釩(Vanadium)是(shi)一種(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)元素(su),元素(su)符(fu)號為(wei)(wei)V,銀灰色(se)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu),在元素(su)周期表中屬(shu)(shu)(shu)VB族,原(yuan)(yuan)子序數23,原(yuan)(yuan)子量50.9414,體心(xin)立方晶體,常見化(hua)合價為(wei)(wei)+5、+4、+3、+2。釩的(de)熔點很(hen)高(gao),為(wei)(wei)難(nan)熔金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu),有(you)延展性(xing)(xing),質堅硬,無磁性(xing)(xing)。具有(you)耐(nai)鹽酸和硫酸的(de)本領(ling),并(bing)且(qie)在耐(nai)氣、耐(nai)鹽、耐(nai)水腐蝕的(de)性(xing)(xing)能要比大多數不銹鋼好。
釩先后被(bei)(bei)兩次發(fa)現。第一次是(shi)在(zai)1801年由墨西哥城(cheng)的礦物學教授(shou)節烈里瓦(wa)發(fa)現的。他發(fa)現它(ta)在(zai)亞釩酸鹽樣本(ben)中,這(zhe)(zhe)個樣本(ben)就(jiu)是(shi)Pb5(VO4)3Cl,由于這(zhe)(zhe)種新元素的鹽溶(rong)液(ye)在(zai)加熱(re)時呈(cheng)現鮮艷的紅色(se),所以(yi)被(bei)(bei)取名為“愛麗特羅尼(ni)”,即“紅色(se)”的意思,并(bing)將(jiang)這(zhe)(zhe)種物品送到巴(ba)黎(li)。然(ran)而,法國(guo)化學家推斷它(ta)是(shi)一種被(bei)(bei)污染的鉻礦石,所以(yi)沒有被(bei)(bei)人們公(gong)認(ren)。
第(di)二次(ci)發現是在(zai)(zai)1830年,瑞典(dian)化(hua)學家(jia)塞夫斯特倫(Sefstrom.N.G,1787-1845)在(zai)(zai)研(yan)(yan)究斯馬蘭礦區的鐵(tie)礦時,用酸溶(rong)解鐵(tie),在(zai)(zai)殘渣中發現了(le)釩。因(yin)為(wei)釩的化(hua)合物的顏色五顏六色,十分(fen)(fen)漂亮,所以就用北歐神話中一(yi)(yi)位叫凡娜(na)迪絲“Vanadis”的美麗(li)女神的名字給這種新(xin)元素(su)起名叫“Vanadium”。中文按其譯音定名為(wei)釩。塞夫斯特倫、維勒、貝采里(li)烏斯等人都曾研(yan)(yan)究過釩,確認(ren)釩的存在(zai)(zai),但他(ta)們(men)始終沒有分(fen)(fen)離出單質釩。后來(lai)到了(le)1830年寫佛寺特勒木在(zai)(zai)由瑞典(dian)鐵(tie)礦石提煉出的鐵(tie)中發現了(le)它,并肯定這是一(yi)(yi)種新(xin)元素(su)稱之為(wei)釩,他(ta)能(neng)夠證(zheng)明它是一(yi)(yi)種新(xin)的元素(su),并因(yin)此擊敗(bai)了(le)一(yi)(yi)位與他(ta)競爭的化(hua)學家(jia),來(lai)自在(zai)(zai)錫馬潘(墨西哥(ge))的沃勒(Friedrich W?hler),他(ta)也在(zai)(zai)對另(ling)一(yi)(yi)種釩礦石進行(xing)研(yan)(yan)究。
1840年,俄羅(luo)斯礦物工程師蘇賓寫(xie)道“含(han)銅生鐵、黑銅、銅錠是含(han)釩合金,由于釩的(de)(de)存(cun)在,使它(ta)們具有較高的(de)(de)硬度”。
1869年英國(guo)化(hua)學家羅(luo)斯(si)科(Roscoe.H.E,1833-1915)用(yong)氫氣還(huan)原(yuan)二氧化(hua)釩,才第一(yi)次制得了純凈(jing)的金屬(shu)釩,而且他證(zheng)明了之前的金屬(shu)樣本其(qi)實(shi)是氮(dan)化(hua)釩(VN)。
1939年,在俄羅斯的彼(bi)爾姆斯克的含銅砂巖中也發(fa)現了釩。
在發現釩這種金(jin)屬后,人們(men)(men)慢慢了解到了它(ta)的(de)(de)性質,并開始將它(ta)應用(yong)到人們(men)(men)的(de)(de)生活當中。1882年,英(ying)國列·克魯(lu)佐特鋼鐵(tie)公司(si)用(yong)含釩1.1%的(de)(de)煉鋼爐渣制得釩的(de)(de)磷酸鹽,年產量約(yue)60t。用(yong)戶是生產苯(ben)胺黑的(de)(de)染(ran)料廠(chang)。
在(zai)19世紀末(mo)20世紀初,俄羅斯開始利用碳(tan)還原(yuan)法(fa)還原(yuan)鐵(tie)和(he)釩氧化物,首次制(zhi)備出釩鐵(tie)合金(含V35%~40%)。1902~1903年俄羅斯進行(xing)了鋁熱法(fa)制(zhi)取釩鐵(tie)的試驗。
1927年,美國(guo)的馬爾登和(he)賴奇用金(jin)屬(shu)鈣還(huan)原五氧(yang)化二釩(V2O5),第一次制得了(le)含釩99.3%~99.8%的可(ke)鍛性金(jin)屬(shu)釩。
19世紀末,研(yan)究還發現了釩在鋼中能顯著改(gai)善(shan)鋼材(cai)的機械(xie)性能,從而使釩在工(gong)業上才(cai)得到廣泛應用。至(zhi)20世紀初(chu),人們開(kai)始大(da)量開(kai)采釩礦。
世(shi)界上生產釩的礦(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)主要以釩鈦磁鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)為(wei)主,在(zai)俄羅斯、南非、中國(guo)、澳(ao)大利(li)亞及美國(guo)等國(guo)家都(dou)有豐富的釩鈦磁鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)資源,此外在(zai)釩鈾礦(kuang)(kuang)、鋁土礦(kuang)(kuang)、磷(lin)巖(yan)礦(kuang)(kuang)、碳質(zhi)頁巖(yan)、石(shi)油(you)燃燒灰渣、廢催化劑等均可作為(wei)回收釩的資源
釩(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)蹤跡遍布全世界。在(zai)地殼(ke)中(zhong)(zhong),釩(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)并不少,平(ping)均在(zai)兩萬(wan)個原(yuan)子(zi)中(zhong)(zhong),就有(you)一個釩(fan)(fan)(fan)原(yuan)子(zi),比銅、錫、鋅、鎳(nie)的(de)(de)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)都(dou)多,但釩(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)分布太(tai)分散了,幾乎沒(mei)有(you)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)較多的(de)(de)礦(kuang)床。在(zai)海(hai)水中(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)海(hai)膽等海(hai)洋生物體內(nei),在(zai)磁(ci)鐵礦(kuang)中(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)多種瀝青礦(kuang)物和煤灰中(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)落(luo)到地球(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)隕(yun)石和太(tai)陽(yang)的(de)(de)光譜線(xian)中(zhong)(zhong),人們都(dou)發現了釩(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)蹤影(ying)。釩(fan)(fan)(fan)是(shi)地球(qiu)(qiu)上廣(guang)泛(fan)分布的(de)(de)微量(liang)(liang)元素(su),其(qi)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)約占地殼(ke)構成的(de)(de)0.02%,獲取相對容易。
