中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)斗蟋,又名(ming)(ming)迷卡斗蟋(學名(ming)(ming):Velarifictorus micado)是直翅目蟋蟀科的一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)常(chang)見(jian)鳴蟲,即常(chang)人(ren)所說的“蛐蛐兒(er)”,廣(guang)泛分布于我國的廣(guang)大地區。中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)斗蟋通體黑褐(he)色,頭大,頂部(bu)寬圓,顏面圓凸飽滿;常(chang)棲息于野外地面、土堆、石塊和墻隙(xi)中(zhong),掘洞或(huo)利用(yong)現成(cheng)瓦礫石塊縫隙(xi)而居,并嚙食植物的莖、葉、種(zhong)實和根部(bu),偶(ou)(ou)爾捕食小(xiao)型(xing)昆蟲,是農業害蟲。每到(dao)夏(xia)天,雄性為了求偶(ou)(ou),會不間斷地鳴叫(jiao),直到(dao)深(shen)秋(qiu)才逐漸停止。中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)斗蟋是中(zhong)國最常(chang)見(jian)的用(yong)來斗蟋蟀的品種(zhong)之一(yi)(yi)。
中(zhong)(zhong)華斗蟋體(ti)(ti)長(chang)13-18mm,通體(ti)(ti)黑褐色(se)。頭大,頂部寬圓,顏面圓凸飽滿,后頭有6條(tiao)(tiao)黃(huang)色(se)短縱紋(wen),兩側單眼(yan)之間具(ju)1條(tiao)(tiao)中(zhong)(zhong)間狹(xia)兩端寬,形似(si)大括號“{”的黃(huang)色(se)橫帶,中(zhong)(zhong)單眼(yan)處具(ju)一小黃(huang)斑(ban)點。前(qian)(qian)胸背板橫長(chang)方形,具(ju)淡黃(huang)色(se)斑(ban)紋(wen)。前(qian)(qian)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)略(lve)不達(da)腹(fu)端。后翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)短于前(qian)(qian)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。亦有后翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)長(chang)于前(qian)(qian)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的個(ge)體(ti)(ti),俗稱(cheng)“飛機翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)”。雄(xiong)蟲前(qian)(qian)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)長(chang)達(da)腹(fu)端,發音鏡(jing)(jing)斜長(chang)方形,內(nei)有一彎(wan)成直角的翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)脈將(jiang)鏡(jing)(jing)分(fen)為兩室,斜脈2條(tiao)(tiao),端區約與發音鏡(jing)(jing)等(deng)長(chang),末(mo)端圓。雌蟲前(qian)(qian)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)短于腹(fu)部末(mo)端,后翅(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)超過腹(fu)端似(si)尾(wei)狀,常脫毛,產卵管長(chang)于后足腿(tui)節。
中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)斗(dou)蟋(xi)棲息于野(ye)外(wai)地(di)面、土堆(dui)、石塊(kuai)和墻隙中(zhong)(zhong),掘洞穴或利(li)用現成的(de)瓦礫石塊(kuai)縫(feng)隙而居。中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)斗(dou)蟋(xi)所筑洞穴常(chang)帶蓬蓋(gai)狀伸出(chu)物,與地(di)面約成45°角(jiao)。拉丁屬名“Velarifictorus”即有“覆蓋(gai)物”之(zhi)意(yi)。雄(xiong)(xiong)性(xing)(xing)具(ju)極強的(de)領地(di)占有習(xi)性(xing)(xing),一個(ge)洞穴只能(neng)容納一只雄(xiong)(xiong)性(xing)(xing)或和單只雌性(xing)(xing)配(pei)偶。為了爭地(di)盤(pan)、爭配(pei)偶,與其他(ta)雄(xiong)(xiong)性(xing)(xing)個(ge)體進行(xing)殊(shu)死決(jue)斗(dou)是它們(men)在行(xing)為上的(de)特性(xing)(xing)。野(ye)外(wai)占據地(di)域寬廣,鳴(ming)聲(sheng)響亮的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)斗(dou)蟋(xi),通(tong)常(chang)具(ju)有較強的(de)斗(dou)性(xing)(xing)。
