基本情況
圣(sheng)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寺(si)位于(yu)今甘肅省金昌市(shi)永昌縣(xian),始(shi)建于(yu)公元561年(nian)。公元609年(nian),有(you)一條東西走向(xiang)的(de)(de)大(da)峽(xia)谷(gu)(gu),叫(jiao)望御(yu)(yu)山(shan)(shan)谷(gu)(gu)(簡(jian)稱御(yu)(yu)山(shan)(shan)峽(xia)或御(yu)(yu)山(shan)(shan)谷(gu)(gu))。在這條峽(xia)谷(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)中(zhong)段,有(you)一座始(shi)建于(yu)公元561 年(nian)的(de)(de)瑞像寺(si)院(今名圣(sheng)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寺(si)),寺(si)院正殿的(de)(de)石壁(bi)上,挺(ting)立著一尊始(shi)雕于(yu)公元520年(nian)的(de)(de)圣(sheng)容(rong)(rong)(rong)石佛瑞像,敦煌莫高窟里有(you)它(ta)大(da)量壁(bi)畫和豐(feng)富文字記載,諸如(ru)“盤和都(dou)督府(fu)(fu)御(yu)(yu)谷(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)番禾(he)縣(xian)北圣(sheng)容(rong)(rong)(rong)瑞像”、“盤和都(dou)督府(fu)(fu)仰容(rong)(rong)(rong)山(shan)(shan)番禾(he)縣(xian)北圣(sheng)容(rong)(rong)(rong)瑞像”、“圣(sheng)者劉薩(sa)訶和尚”、“盤和都(dou)督府(fu)(fu)仰容(rong)(rong)(rong)山(shan)(shan)圣(sheng)容(rong)(rong)(rong)像”等等,就是講(jiang)的(de)(de)該雕像和它(ta)的(de)(de)寺(si)院。
中文(wen)名稱:圣容寺
所在地區(qu):甘肅省金昌市永昌縣
周邊景(jing)點:驪(li)靬古城(cheng)遺址(zhi)、金山寺、紫金花城(cheng)、金川國家礦山公園、永昌鐘(zhong)鼓樓
歷史
據佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)籍記載:在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)東晉(jin)十(shi)六(liu)國時(shi)期(qi)至(zhi)北(bei)魏時(shi)期(qi),中國有(you)個(ge)稽胡族高(gao)(gao)僧叫劉薩(sa)(sa)訶(he)(公元360 至(zhi)436 年(nian)(nian)(nian)),文(wen)成郡(今山(shan)(shan)西(xi)吉縣(xian)(xian))人(ren),三十(shi)歲時(shi)出(chu)家(jia)當了(le)和(he)(he)(he)尚,取法名釋慧達。劉薩(sa)(sa)訶(he)一(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)敬(jing)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)40多年(nian)(nian)(nian),前(qian)20多年(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)家(jia)鄉和(he)(he)(he)江南(nan)各地(di)學法宣教,后(hou)22年(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)河(he)西(xi)弘(hong)揚佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)法。劉薩(sa)(sa)訶(he)生(sheng)(sheng)前(qian)最(zui)受時(shi)人(ren)崇仰的(de)(de)是預(yu)言(yan)準確(que),凡是他(ta)預(yu)言(yan)過(guo)的(de)(de)事(shi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)以后(hou)幾十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)乃至(zhi)幾百年(nian)(nian)(nian)里,都得(de)到了(le)應驗。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)江南(nan)地(di)區(qu)和(he)(he)(he)河(he)西(xi)地(di)區(qu)尤其(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)河(he)西(xi)地(di)區(qu),有(you)關他(ta)的(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)跡(ji)活動的(de)(de)傳說很多,遺(yi)跡(ji)不少。比(bi)如(ru)(ru)有(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)番(fan)(fan)禾縣(xian)(xian)預(yu)方仰容山(shan)(shan)石佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)瑞像(xiang)出(chu)現的(de)(de)傳說;有(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)肅州開山(shan)(shan)暢流,救助(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)靈的(de)(de)傳說;有(you)開鑿(zao)(zao)莫高(gao)(gao)窟(ku)(ku)的(de)(de)傳說;有(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)番(fan)(fan)禾縣(xian)(xian)開鑿(zao)(zao)云(yun)莊石窟(ku)(ku)、修建云(yun)莊寺并在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里長期(qi)居住宣揚佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)法的(de)(de)傳說等等。