世(shi)界(jie)上已知的釩(fan)儲量有98%產于釩(fan)鈦磁鐵礦。除釩(fan)鈦磁鐵礦外(wai)、釩(fan)資源還部分賦存于磷塊巖(yan)礦,含(han)鈾砂(sha)(sha)巖(yan),粉砂(sha)(sha)巖(yan),鋁(lv)土礦,含(han)碳質(zhi)的原油、煤、油頁巖(yan)及瀝青砂(sha)(sha)中。
世界釩鈦磁(ci)鐵礦(kuang)的(de)儲量很大(da)(da),并且集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)少數幾(ji)個國家和(he)地區(qu),包括:獨聯體(ti)、美(mei)(mei)國、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國、南(nan)非、挪威、瑞(rui)典、芬(fen)蘭(lan)、加拿大(da)(da)、澳大(da)(da)利(li)亞(ya),并且集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)布在(zai)南(nan)非洲(zhou)、北美(mei)(mei)洲(zhou)等地區(qu)。根據1988年(nian)美(mei)(mei)國礦(kuang)業(ye)局統計(ji)資料表(biao)明,世界釩儲量基礎為1.6億噸(以釩計(ji))。按開(kai)采(cai)量計(ji)算,世界現探明的(de)釩資源可供開(kai)采(cai)150年(nian)。從儲量基礎看,南(nan)非占46%,獨聯體(ti)占23.6%,美(mei)(mei)國占13.1%,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國占11.6%,其它國家的(de)總和(he)不(bu)足(zu)6%。
在南非,釩通常在釩磁鐵礦的礦層中產生。這(zhe)些礦層的平均(jun)品位(wei)為1.5%。據估計,南非釩儲量約(yue)為1250萬(wan)噸,世界第一(yi)。
礦(kuang)(kuang)物有釩(fan)(fan)酸鉀鈾礦(kuang)(kuang)、褐鉛礦(kuang)(kuang)和綠硫釩(fan)(fan)礦(kuang)(kuang)、石煤礦(kuang)(kuang)等。中(zhong)國是釩(fan)(fan)資源(yuan)比較豐富的國家(jia),釩(fan)(fan)儲(chu)量為2055萬噸(以V2O5計)主要(yao)賦存釩(fan)(fan)鈦磁鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)中(zhong),且集(ji)中(zhong)分布在四(si)川的攀枝(zhi)花市(shi)、河北承德市(shi)。攀枝(zhi)花釩(fan)(fan)儲(chu)量為1295萬噸,占中(zhong)國釩(fan)(fan)儲(chu)量的63%。
元素在海水(shui)中的含量(liang) 0.0016ppm
元素在(zai)太陽中的含量 0.4ppm
地(di)殼中含量 160ppm
釩是(shi)一種銀灰色的金(jin)屬(shu)。熔(rong)(rong)點(dian)1890℃,屬(shu)于高熔(rong)(rong)點(dian)稀有金(jin)屬(shu)之列。它的沸點(dian)3380℃,純釩質堅硬(ying),無磁(ci)性(xing),具有延展性(xing),但是(shi)若含有少量的雜質,尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)氮,氧,氫(qing)等,能顯(xian)著降低其(qi)可塑性(xing)。
原子體積 8.78cm3/mol
相對原子質量(liang) 50.94
莫氏硬度 7
聲音在其中的(de)傳播速率 4560m/s
密度 6.0g/cm3
熔點(dian) 1890℃
沸點(dian) 3380℃
原子序數 23
質子數 23
電子數 23
晶(jing)體結構:晶(jing)胞(bao)為體心(xin)立方(fang)晶(jing)胞(bao),每個晶(jing)胞(bao)含有2個金屬原子(zi)。
a = 303 pm α = 90°
b = 303 pm β = 90°
c = 303 pm γ = 90°
釩(fan)(fan)的(de)性(xing)質(zhi)和鉭以及(ji)鈮相似,英(ying)國化(hua)(hua)學家羅斯科研究(jiu)了它(ta)的(de)性(xing)質(zhi),確定(ding)(ding)它(ta)與鉭和鈮相似,這為它(ta)們(men)三個在(zai)元(yuan)素(su)周期表中(zhong)共(gong)建(jian)一個分族(zu)建(jian)立了基礎(chu)。釩(fan)(fan)屬于中(zhong)等活潑的(de)金屬,化(hua)(hua)合(he)價(jia)+2、+3、+4和+5。其中(zhong)以+5價(jia)為最穩定(ding)(ding),其次(ci)是+4價(jia),五價(jia)釩(fan)(fan)的(de)化(hua)(hua)合(he)物具(ju)有氧化(hua)(hua)性(xing)能,低價(jia)釩(fan)(fan)則具(ju)有還(huan)原性(xing)。釩(fan)(fan)的(de)價(jia)態越(yue)低還(huan)原性(xing)越(yue)強。電離能為6.74eV,具(ju)有耐鹽酸和硫酸的(de)本(ben)領(ling),并且(qie)在(zai)耐氣、耐鹽、耐水腐蝕的(de)性(xing)能要比(bi)大多數(shu)不銹(xiu)鋼好。釩(fan)(fan)空氣中(zhong)不被氧化(hua)(hua),可溶(rong)于氫(qing)氟(fu)酸、硝酸和王(wang)水。
所屬周期 4
所(suo)屬族數 V B
電(dian)子(zi)層分(fen)布 2-8-11-2
電子層 K-L-M-N
價(jia)電子(zi)排布 3d34s2
氧化(hua)態 -1,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5,
電離能(kJ /mol)
M - M+ 650
M+ - M2+ 1414
M2+ - M3+ 2828
M4+ - M5+ 6294
M5+ - M6+ 12362
M6+ - M7+ 14489
M7+ - M8+ 16760
M8+ - M9+ 19860
M9+ - M10+ 22240
釩(fan)(fan)能分別(bie)以二(er)、三(san)、四(si)、五價于(yu)氧(yang)結合,形成四(si)種氧(yang)化(hua)物:一氧(yang)化(hua)釩(fan)(fan),三(san)氧(yang)化(hua)二(er)釩(fan)(fan),二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)釩(fan)(fan),五氧(yang)化(hua)二(er)釩(fan)(fan)。他們的(de)性質如下(xia):
