)刮除至(zhi)(zhi)健康(kang)部(bu)(bu)位后,用(yong)1:1:10波爾多漿或1000倍(bei)四環素涂(tu)刷,再(zai)用(yong)地(di)膜包(bao)扎。 萌(meng)芽至(zhi)(zhi)幼(you)果(guo)(guo)(guo)期:重(zhong)點防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)炭疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)、白粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、鐵銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)蚜蟲、卷葉蟲類。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)藥(yao)劑有(you):三唑酮、神(shen)奇、佳禾定(ding)(ding)、氟(fu)虎(hu)(hu)。 壯果(guo)(guo)(guo)期至(zhi)(zhi)采(cai)收期:重(zhong)點防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)裂(lie)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、炭疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)、大果(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂(zha)螟(ming)、蝽(chun)象、蚜蟲、尺(chi)(chi)蠖等。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)、炭疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)藥(yao)劑有(you)神(shen)奇。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)山楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)螟(ming)、蝽(chun)蟓、蚜蟲、尺(chi)(chi)蠖的(de)(de)藥(yao)劑有(you):高效氯氟(fu)氰菊酯、佳禾定(ding)(ding)、標能、氟(fu)虎(hu)(hu)。 果(guo)(guo)(guo)實采(cai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)前(qian)后:重(zhong)點防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)裂(lie)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)山楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)螟(ming)、尺(chi)(chi)蠖等病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲。
(4)果(guo)實采(cai)收(shou)(shou)的(de)規定(ding):根據果(guo)實成熟度,用途和市(shi)場需求,綜合(he)確定(ding)采(cai)收(shou)(shou)時(shi)期(qi),分期(qi)采(cai)收(shou)(shou),采(cai)收(shou)(shou)時(shi)注意輕拿輕放,避免機械損傷,并按(an)標準分級包裝,注明(ming)品(pin)種、數量(liang)、規格、產(chan)地及生產(chan)者。
(5)生(sheng)產(chan)記錄(lu)要(yao)求:天峨縣大果山楂生(sheng)產(chan)過程要(yao)建立生(sheng)產(chan)檔(dang)案,記錄(lu)投入品(pin)的名稱、使用時間、次數(shu)、用量(liang)、使用方法、收獲日期等,全(quan)面(mian)記載并(bing)妥善保存。
自然生態環境和(he)人文歷(li)史因(yin)素(su)
(1)地形地貌(mao):天峨大(da)果山楂種植區(qu)地處云貴高原與廣西丘陵過渡地帶,基本(ben)地貌(mao)成(cheng)型于中生代泥盆紀(ji),屬鳳凰山脈和(he)東鳳嶺山脈交(jiao)錯(cuo)區(qu),由頁(ye)(ye)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、硅質頁(ye)(ye)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、泥巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、沙頁(ye)(ye)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、砂巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、石灰巖(yan)(yan)(yan)和(he)洪積(ji)物(wu)、河流(liu)沖積(ji)物(wu)等組成(cheng)復雜(za)的地質結構。地貌(mao)類型大(da)體分為剝蝕侵蝕中低山山地地貌(mao)區(qu)和(he)丘陵地貌(mao)區(qu)。海(hai)拔(ba)最低點205米(mi),最高點1419米(mi)。天峨大(da)果山楂最適宜生長海(hai)拔(ba)高度400-900米(mi)。