后(hou)來他(ta)被推上了(le)至(zhi)高(gao)(gao)無比(bi)的(de)(de)地(di)位。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教文(wen)獻中,他(ta)不僅被神化為觀音菩(pu)(pu)薩(sa)(sa)假形化俗,更與佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)祖(zu)釋迦牟尼比(bi)肩(jian),被尊為劉師佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)、劉大菩(pu)(pu)薩(sa)(sa)、佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教第二十(shi)二代尊師,河(he)西(xi)地(di)區(qu)信仰尤甚。就是這(zhe)個(ge)和(he)(he)(he)尚,于(yu)北(bei)魏太武(wu)帝太延元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元435 年(nian)(nian)(nian)),第二次西(xi)去(qu)印度觀佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)跡(ji)。行至(zhi)涼州番(fan)(fan)和(he)(he)(he)縣(xian)(xian)(今永昌縣(xian)(xian)城西(xi)二十(shi)里的(de)(de)水么關一(yi)帶(dai))向東北(bei)望御山(shan)(shan)谷說:“此山(shan)(shan)有(you)奇靈祥(xiang)光,將來會有(you)寶(bao)像(xiang)出(chu)現。寶(bao)像(xiang)出(chu)現時(shi),如(ru)(ru)殘(can)缺(que),預(yu)示著(zhu)天下離(li) 亂(luan),黎民(min)饑饉;如(ru)(ru)寶(bao)像(xiang)肢首俱全(quan),預(yu)示著(zhu)天下太平,民(min)生(sheng)(sheng)安(an)樂”。
授記之后(hou)(hou)(hou),率(lv)弟子繼(ji)續西(xi)行(xing),行(xing)至肅州(zhou)(zhou)西(xi)七(qi)(qi)里(li)澗,劉薩(sa)訶無(wu)(wu)(wu)病而(er)逝,骨(gu)頭(tou)立時化為(wei)小(xiao)碎塊,如葵籽大(da),當(dang)地佛(fo)(fo)僧(seng)(seng)認為(wei)是劉薩(sa)訶顯圣成佛(fo)(fo)的(de)(de)像征,就(jiu)在那里(li)修了(le)一(yi)座骨(gu)塔和(he)寺(si)院(yuan),紀念劉薩(sa)訶。86年(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou),到北魏孝明(ming)帝正光元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)520 年(nian)),涼(liang)州(zhou)(zhou)番禾郡御(yu)(yu)谷(gu)(gu)山(shan)一(yi)帶,忽然(ran)大(da)風驟起,祥云密布,雷電(dian)交加,御(yu)(yu)谷(gu)(gu)山(shan)崩裂,絕(jue)崖(ya)石(shi)壁上(shang)現(xian)出一(yi)尊石(shi)佛(fo)(fo)瑞(rui)像,除了(le)沒有頭(tou),其他(ta)都(dou)完好無(wu)(wu)(wu)損。此(ci)(ci)(ci)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)約40 年(nian)時間中,天災人(ren)禍連連發生(sheng),百姓痛(tong)苦,正好應(ying)驗(yan)了(le)劉薩(sa)訶和(he)尚生(sheng)前授記之言(yan)。北周明(ming)帝宇文(wen)毓元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)557 年(nian)),在距此(ci)(ci)(ci)山(shan)二(er)百里(li)的(de)(de)武威城東七(qi)(qi)里(li)澗,夜現(xian)祥光,人(ren)們都(dou)去(qu)觀(guan)看,是一(yi)尊石(shi)佛(fo)(fo)像頭(tou)。于(yu)是,就(jiu)把它迎送到御(yu)(yu)谷(gu)(gu)山(shan),舉(ju)(ju)行(xing)了(le)祈禱儀式(shi),當(dang)眾(zhong)僧(seng)(seng)侶(lv)敬(jing)捧佛(fo)(fo)首放戴于(yu)肩的(de)(de)時候,佛(fo)(fo)首“相去(qu)數尺(chi),飛而(er)暗合(he),無(wu)(wu)(wu)復差殊(shu)”。于(yu)是官民“悲(bei)欣千里(li)”,禮佛(fo)(fo)慶賀。從此(ci)(ci)(ci)以后(hou)(hou)(hou),天下太平,人(ren)民安居樂(le)業。后(hou)(hou)(hou)來,北周皇帝宇文(wen)邕知道了(le)這些情況后(hou)(hou)(hou),就(jiu)派遣宇文(wen)儉親往察驗(yan)。并于(yu)保(bao)定(ding)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)561 年(nian))下旨(zhi),調集涼(liang)州(zhou)(zhou)、甘州(zhou)(zhou)、肅州(zhou)(zhou)三(san)(san)州(zhou)(zhou)力役三(san)(san)千人(ren)造寺(si),三(san)(san)年(nian)建成,寺(si)分三(san)(san)處。該寺(si)初有僧(seng)(seng)人(ren)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)人(ren),敕賜寺(si)額為(wei)“瑞(rui)像寺(si)”,從此(ci)(ci)(ci),香火盛(sheng)極,僧(seng)(seng)侶(lv)眾(zhong)多。到建德(de)初年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)572 年(nian))一(yi)天夜間,瑞(rui)像佛(fo)(fo)首自(zi)行(xing)落地,僧(seng)(seng)侶(lv)官府驚愕(e),馬上(shang)把此(ci)(ci)(ci)情況報告了(le)朝廷,皇帝派大(da)冢宰和(he)齊王親臨驗(yan)察,并舉(ju)(ju)行(xing)儀式(shi)重(zhong)新安放,但是,還是白天安好,夜晚脫落,反復十(shi)余次,仍然(ran)如此(ci)(ci)(ci)。