化學式 顏(yan)色(se) 密度g/cm3 熔點℃
VO 灰色 5.23-5.76 1830
V2O3 黑色 4.85 1960
VO2 深藍色 4.26. 1545
V2O5 紅黃 3.32 690
高溫下,金屬釩(fan)很容(rong)易與氧(yang)和氮作用。當金屬釩(fan)在空氣中加熱(re)時(shi),釩(fan)氧(yang)化成棕黑色的(de)三氧(yang)化二(er)釩(fan)、深藍(lan)色的(de)二(er)氧(yang)化釩(fan),并最終成為桔黃(huang)色的(de)五氧(yang)化二(er)釩(fan):
釩(fan)在氮氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)(jia)熱至900~1300℃會生成(cheng)氮化(hua)(hua)釩(fan)。釩(fan)與碳在高溫(wen)下可生成(cheng)碳化(hua)(hua)釩(fan),但碳化(hua)(hua)反應(ying)必須(xu)在真空中(zhong)(zhong)進(jin)行。當(dang)釩(fan)在真空下或惰性氣(qi)氛中(zhong)(zhong)與硅、硼、磷、砷一(yi)同加(jia)(jia)熱時,可形成(cheng)相應(ying)的(de)硅化(hua)(hua)物、硼化(hua)(hua)物、磷化(hua)(hua)物和砷化(hua)(hua)物。不同價(jia)態的(de)釩(fan)離(li)子有不同的(de)顏色(se)(se):VO2+顏色(se)(se)為(wei)(wei)(wei)淺黃色(se)(se)或深(shen)綠色(se)(se),VO2+顏色(se)(se)為(wei)(wei)(wei)藍色(se)(se),V3+為(wei)(wei)(wei)綠色(se)(se),V2+為(wei)(wei)(wei)紫色(se)(se)。
我們平常說的釩(fan)(fan)鹽(yan)是指這幾種:含有(you)V4+的,含有(you)VO3-的(偏(pian)釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)),含有(you)VO43-的(正(zheng)釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)),他們包括:偏(pian)釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)銨、偏(pian)釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)鈉、偏(pian)釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)鉀(jia)、正(zheng)釩(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)鈉、硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)氧釩(fan)(fan)、草酸(suan)(suan)氧釩(fan)(fan)、四氯化(hua)釩(fan)(fan)、三氯氧釩(fan)(fan)等。
釩的(de)(de)鹽類的(de)(de)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)(se)真是五(wu)光十色(se)(se)(se)(se),有綠的(de)(de)、紅的(de)(de)、黑(hei)的(de)(de)、黃的(de)(de),綠的(de)(de)碧如(ru)翡翠,黑(hei)的(de)(de)猶如(ru)濃(nong)墨。如(ru)二(er)價釩鹽常呈紫色(se)(se)(se)(se);三價釩鹽呈綠色(se)(se)(se)(se),四價釩鹽呈淺藍色(se)(se)(se)(se),四價釩的(de)(de)堿(jian)性(xing)衍(yan)生物(wu)常是棕色(se)(se)(se)(se)或黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se),而五(wu)氧(yang)化二(er)釩則是紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)。這些色(se)(se)(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)繽紛的(de)(de)釩的(de)(de)化合物(wu),被制成鮮(xian)艷(yan)的(de)(de)顏(yan)料:把它們加到玻璃(li)中,制成彩(cai)(cai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)玻璃(li),也可以用(yong)來(lai)制造各(ge)種(zhong)墨水。
釩(fan)共(gong)有31種同(tong)位素,其(qi)中天然存在(zai)的是(shi)釩(fan)-50和釩(fan)-51,其(qi)他的全部通(tong)過人工合成。性質如(ru)下(xia)表:
符(fu)號 Z(p) N(n) 質量(u) 半衰(shuai)期 原子核自旋 相對豐度(du) 相對豐度(du)的變化率
V-40 23 17 40.01109 2-
V-41 23 18 40.99978 7/2-
V-42 23 19 41.99123 2-
V-43 23 20 42.98065 80ms 7/2-
V-44 23 21 43.97411 111ms (2+)
V-44m 270keV 150ms (6+)
V-45 23 22 44.965776 547ms 7/2-
V-46 23 23 45.9602005 422.50ms 0+
V-46m 801.46keV 1.02ms 3+
V-47 23 24 46.9549089 32.6min 3/2-
V-48 23 25 47.9522537 15.9735d 4+
V-49 23 26 48.9485161 329d 7/2-
V-50 23 27 49.9471585 1.4×10a 6+ 0.0025 0.002487-0.002502
V-51 23 28 50.9439595 穩定 7/2- 0.9975 0.997498-0.997513
V-52 23 29 51.9447755 3.743min 3+
V-53 23 30 52.944338 1.60min 7/2-
V-54 23 31 53.94644 49.8s 3+
V-54m 108keV 900ns (5+)
V-55 23 32 54.94723 6.54s (7/2-)
V-56 23 33 55.95053 216ms (1+)
V-57 23 34 56.95256 0.35s (3/2-)
V-58 23 35 57.95683 191ms 3+
V-59 23 36 58.96021 75ms 7/2-
V-60 23 37 59.96503 122ms 3+
V-60m1 150keV 40ms 1+
V-60m2 101keV >400ns
V-61 23 38 60.96848 47.0ms 7/2-
V-62 23 39 61.97378 33.5ms 3+
V-63 23 40 62.97755 17ms (7/2-)
V-64 23 41 63.98347 10ms[>300ns]
V-65 23 42 64.98792 10ms 5/2-
純的金屬釩(fan)(fan)一般是用鉀在高(gao)壓下將(jiang)五氧化(hua)二釩(fan)(fan)還原(yuan)而得到的。大多(duo)數釩(fan)(fan)是其(qi)它(ta)礦(kuang)物加工時的副(fu)產品。工業上也可以(yi)以(yi)鋁,焦(jiao)炭還原(yuan)五氧化(hua)二釩(fan)(fan)生產純釩(fan)(fan)。
