城口(kou)太(tai)白貝母多(duo)年生草本,高(gao)30~50cm。分布(bu)于湖北、陜西、甘肅、四川,生于海拔2400-3150m處的山坡(po)和水邊。具有潤(run)肺,化痰,止咳(ke)(ke)功效。用(yong)于治肺熱(re)咳(ke)(ke)嗽(sou),支氣管炎,咳(ke)(ke)痰不利。
多年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草本(ben),鱗莖扁(bian)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑(jing)達(da)2.5厘米(mi)。莖光滑,中部(bu)以上(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie)(xie)。葉(xie)(xie)最下(xia)2枚(mei)對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),其上(shang)為(wei)互生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或輪生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),在(zai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)下(xia)方(fang)為(wei)輪生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)線形(xing)(xing)或線狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing),多年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草本(ben),高30~40cm。鱗莖直(zhi)徑(jing)1~1.5cm。葉(xie)(xie)對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),有(you)的(de)中部(bu)兼(jian)3~4枚(mei)輪生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或散生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),條(tiao)形(xing)(xing)至條(tiao)狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing),長5~10cm,寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)3~7(~12)mm,先端(duan)有(you)的(de)稍(shao)彎曲(qu)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)單(dan)朵(duo),每(mei)花(hua)(hua)(hua)有(you)3枚(mei)葉(xie)(xie)狀(zhuang)苞片(pian),苞片(pian)先端(duan)有(you)時梢彎曲(qu),但(dan)絕(jue)不(bu)卷曲(qu);花(hua)(hua)(hua)被片(pian)6,長3~4cm,綠黃色,無方(fang)格斑(ban)(ban),通(tong)(tong)常(chang)僅在(zai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)被片(pian)先端(duan)近兩側邊(bian)緣有(you)紫色斑(ban)(ban)帶;外輪3片(pian)狹(xia)倒(dao)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)矩圓形(xing)(xing),寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)9~12mm,先端(duan)渾圓;內輪3片(pian)近匙(chi)形(xing)(xing),上(shang)部(bu)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)12~17mm,基部(bu)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)3~5mm,先端(duan)驟凸而鈍(dun),蜜腺窩幾不(bu)凸出(chu)或稍(shao)凸出(chu);花(hua)(hua)(hua)藥近基著,花(hua)(hua)(hua)絲通(tong)(tong)常(chang)具(ju)小乳突;花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)分裂部(bu)分長3~4mm。花(hua)(hua)(hua)單(dan)一,頂生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),下(xia)垂(chui);花(hua)(hua)(hua)被鐘狀(zhuang),裂片(pian)6,分離(li),黃綠色,上(shang)部(bu)有(you)紫色斑(ban)(ban)點,長3~4厘米(mi);雄蕊(rui)6,花(hua)(hua)(hua)藥基部(bu)著生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);子房上(shang)位,通(tong)(tong)常(chang)3室(shi)(shi)。蒴果(guo),室(shi)(shi)裂,膜質,長圓形(xing)(xing),每(mei)室(shi)(shi)有(you)扁(bian)平種(zhong)子2列(lie)。蒴果(guo)長1.8~2.5cm,棱上(shang)的(de)狹(xia)翅寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)0.5~2mm。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期5~6月,果(guo)期6~7月。
城口(kou)太白貝(bei)母的生長(chang)環境選背(bei)風的陰山或半(ban)陰山為(wei)宜,并遠(yuan)離(li)麥類作物,防止銹(xiu)病感染(ran);以(yi)疏(shu)松、富含(han)腐殖質的鑲上為(wei)好。結凍前整地,清除地面(mian)雜草,深(shen)耕(geng)細耙,作1.3米(mi)(mi)寬的畦(qi)。每畝(mu)用廄(jiu)肥1500千克(ke),過磷酸鈣50千克(ke),油餅100千克(ke),堆漚腐熟后撤于畦(qi)面(mian)并淺翻(fan);畦(qi)面(mian)作成弓形。太白貝(bei)母生長(chang)期需適當(dang)蔭(yin)蔽。播種后,春季出苗(miao)前,揭(jie)去畦(qi)面(mian)覆蓋物,分畦(qi)搭棚(peng)遮蔭(yin)。搭矮(ai)棚(peng),高(gao)15-20厘(li)米(mi)(mi),第(di)一年郁閉(bi)度(du)(du)50%-70%,第(di)二年降(jiang)為(wei)50%,第(di)三(san)年為(wei)30%;收獲當(dang)年不再遮蔭(yin)。塔高(gao)棚(peng),高(gao)約(yue)1米(mi)(mi),郁閉(bi)度(du)(du)50%。最好是晴天蔭(yin)蔽,陰、雨天亮(liang)棚(peng)煉苗(miao)。
7-9月間收獲時,選擇無創傷病斑的鱗(lin)莖作種,用條栽法,按行距(ju)20厘(li)米開(kai)溝(gou),株距(ju)3-4厘(li)米,栽后(hou)覆(fu)土5-6厘(li)米。或在栽時分瓣,斜栽于穴內(nei),栽后(hou)覆(fu)蓋細土、灰肥3-5厘(li)米厚,壓緊鎮平。
太白貝母(mu)(mu)(mu)家種、野生均于6—7月(yue)采收(shou)。家種貝母(mu)(mu)(mu),用種子繁(fan)殖的,播后第三年或(huo)(huo)四年收(shou)獲。選晴天(tian)挖(wa)起(qi)鱗莖(jing)(jing),清除殘莖(jing)(jing)、泥土(tu);挖(wa)時勿傷(shang)鱗莖(jing)(jing)。太白貝母(mu)(mu)(mu)忌水洗,挖(wa)出后要(yao)及時攤放曬(shai)(shai)席(xi)上;以(yi)(yi)1天(tian)能(neng)曬(shai)(shai)至半干(gan)(gan),次日(ri)能(neng)曬(shai)(shai)至全干(gan)(gan)為好,切勿在石壩(ba)、三合土(tu)或(huo)(huo)鐵器(qi)上晾曬(shai)(shai)。切忌堆漚,否則(ze)冷油變(bian)黃。如遇雨天(tian),可(ke)(ke)將貝母(mu)(mu)(mu)鱗莖(jing)(jing)窖于水分較少的沙土(tu)內,待晴天(tian)抓緊曬(shai)(shai)干(gan)(gan)。亦可(ke)(ke)烘干(gan)(gan),烘時溫(wen)度(du)控制(zhi)在50℃以(yi)(yi)內。在干(gan)(gan)燥過(guo)程中,貝母(mu)(mu)(mu)外皮未(wei)呈粉白色時,不宜翻動(dong),以(yi)(yi)防發黃。翻動(dong)用竹、木器(qi)而不用手,以(yi)(yi)免變(bian)成(cheng)“油子”或(huo)(huo)“黃子”。