(2)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)狀況:天峨大果(guo)山楂產區土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)母質(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)洪積物(wu)、頁(ye)(ye)巖(yan)、沙(sha)頁(ye)(ye)巖(yan)、硅質(zhi)頁(ye)(ye)巖(yan)和(he)砂巖(yan),主(zhu)要(yao)土(tu)種為沙(sha)頁(ye)(ye)巖(yan)黃紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang)和(he)沙(sha)頁(ye)(ye)巖(yan)黃壤(rang)(rang),厚度在80厘米以(yi)(yi)上,地下水(shui)(shui)位在1米以(yi)(yi)下。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)質(zhi)地以(yi)(yi)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)和(he)沙(sha)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)為主(zhu)。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)團(tuan)粒結 構好(hao),深(shen)厚肥(fei)沃,有(you)良好(hao)的通透性和(he)蓄水(shui)(shui)性,保(bao)水(shui)(shui)保(bao)肥(fei)能力強,非(fei)常(chang)適合大果(guo)山楂生長。
(3)水(shui)(shui)文情況:天峨大果山楂產區屬(shu)珠江(jiang)流域西(xi)江(jiang)段水(shui)(shui)系,水(shui)(shui)源豐富,水(shui)(shui)質清(qing)潔(jie),沒(mei)有人為(wei)(wei)和工礦(kuang)污染。干流紅水(shui)(shui)河由西(xi)北(bei)沿黔(qian)桂邊界流入,向東南貫穿縣境,全長112公(gong)里(li)(li),年(nian)平均流量為(wei)(wei)1580立(li)方米/秒,年(nian)徑流量達499.1億立(li)方米。產區大小河流58條(tiao),集雨面積(ji)20平方公(gong)里(li)(li)以上(shang)的(de)有42條(tiao),平均河網密度(du)為(wei)(wei)0.22公(gong)里(li)(li)/平方公(gong)里(li)(li)。
(4)氣候情(qing)況:天峨大果山楂產區(qu)位(wei)于中亞(ya)熱帶(dai)季(ji)風區(qu),既受南嶺暖(nuan)溫(wen)帶(dai)的影響,亦受云(yun)貴(gui)高原(yuan)的氣候控(kong)制,冬(dong)暖(nuan)夏涼,四(si)季(ji)明顯。年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)20℃,平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)最高溫(wen)是7月(yue)(yue)達36.9℃,最低(di)溫(wen)是1月(yue)(yue),平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)10.8℃,極端(duan)最高溫(wen)41.4℃,極端(duan)最低(di)溫(wen)-2.9℃。年(nian)≥10℃持續(xu)日為(wei)298天,活動(dong)積(ji)溫(wen)6475℃,年(nian)有效(xiao)積(ji)溫(wen)5540℃,全年(nian)無霜期330天以上(shang)。氣溫(wen)的地理分布為(wei)北部和東(dong)北部低(di),東(dong)南部高。山地氣候垂直分布特征明顯,據推算,海拔每升高100米(mi)溫(wen)度降低(di)0.57℃。年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降雨量1370.6毫米(mi),年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日照時數為(wei)1281.9小時。
(5)人文歷史情(qing)況:天(tian)峨(e)(e)大(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂產(chan)于(yu)廣西西北部天(tian)峨(e)(e)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)境內(nei),是天(tian)峨(e)(e)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)名特優傳統果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)之一,亦稱“紅(hong)(hong)花(hua)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”。其民(min)(min)間(jian)栽培歷史至少有(you)三百年(nian)以上(shang)。1935年(nian)天(tian)峨(e)(e)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)建制以前,產(chan)區隸屬百色市(shi)凌云(yun)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和河池市(shi)南丹(dan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),民(min)(min)國26年(nian)凌云(yun)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)志在農林生產(chan)的(de)(de)“果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)類植(zhi)物”中就記載有(you)“紅(hong)(hong)花(hua)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”,屬薔薇(wei)科。1994年(nian)《天(tian)峨(e)(e)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)志》第八章第七節林副產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)“水(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、干果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”中記載有(you)1952-1993年(nian)間(jian)“山楂”生產(chan)情(qing)況。