焦炭還(huan)(huan)(huan)原(yuan)五氧化(hua)二釩(fan)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)純(chun)釩(fan)是將V2O5粉與高純(chun)碳(tan)粉混(hun)合均勻,加10%樟腦乙醚溶液或(huo)酒精(jing),壓(ya)塊后放(fang)入真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)碳(tan)阻爐(lu)(lu)或(huo)感應爐(lu)(lu)內(nei)。爐(lu)(lu)內(nei)真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)壓(ya)力(li)到6.66×10-1Pa后,升溫至1573K,保(bao)溫2h。冷卻后將反應產(chan)(chan)物破(po)碎。根(gen)據(ju)第一次還(huan)(huan)(huan)原(yuan)產(chan)(chan)物的(de)組分(fen)(fen)再配(pei)入適量碳(tan)化(hua)釩(fan)或(huo)氧化(hua)釩(fan)進行(xing)二次還(huan)(huan)(huan)原(yuan)。二次還(huan)(huan)(huan)原(yuan)爐(lu)(lu)內(nei)的(de)真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)壓(ya)力(li)為2.66×10-2Pa,溫度控制(zhi)在1973~2023K之間,并保(bao)溫一段(duan)時間。真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)碳(tan)還(huan)(huan)(huan)原(yuan)法所(suo)得金(jin)屬(shu)釩(fan)的(de)成分(fen)(fen)(質量分(fen)(fen)數m/%)為:釩(fan)99.5,氧0.05,氮0.01,碳(tan)0.1。釩(fan)收率可達98%~99%。
鋁(lv)(lv)熱還原法是將五氧化二釩(fan)(fan)(fan)和純鋁(lv)(lv)放在反應(ying)(ying)彈(dan)進行反應(ying)(ying),生成釩(fan)(fan)(fan)鋁(lv)(lv)合金(jin)。釩(fan)(fan)(fan)合金(jin)在2063K的(de)高溫和真空中脫鋁(lv)(lv),可制得含釩(fan)(fan)(fan)94%~97%的(de)粗(cu)金(jin)屬(shu)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)。
在鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)中加入百(bai)分之(zhi)幾的(de)(de)(de)釩(fan)(fan),就能(neng)使鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)性(xing)、強度大增,抗(kang)磨損和抗(kang)爆裂性(xing)極好,既(ji)耐高(gao)溫又抗(kang)奇寒,難怪在汽(qi)車、航空、鐵(tie)路、電子(zi)技(ji)術、國(guo)防工業(ye)等部門,到(dao)處可見(jian)到(dao)釩(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)蹤(zong)跡。此外(wai),釩(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物已(yi)成(cheng)為化(hua)(hua)學工業(ye)中最佳催化(hua)(hua)劑之(zhi)一,有“化(hua)(hua)學面包(bao)”之(zhi)稱。主要用(yong)于制(zhi)造高(gao)速切(qie)削鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)及其他合金鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)和催化(hua)(hua)劑。把釩(fan)(fan)摻進鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)里,可以(yi)制(zhi)成(cheng)釩(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)。釩(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)比普通(tong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)結構更(geng)緊密(mi),韌性(xing)、彈(dan)性(xing)與機械(xie)強度更(geng)高(gao)。釩(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)穿(chuan)甲彈(dan),能(neng)夠射穿(chuan)40厘(li)米厚的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板。但是,在鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)鐵(tie)工業(ye)上,并不是把純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)金屬釩(fan)(fan)加到(dao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)鐵(tie)中制(zhi)成(cheng)釩(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang),而是直接采(cai)用(yong)含釩(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)礦煉成(cheng)釩(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)。
釩(fan)具有眾多(duo)優異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)物理性(xing)能和化學(xue)性(xing)能,因而釩(fan)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)途十分廣(guang)泛,有金屬“維生素”之稱。最初的(de)(de)(de)釩(fan)大多(duo)應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)鋼鐵,通過(guo)細化鋼的(de)(de)(de)組織和晶粒(li),提(ti)高晶粒(li)粗化溫度,從而起到(dao)增加(jia)鋼的(de)(de)(de)強度、韌性(xing)和耐磨性(xing)。后來,人(ren)(ren)們逐漸又發(fa)現了(le)釩(fan)在鈦合金中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)優異(yi)改(gai)良作用(yong)(yong),并應用(yong)(yong)到(dao)航(hang)(hang)空(kong)航(hang)(hang)天領(ling)域(yu),從而使(shi)得(de)航(hang)(hang)空(kong)航(hang)(hang)天工業取得(de)了(le)突破性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)進展。隨著科(ke)學(xue)技術水平的(de)(de)(de)飛躍(yue)發(fa)展,人(ren)(ren)類對新材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)要求日益提(ti)高。釩(fan)在非(fei)鋼鐵領(ling)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)越(yue)來越(yue)廣(guang)泛,其(qi)范圍涵蓋(gai)了(le)航(hang)(hang)空(kong)航(hang)(hang)天、化學(xue)、電池、顏料(liao)(liao)、玻(bo)璃、光(guang)學(xue)、醫(yi)藥等眾多(duo)領(ling)域(yu)。
