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黃(huang)河三(san)角洲，以山東(dong)省東(dong)營市(shi)墾利縣(xian)寧海(hai)為軸(zhou)點，北(bei)起套爾河口，南至(zhi)淄脈河口，向東(dong)撒開的扇狀地形(xing)，海(hai)拔高程(cheng)低于15米，面積達5450平方公(gong)里。三(san)角洲屬溫(wen)帶季(ji)(ji)風型大陸性氣候，四(si)季(ji)(ji)分明，光照充足，區(qu)內自(zi)然(ran)(ran)資源(yuan)豐富(fu)。1991年(nian)時在此(ci)設立(li)了自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)，并(bing)于1992年(nian)晉升為國家級自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)，以保護(hu)黃(huang)河口原生濕地生態系統和丹頂鶴、白頭鶴等珍稀瀕危鳥類為主體。另外，資源(yuan)豐富(fu)的黃(huang)河三(san)角洲，對于環渤海(hai)及(ji)東(dong)北(bei)亞地區(qu)經(jing)濟發展，也有著極大地經(jing)濟價值。

保護對象

動物

區內動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)可分成陸(lu)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)群(qun)和，海(hai)洋動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)群(qun)，共記錄野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)1524種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。陸(lu)生(sheng)(sheng)脊椎動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)300種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中獸類(lei)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鳥類(lei)265種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行類(lei)9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲類(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。陸(lu)生(sheng)(sheng)無脊椎動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)583種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中節肢動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)534種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，原(yuan)腔(qiang)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，扁體動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。陸(lu)生(sheng)(sheng)性水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)223種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中淡(dan)水(shui)魚類(lei)108種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，甲殼動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)49種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，軟(ruan)體動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，原(yuan)腔(qiang)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)r環節動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)昆蟲12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

海(hai)洋性水生動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)共有41.8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中海(hai)獸類(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，海(hai)洋爬行類(lei)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，海(hai)洋魚(yu)類(lei)85種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，甲(jia)殼(ke)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)99種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，軟體動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)95種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，環節(jie)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)81種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，腔腸動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，紐形動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，棘皮動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，星(xing)蟲動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，腕足動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，毛顎動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)它脊(ji)索動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

黃河三角洲(zhou)自然保(bao)護(hu)區是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)最大(da)的(de)一塊新生(sheng)(sheng)濕地(di)，區內動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)分(fen)為陸(lu)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)態群和海洋(yang)(yang)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)態群，共記錄野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)1524種(zhong)。陸(lu)生(sheng)(sheng)脊椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)300種(zhong)，無脊椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)583種(zhong)；陸(lu)生(sheng)(sheng)性水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)223種(zhong)，海洋(yang)(yang)性水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)418種(zhong)。保(bao)護(hu)區是(shi)東北亞內陸(lu)和環西(xi)太平(ping)洋(yang)(yang)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)遷(qian)徙重(zhong)要的(de)“中(zhong)轉站”，越冬(dong)地(di)和繁殖地(di)。鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)資源(yuan)豐富，珍稀瀕(bin)危鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)眾多。自然保(bao)護(hu)區內共有鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)265種(zhong)，其中(zhong)屬(shu)國(guo)家一級(ji)重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)有：白(bai)鸛(guan)、中(zhong)華秋沙鴨、白(bai)尾海雕、金雕、丹頂鶴白(bai)頭鶴、大(da)鴇7種(zhong)，屬(shu)國(guo)家二級(ji)重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)有海鸕鶿、大(da)天(tian)鵝(e)、灰鶴、白(bai)尾鷂

等33種。在(zai)《瀕危(wei)野生動植物種國際貿易公約》中(zhong)，屬(shu)附錄(lu)Ⅰ的(de)種類(lei)有(you)白鸛、丹頂鶴等7種，屬(shu)附錄(lu)Ⅱ的(de)種類(lei)有(you)花臉(lian)鴨、鵲鷂等26種，屬(shu)于附錄(lu)Ⅲ的(de)種類(lei)有(you)大(da)白鷺、針(zhen)尾鴨等7種。在(zai)《中(zhong)澳保護(hu)(hu)候鳥及其棲息環(huan)境的(de)協定》中(zhong)，保護(hu)(hu)鳥類(lei)81種，自然(ran)保護(hu)(hu)區內有(you)51種。在(zai)《中(zhong)日(ri)保護(hu)(hu)候鳥及其棲息環(huan)境的(de)協定》中(zhong)，保護(hu)(hu)鳥類(lei)227種，自然(ran)保護(hu)(hu)區內有(you)152種。