上(shang)世紀90年(nian)代末(mo)實施優果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)工程后,大(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂產(chan)量和品(pin)質(zhi)有(you)了(le)大(da)幅度提高,從1989年(nian)到2008年(nian),天(tian)峨(e)(e)大(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂由原(yuan)來的(de)(de)556株(zhu)(其中掛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹333株(zhu)),面(mian)積0.6公頃,年(nian)產(chan)量79.47噸,發(fa)展到種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積2000公頃。2008年(nian),天(tian)峨(e)(e)大(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂獲得(de)了(le)無公害水(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)地(di)認定和無公害水(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)品(pin)認證。天(tian)峨(e)(e)大(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)肉(rou)厚,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉(rou)細(xi)膩,耐貯(zhu)運,營(ying)養價值高(鈣含量居各類水(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)首位),有(you)很好的(de)(de)深(shen)加工潛力(li),主要銷往廣東(dong)省的(de)(de)廣州(zhou)、湛江(jiang)、高州(zhou)、化州(zhou)等地(di),是天(tian)峨(e)(e)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農民(min)(min)的(de)(de)主要經濟收(shou)入來源。
地域范圍
天(tian)峨(e)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地處北(bei)緯24°36′~25°28′,東經(jing)106°34′~107°19′,海拔400-900米;東鄰南(nan)(nan)(nan)丹縣(xian)(xian)(xian),東南(nan)(nan)(nan)接東蘭縣(xian)(xian)(xian),南(nan)(nan)(nan)連鳳山(shan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),西倚樂業、凌云縣(xian)(xian)(xian),北(bei)與貴州省(sheng)羅甸縣(xian)(xian)(xian)隔河相望;邊界線總長429公里,東西橫距76公里,南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)縱(zong)距94公里。天(tian)峨(e)大果(guo)山(shan)楂生產地域范圍(wei)包括天(tian)峨(e)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)向陽鎮(zhen)、六排鎮(zhen)、岜暮鄉(xiang)(xiang)、坡結鄉(xiang)(xiang)、納直鄉(xiang)(xiang)、更(geng)新鄉(xiang)(xiang)、八臘鄉(xiang)(xiang)、三堡鄉(xiang)(xiang)、下老(lao)鄉(xiang)(xiang)等9個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)共46個村,產地面積2000公頃,年總產量3.6萬噸。
品質特性特征
(1)外在感官(guan)特征(zheng):天峨(e)大(da)果(guo)山楂(zha)果(guo)實扁(bian)圓形,果(guo)實指(zhi)數0.8~0.9,果(guo)頂(ding)凹,有(you)萼片宿存,果(guo)肩對稱,單果(guo)重(zhong)70克左右;果(guo)皮青黃色(se),有(you)光澤,果(guo)點小,不明顯。果(guo)肉黃白色(se),肉質細膩,味(wei)酸,有(you)澀味(wei),回味(wei)生(sheng)津(jin)甘(gan)甜。
(2)內(nei)在品質指標:果(guo)實均勻(yun)度(du)指數0.65,果(guo)實硬(ying)度(du)大于(yu)15千克(ke)(ke)力/平方厘米,鈣含量(liang)為(wei)120-128毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)/千克(ke)(ke),居各類水果(guo)之首。可溶性固(gu)形物12.8-13.9%,維生(sheng)素(su)C含量(liang)10.2-10.9毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)/100克(ke)(ke),含磷量(liang)8.5-9.0毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)/千克(ke)(ke),含鐵量(liang)2.1-2.5毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)/100克(ke)(ke),鋅1.2-1.4毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)/千克(ke)(ke),維生(sheng)素(su)E含量(liang)2.15-2.45毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)/100克(ke)(ke),總(zong)糖4.9-5.93%,總(zong)酸1.80-1.85%,果(guo)膠1.3-1.5%,粗纖維1.28-1.49%,半纖維5.75-5.96%,總(zong)黃酮(tong)0.98-1.10%。
(3)安(an)全(quan)要(yao)求:執行(xing)《GB18406.2-2001農產品安(an)全(quan)質量無(wu)公害水果(guo)安(an)全(quan)要(yao)求》標準(zhun)。