釩(fan)“現代(dai)工業(ye)(ye)的(de)味精”,是發展(zhan)現代(dai)工業(ye)(ye)、現代(dai)國防(fang)和現代(dai)科學(xue)技術(shu)不可缺少的(de)重要材(cai)料。釩(fan)在(zai)冶金業(ye)(ye)中用(yong)量(liang)(liang)最大(da)。從(cong)世界范圍來(lai)看,釩(fan)在(zai)鋼鐵工業(ye)(ye)中的(de)消耗量(liang)(liang)占其(qi)生產總量(liang)(liang)的(de)85%。與(yu)此同時,釩(fan)在(zai)化工、釩(fan)電池、航(hang)空航(hang)天(tian)等(deng)其(qi)它領域的(de)應用(yong)也在(zai)不斷擴展(zhan),且(qie)具有良好(hao)發展(zhan)前景(jing)。
釩(fan)在鋼(gang)鐵工(gong)業中主要用作合(he)金(jin)添(tian)加劑,鋼(gang)鐵工(gong)業的(de)發展變化對(dui)預測釩(fan)的(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)至(zhi)關重(zhong)要。也就是說,鋼(gang)鐵對(dui)釩(fan)的(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)趨勢決(jue)定(ding)了釩(fan)工(gong)業的(de)命運。
中(zhong)國(guo)鋼產量(liang)大(da)(da)約(yue)6億(yi)噸,平均(jun)每(mei)噸釩的消費(fei)強度(du)增加10g,折合(he)五(wu)氧化二釩約(yue)為1.1萬噸。而在美(mei)國(guo),碳素鋼和高強度(du)低合(he)金鋼是(shi)鋼鐵工(gong)業中(zhong)釩用(yong)量(liang)最(zui)大(da)(da)的鋼種,占鋼鐵工(gong)業釩用(yong)量(liang)的60%以上,其次是(shi)高合(he)金鋼。
釩電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是發展勢頭(tou)強勁的優秀(xiu)綠色環保蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)之一(制造、使(shi)用(yong)及廢棄過程均(jun)不產生(sheng)有(you)害物質),它(ta)具(ju)有(you)特殊(shu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)結(jie)構(gou),可深度大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian);充電(dian)(dian)(dian)迅速(su);比能量高;價格低(di)廉(lian);應用(yong)領域十分(fen)廣闊:如可作(zuo)為(wei)大(da)廈(sha)、機(ji)場、程控交換站備(bei)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源;可作(zuo)為(wei)太陽能等清潔發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統的配套儲能裝置;為(wei)潛(qian)艇、遠洋輪船提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)力以(yi)及用(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)網調峰等。
釩(fan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)成本與(yu)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相近,它還可制(zhi)備兆瓦級電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組,大(da)功率長時間提供電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng),因此釩(fan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在大(da)規(gui)(gui)模儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)領(ling)域具有(you)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不可比(bi)(bi)擬的(de)性(xing)價(jia)比(bi)(bi)優(you)(you)勢。釩(fan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)生產工(gong)藝簡(jian)單,價(jia)格經濟,電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)優(you)(you)異(yi),與(yu)制(zhi)造復雜、價(jia)格昂貴的(de)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相比(bi)(bi),無論是在大(da)規(gui)(gui)模儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)還是電(dian)(dian)動汽車動力電(dian)(dian)源的(de)應用前景(jing)方面,都更具競爭實力。
與其(qi)他(ta)化(hua)(hua)學電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源相比,釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)具有明顯的(de)(de)優越性(xing),主要優點如下:1、功率大:通(tong)過(guo)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)單片(pian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)數量和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)面(mian)積,即(ji)(ji)可(ke)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)功率,美國商(shang)業化(hua)(hua)示(shi)范運(yun)(yun)行的(de)(de)釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)功率已達(da)6兆瓦(wa)。2、容量大:通(tong)過(guo)任(ren)意增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)體積,即(ji)(ji)可(ke)任(ren)意增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量,可(ke)達(da)吉(ji)瓦(wa)時以上(shang);通(tong)過(guo)提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)濃度(du)(du)(du)(du),即(ji)(ji)可(ke)成倍增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。