《水龍(long)吟·賦張斗墅(shu)家(jia)古松(song)五粒》是宋代詞(ci)人(ren)吳文英的作品。此詞(ci)贊譽張家(jia)五株古松(song)盆景。全詞(ci)緊扣題(ti)意(yi),既刻畫出松(song)之“古”、“小”,又用(yong)山野松(song)樹襯(chen)托,再以盆中(zhong)小擺設陪襯(chen),顯(xian)示(shi)出古松(song)的長青可愛。
水龍吟·賦張斗墅(shu)家古松五粒(li)
有人獨立空山,翠(cui)髯未覺(jue)霜顏老(lao)。新(xin)香秀粒,濃光綠(lv)浸,千年春(chun)小。布影參旗,障(zhang)空云蓋(gai),沉(chen)沉(chen)秋曉。駟蒼虬萬里(li),笙吹鳳女①,驂飛乘(cheng)、天風裊。
般巧。霜斤(jin)不(bu)到。漢游仙、相從最早。皺(zhou)鱗細(xi)雨,層陰藏月,朱(zhu)弦古調。問訊(xun)東(dong)橋,故(gu)人南(nan)嶺(ling),倚(yi)天長嘯②。待凌霄謝了(le)③,山深歲晚,素心才表。
①吹(chui):一本作(zuo)“飛”。
②倚天長嘯:一(yi)本無“長”字。
③了(le):一本作(zuo)“后”。
吳(wu)文英,宋代(dai)詞人。字君特(te),號(hao)夢窗,晚(wan)號(hao)覺翁,四明(今浙(zhe)江寧(ning)波)人。原出(chu)翁姓,后出(chu)嗣(si)吳(wu)氏(shi)。一生(sheng)未第,游幕(mu)終身(shen)。紹定(宋理宗年(nian)號(hao),1228—1233)中入(ru)蘇州倉幕(mu)。曾(ceng)任吳(wu)濳浙(zhe)東(dong)安撫使(shi)幕(mu)僚,復為榮王府門客。出(chu)入(ru)賈似道、史(shi)宅(zhai)之(史(shi)彌遠(yuan)之子)之門。知音律,能自度(du)曲。詞名極重,以綿麗為尚,思深(shen)語麗,多從李賀詩中來(lai)。有《夢窗甲乙丙丁稿(gao)》傳世。
《水龍吟》,又(you)名《龍吟曲》、《莊椿歲》、《小樓連(lian)苑》。《清(qing)真集》入“越調(diao)”,《夢窗詞(ci)》集入“無射商”。
張(zhang)斗(dou)墅(shu),即(ji)張(zhang)蘊,字仁溥(pu),號斗(dou)墅(shu),揚州人(ren),嘉(jia)熙(xi)(宋理宗年號,公元1237—1240年)間為(wei)沿江制置使屬官,公元1256年(寶祐四年)干(gan)辦行在諸司糧料院(yuan)。有《斗(dou)墅(shu)支稿》。“古松五(wu)粒”,“粒”,言其細小。因而,在張(zhang)斗(dou)墅(shu)家的五(wu)株古松,實為(wei)盆栽之松。又說“粒”者鬣(lie)也(ye),系(xi)音近,故稱者異。五(wu)鬣(lie)者,言如(ru)馬(ma)鬣(lie)形也(ye),如(ru)李賀(he)有《五(wu)粒小松歌》,岑(cen)參(can)詩“五(wu)粒松花酒(jiu)”,林寬詩“庭高五(wu)粒松”皆(jie)是。
上(shang)片將(jiang)盆(pen)栽古(gu)(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)與(yu)山(shan)(shan)野的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)作一對比。“有(you)人”兩(liang)(liang)句(ju),將(jiang)盆(pen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)擬人化。此言盆(pen)景上(shang)怪石嶙峋如(ru)山(shan)(shan)兀(wu)立,古(gu)(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)栽于其旁,猶如(ru)人獨立于山(shan)(shan)間(jian)。古(gu)(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)雖(sui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)已有(you)千(qian)(qian)年的(de)(de)樹齡,但是(shi)(shi)(shi)看起來仍(reng)(reng)舊(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)郁郁蔥(cong)蔥(cong)蒼(cang)(cang)翠欲滴。“新香”三(san)句(ju)。言古(gu)(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)雖(sui)小(xiao)(xiao),卻能(neng)散發出陣(zhen)陣(zhen)清(qing)香。在(zai)陽光(guang)照(zhao)射下,松(song)(song)(song)(song)針濃(nong)密得(de)如(ru)浸入(ru)在(zai)一片綠(lv)色(se)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。因此雖(sui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)千(qian)(qian)年古(gu)(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)(song)(song),在(zai)時人的(de)(de)眼中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),仍(reng)(reng)舊(jiu)覺(jue)得(de)它(ta)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)青春年少般(ban)的(de)(de)嬌小(xiao)(xiao)可愛。