自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)其(qi)他動(dong)(dong)物資源有：陸生(sheng)脊椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，陸生(sheng)無脊椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物583種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水(shui)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物641種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中國家一級重點保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)物有：白(bai)鱘(xun)、達氏鱘(xun)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，屬國家二級重點保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)物有江豚、寬吻(wen)海(hai)豚、松江鱸(lu)魚等7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在《瀕危野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)植物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國際貿易公約(yue)》中，屬附(fu)錄(lu)Ⅰ的動(dong)(dong)物有棱皮龜、江豚2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，屬附(fu)錄(lu)Ⅱ的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類有豹貓(mao)、小須鯨(jing)等4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，屬于附(fu)錄(lu)Ⅲ的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類有黃鼬1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

植物

保護(hu)區內(nei)共有(you)各類植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)393種(zhong)(含變種(zhong))。其中浮(fu)游植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)4門、116種(zhong)(變種(zhong))；蕨(jue)類植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)3科(ke)(ke)、3屬(shu)(shu)、4種(zhong)；裸子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)2科(ke)(ke)、2屬(shu)(shu)、2種(zhong)；被子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)54科(ke)(ke)、178屬(shu)(shu)、271種(zhong)，其中單子(zi)(zi)葉植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)11科(ke)(ke)、57屬(shu)(shu)、87種(zhong)，雙子(zi)(zi)葉植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)43科(ke)(ke)、121屬(shu)(shu)、184種(zhong)。

科研價值

濕地生態

濕(shi)地生態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)是(shi)(shi)水生生態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)向(xiang)陸地生態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)的一(yi)個(ge)過渡階段，其(qi)基本生態(tai)(tai)功能是(shi)(shi)調節水

份循環和(he)維(wei)持濕(shi)地(di)的(de)(de)動植(zhi)物資源，特別是水(shui)禽的(de)(de)棲息(xi)地(di)和(he)遷移性(xing)鳥類的(de)(de)繁殖地(di)，其(qi)脆弱性(xing)決定了易失難(nan)復原的(de)(de)現(xian)實，因而開展(zhan)對濕(shi)地(di)生態系統的(de)(de)生產(chan)者(zhe)、消費者(zhe)的(de)(de)研究，掌握其(qi)演(yan)替(ti)規律，研究其(qi)發生、發展(zhan)、組成至關(guan)重要。

林種基因

自然保(bao)護區內(nei)分(fen)布著天(tian)然柳林(lin)、天(tian)然檉柳林(lin)及大(da)面(mian)積的(de)野大(da)豆，提供了對(dui)遺傳(chuan)基因研究(jiu)(jiu)和植物發展演替(ti)規律研究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)基本材料。

穩定黃河

開展黃(huang)河穩(wen)流固道研究是(shi)一個(ge)高難度課(ke)題，運用海動力學(xue)原理及黃(huang)河沉砂規律研究穩(wen)定(ding)黃(huang)河尾(wei)閭(lv)的工(gong)程措施，事關大局，意義深遠，將是(shi)對全(quan)民族的貢獻。

改良土地

自然保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)內(nei)隱性(xing)潮(chao)土占保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)總面積(ji)的(de)(de)40%，這部分土壤(rang)pH值在(zai)7.5～7.8之間，極易(yi)發生(sheng)鹽(yan)(yan)漬化(hua)。50年代(dai)后期的(de)(de)盲目開發，使該地(di)區(qu)(qu)大片土地(di)鹽(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)化(hua)，給當地(di)的(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)環境和(he)工農業生(sheng)產(chan)造(zao)成難以估量的(de)(de)損(sun)失。因此(ci)，在(zai)掌握該濕地(di)生(sheng)態(tai)系統演化(hua)規律的(de)(de)基礎上，開展對(dui)鹽(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)優良環境研究和(he)對(dui)各類(lei)資源充(chong)分、合理利用與改良研究，對(dui)我國建設黃河三角洲糧(liang)棉(mian)基地(di)有重要意義。