3、效(xiao)率高(gao):由(you)于(yu)(yu)釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)活性(xing)高(gao),且正(zheng)(zheng)、負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)分別(bie)存儲在(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)、負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)儲槽中(zhong),避(bi)免(mian)了正(zheng)(zheng)、負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)消耗,釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能量轉換效(xiao)率高(gao)達(da)75%以上(shang),遠高(gao)于(yu)(yu)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)45%。4、壽(shou)命長(chang):由(you)于(yu)(yu)釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)、負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)只分別(bie)存在(zai)于(yu)(yu)正(zheng)(zheng)、負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong),充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時無其(qi)它電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)常有的(de)(de)物(wu)相變化(hua)(hua),可(ke)深度(du)(du)(du)(du)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而不(bu)損(sun)傷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命長(chang)。商(shang)業化(hua)(hua)示(shi)范運(yun)(yun)行時間(jian)最長(chang)的(de)(de)釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)模(mo)塊(kuai)已正(zheng)(zheng)常運(yun)(yun)行超過(guo)9年,充(chong)(chong)(chong)放循環壽(shou)命超過(guo)18000次,遠遠高(gao)于(yu)(yu)固定型(xing)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)1000次。5、響應(ying)速度(du)(du)(du)(du)快:釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)堆里充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)在(zai)瞬(shun)間(jian)啟動,在(zai)運(yun)(yun)行過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態切換只需(xu)要0.02秒(miao),響應(ying)速度(du)(du)(du)(du)1毫秒(miao)。6、可(ke)瞬(shun)間(jian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):通(tong)過(guo)更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)實現釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)瞬(shun)間(jian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。7、安全性(xing)高(gao):釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)無潛在(zai)的(de)(de)爆炸或(huo)著火危(wei)險,即(ji)(ji)使(shi)將正(zheng)(zheng)、負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)混合也無危(wei)險,只是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)溫度(du)(du)(du)(du)略有升高(gao)。8、成本(ben)低(di)(di):除離子(zi)膜外,釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)部件(jian)多(duo)為(wei)廉(lian)價(jia)的(de)(de)碳材料(liao)、工程(cheng)塑料(liao),材料(liao)來源豐富,易回收(shou),不(bu)需(xu)要貴金屬(shu)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑,成本(ben)低(di)(di)。9、釩(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)選址自由(you)度(du)(du)(du)(du)大,可(ke)全自動封閉運(yun)(yun)行,無污(wu)染,維(wei)護簡單,運(yun)(yun)營成本(ben)低(di)(di)。
釩(fan)(fan)(fan)是人體(ti)(ti)中的(de)微量元(yuan)素在(zai)人體(ti)(ti)內含量大約為(wei)(wei)25mg,在(zai)體(ti)(ti)液pH4~8條(tiao)件下釩(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)主要形式為(wei)(wei)VO3-,即亞(ya)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)酸(suan)離(li)子(zi);另(ling)一為(wei)(wei)+5價(jia)氧(yang)化形式VO43-,即正(zheng)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)酸(suan)離(li)子(zi)。由于(yu)(yu)生物效應相(xiang)(xiang)似,一般釩(fan)(fan)(fan)酸(suan)鹽統指(zhi)這(zhe)兩種+5價(jia)氧(yang)化離(li)子(zi)。VO3-經(jing)離(li)子(zi)轉運系統或自由進入細胞,在(zai)胞內被還原型谷胱甘(gan)肽(tai)還原成(cheng)VO2+(+4價(jia)氧(yang)化態),即氧(yang)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)根離(li)子(zi)(vanadyl)。