地理分布
上海、北京、天津(jin)、山東、江蘇、浙江、福建(jian)、廣東等地(di)。
雌性(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)般選擇體型較大的(de)雄性(xing)(xing)(xing)進(jin)行交配(pei)(pei)(pei)。交配(pei)(pei)(pei)前,雄性(xing)(xing)(xing)會(hui)(hui)為了吸(xi)引雌性(xing)(xing)(xing)注意而連(lian)續地、不間斷(duan)地尖聲鳴叫,它們互相用觸角(jiao)觸碰,之(zhi)后(hou),雌性(xing)(xing)(xing)慢(man)慢(man)爬上雄性(xing)(xing)(xing)后(hou)背,生殖器與雄性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)對接。與其他蟋蟀科昆蟲一(yi)(yi)樣(yang),雄性(xing)(xing)(xing)開始不斷(duan)收縮腹部(bu)排出精莢(jia),整個過程約(yue)二十(shi)分(fen)鐘(zhong)左(zuo)右。精莢(jia)排出后(hou),雄性(xing)(xing)(xing)變得異常興奮,然后(hou)獨自離開覓食(shi)以補充體力(li),以便下次交配(pei)(pei)(pei);而雌性(xing)(xing)(xing)會(hui)(hui)把腹部(bu)向前弓,咬食(shi)精托以獲得營養。若交配(pei)(pei)(pei)時不慎(shen)分(fen)離,則(ze)會(hui)(hui)重新交配(pei)(pei)(pei)。
交配(pei)后(hou)3-14天雌(ci)性就會產卵(luan),產卵(luan)時把(ba)肛門下端的產卵(luan)管插入松軟(ruan)的土壤中,并排出卵(luan)粒(li)。一只雌(ci)蟲一次可產最多百枚(mei)卵(luan)。卵(luan)形似米粒(li),極其(qi)微小,呈褐色(se)。
卵(luan)在(zai)自然條件下(xia)開(kai)始(shi)孵(fu)化,約1年后一齡幼(you)蟲(chong)破土而(er)出(chu)倒掛在(zai)植物上利(li)用(yong)重力進行(xing)第一次(ci)蛻(tui)皮。每(mei)只(zhi)斗蟋需經歷幾(ji)次(ci)蛻(tui)皮后才可變為(wei)成蟲(chong),每(mei)蛻(tui)一次(ci)皮,身體都會長大一些(xie)。約3-5天后雄(xiong)蟋蟀性成熟,開(kai)始(shi)鳴叫,尋求配偶。
清澈(che)嘹亮,節奏中速(su),聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)如“句(ju)(ju),句(ju)(ju),句(ju)(ju),句(ju)(ju)(Ju)……”。鳴聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)連續無間斷。在無干擾的(de)情(qing)況下,鳴叫長達幾十分鐘,甚至100分鐘以(yi)上。中華斗蟋不(bu)同(tong)性(xing)(xing)比條(tiao)件下,鳴聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)特征不(bu)同(tong)。雄性(xing)(xing)獨處(chu)時(shi)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)召(zhao)喚聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);2只(zhi)以(yi)上的(de)雄性(xing)(xing)在一(yi)起(qi)時(shi)會發(fa)(fa)出(chu)警戒聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、挑(tiao)戰聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或勝(sheng)利(li)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);1雄1雌(ci)在一(yi)起(qi)時(shi)會發(fa)(fa)出(chu)歡迎聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、求愛(ai)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),如果雌(ci)性(xing)(xing)不(bu)理會雄性(xing)(xing)的(de)求愛(ai)時(shi)則(ze)會發(fa)(fa)出(chu)一(yi)種催促聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。