時過(guo)不久,到建(jian)德三年(nian),武(wu)帝焚(fen)寺(si)(si)滅(mie)法,天下(xia)寺(si)(si)院遭(zao)到焚(fen)燒(shao),廣(guang)大(da)僧眾受(shou)到嚴厲打擊(ji),番禾(he)郡(jun)的瑞(rui)(rui)像(xiang)寺(si)(si)遭(zao)到了(le)被焚(fen)厄運。因此,人們更信(xin)仰神僧劉(liu)薩訶的預言。隋(sui)(sui)朝建(jian)立后,隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)帝提(ti)倡佛法,佛教再度興旺,番禾(he)縣瑞(rui)(rui)像(xiang)寺(si)(si)得以重(zhong)建(jian),瑞(rui)(rui)像(xiang)身首復合一體(ti),隋(sui)(sui)大(da)業五年(nian)(公元609年(nian))煬帝西巡河西,親臨(lin)該(gai)寺(si)(si)拜(bai)謁瑞(rui)(rui)像(xiang),御筆將(jiang)瑞(rui)(rui)像(xiang)寺(si)(si)改(gai)名(ming)感通寺(si)(si),施舍了(le)大(da)量財寶,下(xia)旨擴建(jian)增修寺(si)(si)院。并(bing)令(ling)天下(xia)模寫石佛瑞(rui)(rui)像(xiang)供(gong)奉,不久,感通寺(si)(si)聲震全國,馳名(ming)西域。
唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao)(chao),由于(yu)佛教在中(zhong)國更加興盛,地(di)處絲綢(chou)之路要津的古番(fan)禾(he)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)感(gan)通(tong)寺(si)(si),成(cheng)了與西(xi)方(fang)佛教文化(hua)融匯的中(zhong)心寺(si)(si)院(yuan),因此(ci),唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao)(chao)皇帝(di)非(fei)常(chang)重視這座寺(si)(si)院(yuan),太宗貞(zhen)觀十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)636 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),感(gan)通(tong)寺(si)(si)像(xiang)(xiang)山(shan)出現鳳鳥(niao)蔽(bi)日祥兆,太宗派(pai)使(shi)供養;貞(zhen)觀十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)644年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))三藏法師從五天竺取經歸(gui)途中(zhong),來感(gan)通(tong)寺(si)(si)拜佛講經,并講說了感(gan)通(tong)寺(si)(si)石佛瑞像(xiang)(xiang)的由來。唐(tang)(tang)中(zhong)宗時(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)684 —710 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),中(zhong)宗多次派(pai)特使(shi)郭元(yuan)振、霍嗣光等到寺(si)(si)敬物。朝(chao)(chao)廷(ting)敕令在寺(si)(si)后像(xiang)(xiang)山(shan)頂上和寺(si)(si)前隔河半山(shan)腰間(jian)修建(jian)了大小佛塔(ta)各一座。至今雄偉(wei)壯觀。到中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang),即代宗李豫廣德二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(764年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))吐(tu)蕃攻陷涼州,番(fan)禾(he)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)也為(wei)吐(tu)蕃所據(ju)。番(fan)禾(he)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)感(gan)通(tong)寺(si)(si)吐(tu)蕃統(tong)治時香火很盛,據(ju)莫(mo)高窟壁畫和文獻(xian)記(ji)載可知,古番(fan)禾(he)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)感(gan)通(tong)寺(si)(si)吐(tu)蕃統(tong)時改稱(cheng)為(wei)圣容寺(si)(si)。
宋朝,在(zai)西(xi)夏(xia)統(tong)治的190 余年中(zhong),古番(fan)禾(he)縣(西(xi)夏(xia)時(shi)改設(she)永州)圣容(rong)寺(si)的佛事活動(dong)依然興(xing)旺。據今存于該寺(si)前石壁的西(xi)夏(xia)文和(he)莫高窟(ku)有關資料記載,西(xi)夏(xia)時(shi),這(zhe)座(zuo)寺(si)院曾進行了重修或維修。元朝統(tong)治時(shi),這(zhe)里民間的香火還是不斷的,但(dan)已經走向了衰敗。明朝時(shi)期,由于在(zai)縣城內(nei)和(he)縣城附近興(xing)建(jian)很(hen)多寺(si)廟,而遠在(zai)城北(bei)二十里望御(yu)山(shan)(shan)谷的圣容(rong)寺(si)更加(jia)冷落(luo)衰敗。到(dao)清(qing)代中(zhong)后期至民國(guo)時(shi)期,圣容(rong)寺(si)逐(zhu)步地被廢(fei)棄了。解放初,僅(jin)存欲頹的山(shan)(shan)門和(he)幾(ji)間僧房(fang),于1953年,在(zai)破除(chu)封建(jian)迷(mi)信活動(dong)中(zhong),被當(dang)地居民拆除(chu)。
景點
在圣容寺(si)彎延兩公里(li)的御山峽谷中(zhong),現存有河西最早的唐塔、漢、明長(chang)城、西夏六體(ti)文石刻、西夏墓(mu)葬(zang)群、高昌王墓(mu)、花大門石刻等多處文物古跡(ji)。