由于(yu)(yu)磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)和(he)Mg2+離(li)子(zi)在(zai)細胞內廣泛存在(zai)VO-3與磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)結構(gou)相(xiang)(xiang)似,VO2+與Mg2+大小(xiao)相(xiang)(xiang)當(離(li)子(zi)半徑分別為(wei)(wei)160pm和(he)165pm),因而二者就有(you)可能(neng)通(tong)過(guo)與磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)和(he)Mg2+競爭(zheng)結合(he)(he)(he)配體(ti)(ti)干擾(rao)細胞的(de)生化反應過(guo)程。例如,抑制ATP水解酶(mei)、核(he)糖核(he)酸(suan)酶(mei)、磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)果糖激(ji)酶(mei)、磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)甘(gan)油醛激(ji)酶(mei)、6-磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)葡(pu)萄糖酶(mei)、磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)酪氨酸(suan)蛋白激(ji)酶(mei)。所(suo)以,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)進入細胞后具有(you)廣泛的(de)生物學效應。釩(fan)(fan)(fan)化合(he)(he)(he)物又具有(you)合(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)相(xiang)(xiang)對容易、價(jia)格較低廉的(de)優勢,因此研究釩(fan)(fan)(fan)化合(he)(he)(he)物的(de)降(jiang)壓機制有(you)利于(yu)(yu)對釩(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)開發和(he)利用(yong)。
國(guo)內外(wai)(wai)對釩化(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)已(yi)有(you)20多年的(de)(de)歷史(shi),早期(qi)(qi)多集中在(zai)釩化(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)降(jiang)糖作用的(de)(de)研究(jiu),也有(you)報道(dao)釩能(neng)舒張豬的(de)(de)離體冠狀動脈。近期(qi)(qi)國(guo)外(wai)(wai)有(you)些(xie)研究(jiu)開始(shi)用釩化(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)治療(liao)原發性高血(xue)(xue)(xue)壓(ya)大(da)鼠,已(yi)經(jing)取到(dao)肯(ken)定(ding)的(de)(de)實驗結果。有(you)報道(dao)認為BMOV可以降(jiang)低SHR的(de)(de)高胰島(dao)素血(xue)(xue)(xue)癥和高血(xue)(xue)(xue)壓(ya)。另(ling)有(you)學者(zhe)采(cai)用SHR和WKY大(da)鼠對比(bi)探討(tao)釩化(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)對血(xue)(xue)(xue)壓(ya)的(de)(de)藥物(wu)(wu)療(liao)效,結果可見釩化(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)使(shi)收縮壓(ya)降(jiang)低(149±3/mmHg,非治療(liao)組(zu)184±3mmHgP<0.0001)。
釩(fan)(fan)是正(zheng)常生長可能必需的(de)礦物(wu)質,釩(fan)(fan)有多種價(jia)(jia)態(tai),有生物(wu)學意(yi)義的(de)是四(si)價(jia)(jia)和五價(jia)(jia)態(tai)。四(si)價(jia)(jia)態(tai)釩(fan)(fan)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)釩(fan)(fan)基陽離子,易(yi)與蛋白質結(jie)合結(jie)合形(xing)成復(fu)合物(wu),而防止(zhi)(zhi)被氧(yang)(yang)化。五價(jia)(jia)態(tai)釩(fan)(fan)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)釩(fan)(fan)基陽離子,易(yi)與其(qi)他生物(wu)物(wu)質結(jie)合形(xing)成復(fu)合物(wu),在(zai)許(xu)多生化過程中(zhong),釩(fan)(fan)酸根能與磷(lin)酸根競爭,或(huo)取代(dai)磷(lin)酸根。釩(fan)(fan)酸鹽以(yi)被維生素C、谷胱(guang)甘肽或(huo)NADH還原(yuan)。其(qi)在(zai)人(ren)體健康方面的(de)作用,營養學界(jie),醫學界(jie)至今仍不(bu)是很(hen)清(qing)楚(chu),仍處(chu)在(zai)進一步發掘(jue)的(de)過程中(zhong),但可以(yi)確(que)定,釩(fan)(fan)有重要作用。一般認(ren)為(wei),它可能有助于防止(zhi)(zhi)膽固醇蓄(xu)積、降低過高的(de)血糖、防止(zhi)(zhi)齲齒、幫助制造紅血球等。每天會經尿(niao)液(ye)流(liu)失部分釩(fan)(fan)。
釩在人(ren)體(ti)內含量(liang)極低,體(ti)內總量(liang)不足1mg。主要分布于內臟,尤其是肝、腎、甲狀腺等部位,骨組織中含量(liang)也較高。人(ren)體(ti)對釩的正常需(xu)要量(liang)為100μg/d。
釩(fan)在(zai)胃腸吸收(shou)率僅(jin)5%,其吸收(shou)部位主(zhu)要在(zai)上消化道。此外(wai)環境中的釩(fan)可經皮(pi)膚和肺吸收(shou)入體(ti)中。血液中約95%的釩(fan)以離子狀態(VO2+)與轉(zhuan)鐵(tie)蛋白結合而送(song)輸(shu),因此釩(fan)與鐵(tie)在(zai)體(ti)內可相互(hu)影響。
釩(fan)對骨(gu)和牙(ya)齒(chi)正常發(fa)育(yu)及鈣化(hua)有關,能增(zeng)強牙(ya)對齲牙(ya)的(de)抵抗力。釩(fan)還可(ke)以促(cu)進糖(tang)代(dai)(dai)謝,刺激釩(fan)酸(suan)鹽(yan)依賴性(xing)NADPH氧化(hua)反應,增(zeng)強脂(zhi)蛋白脂(zhi)酶活性(xing),加快(kuai)腺苷酸(suan)環化(hua)酶活化(hua)和氨基(ji)酸(suan)轉(zhuan)化(hua)及促(cu)進紅(hong)細胞生長(chang)等(deng)作用。因(yin)此(ci)釩(fan)缺乏(fa)時可(ke)出現牙(ya)齒(chi)、骨(gu)和軟(ruan)骨(gu)發(fa)育(yu)受阻。肝內(nei)磷脂(zhi)含量少、營養不良(liang)性(xing)水腫及甲狀腺代(dai)(dai)謝異(yi)常等(deng)。