以上(shang)敘(xu)盆(pen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)(song)(song),下面(mian)轉述(shu)山(shan)(shan)野中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)。“布(bu)影”三(san)句(ju),言山(shan)(shan)野上(shang)與(yu)盆(pen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)同齡的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)(song)(song),如(ru)今必定是(shi)(shi)(shi)黛(dai)色(se)參(can)天,冠蓋蔽(bi)空。如(ru)果人們(men)經過(guo)樹下,就會仿佛進(jin)入(ru)黑沉(chen)沉(chen)、冷清(qing)清(qing)的(de)(de)秋(qiu)(qiu)天凌晨一般(ban)。“駟蒼(cang)(cang)虬(qiu)”三(san)句(ju),言山(shan)(shan)野古(gu)(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)枝(zhi)干粗(cu)大(da)如(ru)蒼(cang)(cang)虬(qiu)之(zhi)張牙舞爪似的(de)(de)欲騰飛(fei)萬里。高(gao)大(da)的(de)(de)主枝(zhi)直(zhi)插云霄能(neng)與(yu)天風相抗衡。枝(zhi)梢上(shang)還能(neng)夠引(yin)來鸞鳳(feng)停留(liu)其上(shang)而曼(man)聲(sheng)吟鳴。兩(liang)(liang)相對照(zhao)之(zhi)下,盆(pen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)占“小(xiao)(xiao)”、巧(qiao)兩(liang)(liang)字;野松(song)(song)(song)(song)則得(de)其型(xing)態之(zhi)雄(xiong)偉,春花秋(qiu)(qiu)月各有(you)所長(chang)。
下(xia)片(pian)應題中(zhong)“賦張斗墅家古松(song)(song)(song)”。“般巧”三(san)句(ju)(ju)。此言(yan)盆(pen)松(song)(song)(song)生得小巧可(ke)愛(ai),還(huan)能(neng)夠免除掉(diao)遭受利斧(fu)砍(kan)伐之罪。詞人(ren)說:見到(dao)(dao)(dao)了盆(pen)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu),我不(bu)由想到(dao)(dao)(dao)了漢代的(de)(de)(de)赤松(song)(song)(song)子。恐怕(pa)他是(shi)(shi)最早與松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)作(zuo)伴的(de)(de)(de)仙人(ren)了。“皺(zhou)鱗(lin)”三(san)句(ju)(ju)。言(yan)盆(pen)松(song)(song)(song)雖長(chang)得小巧,但是(shi)(shi)細(xi)上看去,枝上鱗(lin)片(pian)蒼老(lao)如細(xi)雨密布其(qi)上;松(song)(song)(song)針層疊,使(shi)月(yue)光(guang)難以(yi)(yi)穿透。這(zhe)一句(ju)(ju)又與上片(pian)“濃光(guang)綠浸”遙(yao)相呼應。“朱(zhu)弦古調”句(ju)(ju),化用唐劉長(chang)卿(qing)《聽彈(dan)琴(qin)》“泠泠七弦上,靜聽松(song)(song)(song)風(feng)(feng)寒。古調雖自(zi)愛(ai),今人(ren)多(duo)不(bu)彈(dan)”詩意。此言(yan)盆(pen)松(song)(song)(song)可(ke)愛(ai)而誘人(ren),宜騷人(ren)墨客為其(qi)彈(dan)奏《風(feng)(feng)入松(song)(song)(song)》這(zhe)首古琴(qin)曲。“問訊”三(san)句(ju)(ju),側寫盆(pen)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)假(jia)山景(jing)色。言(yan)盆(pen)中(zhong)設有(you)假(jia)山:有(you)橋有(you)嶺,又有(you)泥(ni)俑站(zhan)在嶺上倚天而嘯。“待凌霄(xiao)”三(san)句(ju)(ju),顯出松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)本色。此言(yan)當凌霄(xiao)花謝的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)(hou),已是(shi)(shi)到(dao)(dao)(dao)了秋盡冬至之時。但到(dao)(dao)(dao)那個時候(hou)(hou),古松(song)(song)(song)會(hui)愈(yu)發顯得精神奕奕,真是(shi)(shi)“歲寒見松(song)(song)(song)柏(bo)之長(chang)青”啊(a)!此雖是(shi)(shi)在講松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu),而暗中(zhong)卻(que)隱(yin)隱(yin)以(yi)(yi)松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)之志自(zi)比,以(yi)(yi)此傲視(shi)世(shi)人(ren)。