人類(lei)攝(she)(she)入(ru)的釩(fan)(fan)(fan)只(zhi)有少部(bu)分被吸(xi)收,估計吸(xi)收的釩(fan)(fan)(fan)不足攝(she)(she)入(ru)量的5%,大部(bu)分由糞便排出(chu)。攝(she)(she)入(ru)的釩(fan)(fan)(fan)于小腸與(yu)低分子(zi)量物質(zhi)形成(cheng)復合(he)物,然后(hou)在(zai)血(xue)(xue)中(zhong)與(yu)血(xue)(xue)漿運(yun)鐵蛋(dan)白結合(he),血(xue)(xue)中(zhong)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)很快就運(yun)到各組織,通常大多組織每克(ke)濕重含(han)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)量低于10ng。吸(xi)收入(ru)體內的80%-90%由尿排出(chu),也可以通過膽汁(zhi)排出(chu),每克(ke)膽汁(zhi)含(han)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)為0.55-1.85ng。
有實(shi)驗顯示(shi),釩(fan)調(diao)節(Nak)-ATP酶(mei)(mei)、調(diao)節磷酰轉(zhuan)移酶(mei)(mei)、腺苷酸環化酶(mei)(mei)、蛋白激酶(mei)(mei)類的(de)輔因(yin)子(zi),與體內激素(su),蛋白質,脂類代謝(xie)關系密切(qie)。可抑(yi)制(zhi)年幼大鼠肝臟合成膽固醇。可能存在(zai)以下(xia)作用:1.防止(zhi)因(yin)過熱(re)而疲勞和中(zhong)暑。2.促進骨骼及(ji)牙齒生長。3.協助脂肪代謝(xie)的(de)正常(chang)(chang)化。4.預防心臟病突(tu)發。5.協助神(shen)經和肌(ji)肉(rou)的(de)正常(chang)(chang)運作。
人的(de)(de)膳食中每(mei)天可(ke)提供不(bu)足(zu)30μg的(de)(de)釩(fan),多為15μg,因此考慮每(mei)天從(cong)膳食中攝取10μg釩(fan)就可(ke)以(yi)滿足(zu)需(xu)要。一般不(bu)需(xu)要特別補充;需(xu)要提醒的(de)(de)是,攝取合成的(de)(de)釩(fan)容易(yi)引起中毒;另外吸煙會降低釩(fan)的(de)(de)吸收。
釩在體內不易(yi)蓄積,因而(er)由(you)食(shi)(shi)物攝入引起(qi)的中(zhong)毒十分罕見,但每天攝入10mg以上(shang)或每克食(shi)(shi)物中(zhong)含釩10-20微(wei)克,可發生中(zhong)毒。通常可出(chu)現生長(chang)緩慢、腹(fu)瀉(xie)、攝入量減少和死亡。
最被認(ren)可的(de)(de)釩缺(que)乏(fa)表現來自(zi)于1987年報道的(de)(de)對(dui)山羊和大鼠的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu),釩缺(que)乏(fa)的(de)(de)山羊表現出流(liu)產(chan)率增(zeng)加(jia)和產(chan)奶量降低(di)。大鼠實驗中(zhong),釩缺(que)乏(fa)引起生長抑制(zhi),甲狀腺重量與體(ti)重的(de)(de)比率增(zeng)加(jia)以及血漿(jiang)甲狀腺激素濃度的(de)(de)變(bian)化。對(dui)于人體(ti)缺(que)乏(fa)癥研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)尚不明確(que),有(you)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)認(ren)為它的(de)(de)缺(que)乏(fa)可能會導致心血管及腎臟疾病(bing)、傷(shang)口再(zai)生修復能力減退和新生兒死亡。
釩(fan)在天然水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)濃度(du)很低(di),一(yi)般河(he)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)0.01~20ppb,平均為(wei)1ppb。海水(shui)(shui)含釩(fan)量(liang)為(wei)0.9~2.5ppb。盡管水(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)溶性的(de)(de)釩(fan)含量(liang)很低(di),但是水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)懸浮物含釩(fan)量(liang)是很高的(de)(de)。懸浮物的(de)(de)沉積導致水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)釩(fan)向底質遷(qian)移(yi)(yi),并使水(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)得到(dao)凈化。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)釩(fan)主要(yao)以VO3-陰離子(zi)狀態(tai)存在。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)氧化性越(yue)高、堿性越(yue)大,釩(fan)越(yue)易形(xing)成VO3-離子(zi)。當土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)酸度(du)增大時,VO3-離子(zi)易轉(zhuan)變成多釩(fan)酸根復合(he)陰離子(zi)。它們都容易被粘土(tu)(tu)和(he)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)膠體(ti)(ti)及(ji)腐(fu)殖(zhi)質固定(ding)而失去活性,釩(fan)在土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)遷(qian)移(yi)(yi)性較弱。
金屬釩(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)毒性很低。釩(fan)(fan)(fan)化(hua)合(he)物(釩(fan)(fan)(fan)鹽)對人和(he)動(dong)物具有毒性,其毒性隨化(hua)合(he)物的(de)(de)原子價增加和(he)溶解度的(de)(de)增大而增加,如五氧化(hua)二釩(fan)(fan)(fan)為高毒,可(ke)引(yin)起呼吸(xi)系統(tong)、神經(jing)系統(tong)、胃腸和(he)皮膚的(de)(de)改變。
皮(pi)膚接觸:脫去污(wu)染的衣著,用肥皂(zao)水及清水徹(che)底(di)沖洗(xi)。眼(yan)(yan)睛接觸:立即翻開上(shang)下眼(yan)(yan)瞼,用流動清水沖洗(xi)15分(fen)鐘。就(jiu)醫(yi)。吸(xi)入(ru)(ru):脫離現場(chang)至空(kong)氣新鮮處,用水漱洗(xi)鼻咽(yan)部(bu)的粉塵。就(jiu)醫(yi)。食(shi)入(ru)(ru):誤服者就(jiu)醫(yi)。對癥治療。
儲存(cun)于陰涼、通風的(de)庫房(fang)。遠(yuan)離火種、熱源。應(ying)與(yu)氧化劑、酸(suan)類(lei)、食用(yong)化學品分開存(cun)放,切(qie)忌混儲。配(pei)備相應(ying)品種和(he)數量(liang)的(de)消防器材。儲區應(ying)備有(you)合適(shi)的(de)材料收(shou)容泄漏物。